THE SCIENCE OF YOGA
PREFACE
A large number of thougthful people, both in the East and the West, are genuinely in-
terested in the subject of Yoga. This is natural because a man who has begun to ques-
tion life and its deeper problems wants something more definite and vital for his spiri-
tual needs than a mere promise of heavenly joys or ‘eternal life’ when he passes out of
his brief and feverish life on this planet. Those who have lost faith in the ideals of or-
thodox religions and yet feel that their life is not a meaningless and passing phenome-
non of Nature naturaly turn to the philosophy of Yoga for the solution of problems
connected with their ‘inner’ life.
People who take up the study of Yoga with the object of finding a more satisfac-
tory solution of these problems are likely to meet with one serious difficulty. They
may find the philosophy interesting, even fascinating, but too much enveloped in mys-
tery and rigmarole to be of much practical value in their life. For there is no subject
which is so much wrapped up in mystery and on which one can write whatever one
likes without any risk of being proved wrong. To a certain extent this atmosphere of
mystery and obscurity which surrounds Yoga is due to the very nature of the subject
itself. The philosophy of Yoga deals with some of the greatest mysteries of life and the
Universe and so it must inevitably be associated with an atmosphere of profound mys-
tery. But much of the obscurity of Yogic literature is due, not to the intrinsic profun-
dity of the subject, but to the lack of correlation between its teachings and the facts
with which an ordinary educated man is expected to be familiar. If the doctrines of
Yoga are studied in the light of both ancient and modern thought it is much easier for
the student to understand and appreciate them. The discoveries made in the field of
Science are especially helpful in enabling the student to understand certain facts of
Yogic life, for there is a certain analogous relationship between the laws of higher life
and life as it exists on the physical plane, a relationship which is hinted at in the well-
known Occult maxim ‘As above, so below’.
Some teachers of Yoga have attempted to meet this difficulty by taking out of
the philosophy and technique of Yoga those particular practices which are easy to un-
derstand and practise, placing these before the general public as Yogic teachings. Many
of these practices like Asana, Pranayama etc. are of a purely physical nature and when
divorced from the higher and essential teachings of Yoga reduce their systems to a sci-
3
ence of physical culture on a par with other systems of a similar nature. This over-
simplification of the problem of Yogic life, though it has done some good and helped
some people to live a saner and healthier physical life, has greatly vulgarized the
movement for Yogic culture and produced a wrong impression, especially in the West,
about the real purpose and technique of Yoga.
What is needed, therefore, for the average student of Yoga is a clear, intelligible
presentation of its philosophy and technique which gives a correct and balanced idea
of all its aspects in terms of modern thought. For, while it is true that many aspects of
Yogic life are beyond the comprehension of those confined within the realms of the
intellect, still, the general philosophy and the broader aspects of its technique can be
understood by the serious student who is familiar with the main trends of philosophical
and religious thought and is prepared to bring to his study an open and eager mind. He
can, at least, understand this philosophy sufficiently to be able to decide whether it is
worth his while to undertake a deeper study of the subject and later, to enter the path
of Yoga as a Sadhaka. For, it is only when he enters the path of practical Yoga and be-
gins to bring about fundamental changes in his nature that he can hope to gain real in-
sight into the problems of Yoga and their solution.
This book is meant to give to the serious student of Yoga a clear idea with re-
gard to the fundamental teachings of Yoga in a language which he can understand. It
does not present Yoga from any particular angle or on the basis of any particular
school of philosophy. Those who study the book will see for themselves that this Sci-
ence of sciences is too comprehensive in its nature and too profound in its doctrines to
be fitted into the framework of any particular philosophy, ancient or modern. It stands
in its own right as a Science based upon the eternal laws of the higher life and does not
require the support of any science or philosophical system to uphold its claims. Its
truths are based on the experiences and experiments of an unbroken line of mystics,
occultists, saints and sages who have realized and borne witness to them throughout
the ages. Although an attempt has been made to explain the teachings of Yoga on a
rational basis so that the student may be able to grasp them easily nothing is sought to
be proved in the ordinary sense. The facts of higher Yoga can neither be proved nor
demonstrated. Their appeal is to the intuition and not to the intellect.
There is a vast literature dealing with all aspects and types of Yoga. But the be-
ginner who attempts to dive into this chaotic mass is likely to feel repulsed by the con-
fusion and exaggerated statements which he is likely to find everywhere. Round a
4
small nucleus of fundamental and genuine teachings of Yoga has grown up during the
course of thousands of years a volume of spurious literature composed of commentar-
ies, expositions of minor systems of Yogic culture and Tantric practices. Any inexperi-
enced student who enters this jungle is likely to feel bewildered and to come out of it
with a feeling that his pursuit of the Yogic ideal might prove a waste of time. The stu-
dent would, therefore, do well to confine himself to the basic literature to avoid confu-
sion and frustration.
In this basic literature of Yoga, the Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali stand out as the
most authoritative and useful book. In its 196 Sutras the author has condensed the es-
sential philosophy and technique of Yoga in a manner which is a marvel of condensed
and systematic exposition. The student who studies the book for the first time or super-
ficially may find the treatment rather strange and haphazard, but a more careful and
deeper study will reveal the rational basis of the treatment. The following synopsis
will show how rational the whole treatment is.
The first Section deals with the general nature of Yoga and its technique. It is
meant really to answer the question ‘What is Yoga?’ Since Samadhi is the essential
technique of Yoga, naturally, it occupies the most important position among the vari-
ous topics dealt with in the Section. This Section is, therefore, called Samadhi Pada.
The first part of the second Section deals with the philosophy of Klesas and is
meant to provide an answer to the question ‘Why should anyone practise Yoga?’ It
gives a masterly analysis of the conditions of human life and the misery and suffering
which are inherent in these conditions. The philosophy of Klesas must be thoroughly
understood by any person who is to take to the path of Yoga with the unalterable de-
termination to persevere, life after life, until he has reached the End. The second part
of Section II deals with the first five practices of Yogic technique which are referred to
as Bahiranga or external. These practices are of a preparatory nature and are meant to
make the Sadhaka fit for the practice of Samadhi. As this Section is meant to fit the
aspirant physically, mentally, emotionally and morally for the practice of Higher Yoga
it is called Sadhana Pada.
The first part of the third Section deals with the three remaining practices of
Yogic technique which are referred to as Antaranga or internal. It is through these
practices which culminate in Samadhi that all the mysteries of Yogic life are unrav-
elled and the powers or Siddhis are acquired. In the second part of this Section these
5
accomplishments are discussed in detail and the Section is, therefore, called Vibhuti
Pada.
In the fourth and the last Section are expounded all those essential philosophical
problems which are involved in the study and practice of Yoga. The nature of the mind
and mental perception, of desire and its binding effect, of Liberation and the results
which follow it, are all dealt with briefly but systematically to enable the student to
have an adequate background of theoretical knowledge. Since all these topics are con-
nected in one way or another with the attainment of Kaivalya, the Section is called
Kaivalya Pada.
On account of its comprehensive and systematic treatment of the subject the
Yoga-Sutras is the most suitable book for deep and systematic study of Yoga. In the
olden days all students of Yoga were made to commit it to memory and meditate regu-
larly and deeply on the Sutras for bringing out their hidden meanings. But the modern
student, who has to be convinced first that the study and practice of Yoga is worth-
while, needs a more detailed and elaborate treatment of the subject to enable him to
understand its philosophy as a whole. Even for this purpose the Yoga-Sutras is the
most suitable basis, not only because it gives all the essential information about Yoga
in a masterly manner but also because it is recognized as a masterpiece in the literature
of Yoga and has stood the test of time and experience. It is for this reason that it has
been made the basis of the present book.
The task of an author who undertakes to write a commentary on a book like the
Yoga-Sutras is not an easy one. He is dealing with a subject of the most profound na-
ture. The ideas which he has to interpret are given in the form of Sutras which embody
the art of condensation to the utmost limit. The language with which the Sutras are
constructed is an ancient one which, though extraordinarily effective in the expression
of philosophical ideas, can lend itself to an extraordinary variety of interpretations.
And what is most important, he is dealing with a Science which is related to facts
which come within the range of human experience. He cannot like the academic phi-
losopher give free rein to his imagination and put forward merely an ideal interpreta-
tion. He has to show things, to the best of his ability, as they actually are and not as
they should be or might be. Keeping in view the possibility of the changes which are
always brought about in the connotations of words with lapses of time it is extremely
hazardous to interpret the Sutras rigidly according to their literal meaning. Of
course, one cannot take liberties with a book like the Yoga-Sutras which has been writ-
6
ten by a master mind in a language which is considered almost perfect. But it is one
thing to interpret a Sutra in a loose and careless manner and another to bring out its
meaning with due regard to facts of experience and recognized traditions of ages.
The sensible way, of course, is to take into consideration all the factors which are in-
volved, avoiding especially explanations which explain nothing.
Another difficulty in writing a commentary in English is the impossibility of
finding exact equivalents for many Samskrta words. Since the Science of Yoga has
flourished mainly in the East and the interest in Yoga in the West is of recent origin
there are no equivalents in the English language corresponding to many Samskrta
words which stand for well-defined philosophical concepts. And in many cases the
available English words with approximate meanings are liable to give a totally wrong
impression. To avoid this danger Samskrta words have been used freely in the com-
mentary if an exact equivalent in English is not available. But to facilitate careful
study of the subject, not only is the original Samskrta text given in the case of each
Sutra but also the meanings of the Samskrta words used in the Sutra. Of course, as
pointed out above the exact English equivalents of many Samskrta words are not avail-
able. In such cases only approximate meanings have been given and the student is ex-
pected to find the exact significance of the words from the following commentary. The
above procedure will enable the student to judge for himself how far the interpretation
is in accordance with the literal meanings of the words used in the Sutra, and if there
is a divergence, how far the divergence is justified. But, of course, the final justifica-
tion for any interpretation is its conformity with the facts of experience and if this kind
of verification is not possible, commonsense and reason should be the guide. The
seeker after Truth should concern himself especially with facts and the truth underly-
ing the various Sutras and should not allow himself to get involved in controversies
about the meanings of words. This pastime he can leave to the mere scholar.
A careful study of the Yoga-Sutras and the kind of preparation and effort which
is needed for attaining the objective of Yogic endeavour might give to the student the
impression that it is an extremely difficult, if not impossible undertaking, beyond the
capacity of the ordinary aspirant. This impression is certain to dishearten him, and if
he does not think deeply over the problems of life and clarify his ideas about them, it
might lead him to abandon the idea of embarking on this Divine adventure or to post-
pone it to a future life. There can be no doubt that the serious pursuit of the Yogic ideal
is a difficult task and cannot be undertaken as a mere hobby or to find an escape from
7
the stress and strain of ordinary life. It can be undertaken only on understanding fully
the nature of human life and the misery and suffering which are inherent in it and the
further realization that the only way to end this misery and suffering permanently is to
find the Truth which is enshrined within ourselves, by the only method which is avail-
able, namely, Yogic discipline. It is also true that the attainment of this objective is a
long-term affair and the aspirant should be prepared to spend a number of lives—as
many lives as may be required—in its wholehearted and single-minded pursuit. No one
can know in the beginning his potentialities and how much time will be needed. He
can hope for the best but must be prepared for the worst.
Those who do not feel themselves equal to this task are not under any compul-
sion to attempt it immediately. They can continue the theoretical study of Yoga, think
constantly over life's deeper problems, try to purify their mind and strengthen their
character, until their power of discrimination becomes sufficiently strong to enable
them to pierce through ordinary illusions and see life in its naked reality. In fact, this
is the purpose of Kriya Yoga to which Patanjali has referred in the beginning of Sec-
tion II. When the inner eyes of true discrimination begin to open as a result of the
practice of Kriya Yoga they will cease to wonder whether they are strong enough to
undertake this long and difficult journey to their true homes. Then nothing will be able
to stop them, and they will naturally and whole-heartedly devote themselves to this
difficult but sacred task.
The important point is to make a definite beginning somewhere and as soon as
possible—Now. The moment such a serious beginning is made forces begin to gather
round the centre of endeavour and take the aspirant forward towards his goal, slowly at
first, but with increasing speed until he becomes so absorbed in the pursuit of his ideal
that time and distance cease to matter for him. And one day he finds that he has
reached his goal and looks back with a kind of wonder at the long and tedious journey
which he has completed in the realm of Time while all the time he was living in the
Eternal.
SECTION I
SAMADHI PADA
10
SAMADHI PADA
now; herewith (of) Yoga expounding; exposition (teach-
ing).
1. Now, an exposition of Yoga (is to be made).
Generally, a treatise of this nature in Samskrta begins with a Sutra which gives
an idea with regard to the nature of the undertaking. The present treatise is an ‘exposi-
tion’ of Yoga. The author does not claim to be the discoverer of this Science but
merely an expounder who has tried to condense in a few Sutras all the essential
knowledge concerning the Science which a student or aspirant ought to possess. Very
little is known about Patanjali. Although we have no information about him which can
be called definitely historical, still according to occult tradition he was the same per-
son who was known as Govinda Yogi and who initiated Samkaracarya in the Science
of Yoga. From the masterly manner in which he has expounded the subject of Yoga in
the Yoga-Sutras it is obvious that he was a Yogi of a very high order who had personal
knowledge of all aspects of Yoga including its practical technique.
As the method of expounding a subject in the form of Sutras is peculiar and
generally unfamiliar to Western students having no knowledge of the Samskrta lan-
guage, it would perhaps not be out of place to say here a few words on this classical
method which was adopted by the ancient Sages and scholars in their exposition of
some of the most important subjects. The word Sutram in Samskrta means a thread and
this primary meaning has given rise to the secondary meaning of Sutram as an apho-
rism. Just as a thread binds together a number of beads in a rosary, in the same way the
underlying continuity of idea binds together in outline the essential aspects of a sub-
ject. The most important characteristics of this method are utmost condensation consis-
tent with clear exposition of all essential aspects and continuity of the underlying
theme in spite of the apparent discontinuity of the ideas presented. The latter charac-
teristic is worth noting because the effort to discover the hidden ‘thread’ of reasoning
11
beneath the apparently unconnected ideas very often provides the clue to the meaning
of many Sutras. It should be remembered that this method of exposition was prevalent
at a time when printing was unknown and most of the important treatises had to be
memorized by the student. Hence the necessity of condensation to the utmost limit.
Nothing essential was, of course, left out but everything with which the student was
expected to be familiar or which he could easily infer from the context was ruthlessly
cut out.
The student will find on careful study what a tremendous amount of theoretical
and practical knowledge the author has managed to incorporate in this very small trea-
tise. Everything necessary for the proper understanding of the subject has been given
at one place or another in a skeleton form. But the body of the requisite knowledge has
to be dug out, prepared properly, chewed and digested before the subject can be under-
stood thoroughly in its entirety. The Sutra method of exposition may appear to the
modern student needlessly obscure and difficult but if he goes through the labour re-
quired for the mastery of the subject he will realize its superiority to the all too easy
modern methods of presentation. The necessity of struggling with the words and ideas
and digging out their hidden meanings ensures a very thorough assimilation of knowl-
edge and develops simultaneously the powers and faculties of the mind, especially that
important and indispensable capacity of digging out of one's own mind the knowledge
which lies buried in its deeper recesses.
But while this method of exposition is very effective it has its drawbacks also.
The chief disadvantage is the difficulty which the ordinary student who is not thor-
oughly conversant with the subject has in finding the correct meaning. Not only is he
likely to find many Sutras difficult to understand on account of their brevity but he
may completely misunderstand some of them and be led astray in a hopeless manner.
We have to remember that in a treatise like the Yoga-Sutras, behind many a word there
is a whole pattern of thought of which the word is a mere symbol. To understand the
true significance of the Sutras we must be thoroughly familiar with these patterns. The
difficulty is increased still further when the words have to be translated into another
language which does not contain exactly equivalent words.
Those who wrote these treatises were master-minds, masters of the subject and
language they dealt with. There could be no fault in their method of presentation. But
in the course of time fundamental changes can sometimes be brought about in the
meaning of words and the thought patterns of those who study these treatises. And this
12
fact introduces endless possibilities of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of some
of the Sutras. In treatises of a purely philosophical or religious nature such a misun-
derstanding would perhaps not matter so much, but in one of a highly technical and
practical nature like the Yoga-Sutras it can lead to great complications and even to
dangers of a serious nature.
Luckily for the earnest student, Yoga has always been a living Science in the
East and it has had an unbroken succession of living experts who continually verify by
their own experiments and experiences the basic truths of this Science. This has helped
not only to keep the traditions of Yogic culture alive and pure but to maintain the
meanings of the technical words used in this Science in a fairly exact and clearly de-
fined form. It is only when a Science is divorced completely from its practical applica-
tion that it tends to lose itself in a morass of words which have lost their meaning and
relation with the actual facts.
While the method of presenting a subject in the form of Sutras is eminently
suited for the practical and advanced student it can hardly be denied that it does not
quite fit in with our modern conditions. In the olden days those who studied these Su-
tras had easy access to the teachers of the Science who elaborated the knowledge em-
bodied in a condensed form, filled up the gaps and gave practical guidance. And these
students had leisure in which to think, meditate and dig out the meanings for them-
selves. The modern student who is interested merely in the theoretical study of the
Yogic philosophy and is not practising it under an expert teacher has none of these fa-
cilities and needs an elaborate and clear exposition for an adequate understanding of
the subject. He needs a commentary which not only aims at explaining the obvious
meaning but also the hidden significance of the words and phrases used in terms of the
concepts with which he is familiar and can easily understand. He wants his food not in
‘tabloid’ form but in bulk, and if possible, in a palatable form.
(the essential technique of) yoga (of) mind (of) modifications
inhibition; suppression; stoppage; restraint.
2. Yoga is the inhibition of the modifications of the mind.
13
This is one of the most important and well-known Sutras of this treatise not be-
cause it deals with some important principle or technique of practical value but be-
cause it defines with the help of only four words the essential nature of Yoga. There
are certain concepts in every science which are of a basic nature and which must be
understood aright if the student is to get a satisfactory grasp of the subject as a whole.
The ideas underlying ail the four words in this Sutra are of a fundamental nature and
the student should try to grasp through study and reflection their real meaning. Of
course, the significance of these words will become sufficiently clear only when the
book has been studied thoroughly, and the various aspects of the subject considered in
their relation to one another. It might be expected that words of such fundamental im-
portance will be carefully defined and such definitions inserted wherever they are
needed. But in the case of the present Sutra no such definitions have been given and
we can therefore conclude that the author expected the student to acquire a clear idea
with regard to the import of the words from his study of the whole book. But as it is
necessary for the student not to start his study with wrong or confused ideas it will
perhaps be worthwhile considering at this initial stage the import of the words and the
Sutra in a general way.
Let us begin with the word Yoga. The word Yoga in Samskrta has a very large
number of meanings. It is derived from the root Yuj which means ‘to join’ and the idea
of joining runs through all the meanings. What are the two things which are sought to
be joined by the practice of Yoga? According to the highest conceptions of Hindu phi-
losophy of which the Science of Yoga is an integral part, the human soul or the
Jivatma is a facet or partial expression of the Over-Soul or Paramatma, the Divine
Reality which is the source or substratum of the manifested Universe. Although in es-
sence the two are the same and are indivisible, still, the Jivatma has become subjec-
tively separated from Paramatma and is destined, after going through an evolutionary
cycle in the manifested Universe, to become united with Him again in consciousness.
This state of unification of the two in consciousness as well as the mental process and
discipline through which this union is attained are both called Yoga. This conception is
formulated in a different way in the Samkhya philosophy but on close analysis the fun-
damental idea will be found to be essentially the same.
Then we come to the word Citta. This word is derived from Cit or Citi (IV-34)
one of the three aspects of Paramatma called Sat-Cit-Ananda in Vedanta. It is this as-
14
pect which is at the basis of the form side of the Universe and through which it is cre-
ated. The reflection of this aspect in the individual soul which is a microcosm is called
Citta. Citta is thus that instrument or medium through which the Jivatma materializes
his individual world, lives and evolves in the world until he has become perfected and
united with the Paramatma. Broadly, therefore, Citta corresponds to ‘mind’ of modern
psychology but it has a more comprehensive import and field for functioning. While
Citta may be considered as a universal medium through which consciousness functions
on all the planes of the manifested Universe, the ‘mind’ of modern psychology is con-
fined to the expression of only thought, volition and feeling.
We should not, however, make the mistake of imagining Citta as a sort of mate-
rial medium which is moulded into different forms when mental images of different
kinds are produced. It is fundamentally of the nature of consciousness which is imma-
terial but affected by matter. In fact, it may be called a product of both, consciousness
and matter, or Purusa and Prakrti, the presence of the both being necessary for its
functioning. It is like an intangible screen which enables the Light of consciousness to
be projected in the manifested world. But the real secret of its essential nature lies bur-
ied in the origin of the manifested Universe and can be known only on attaining
Enlightenment. It is true that the theory of perception which is developed in Section IV
gives some general indication with regard to the nature of Citta but it does not say
what Citta essentially is.
The third word we have to consider in this Sutra is Vrtti. It is derived from the
root Vrt which means ‘to exist’. So Vrtti is a way of existing. In considering the ways
in which a thing exists we may consider its modifications, states, activities or its func-
tions. All these connotations are present in the meaning of Vrtti but in the present con-
text this word is best translated by the words ‘modifications’ or ‘functionings’. Some-
times the word is translated as ‘transformations’. This does not seem to be justified
because in transformation the emphasis is on the change and not on the condition. The
transformations of Citta may be stopped and it may still remain in one particular modi-
fication as happens in Sabija Samadhi. As the ultimate aim of Yoga is inhibition of all
modifications in Nirbija Samadhi it will be seen that the word ‘transformation’ will
not adequately express the meaning of the word Vrtti. Besides, the word ‘transforma-
tion’ has to be used for the three Parinamas dealt with in the first part of Section III.
Since Citta has a functional existence and comes into being only when consciousness
is affected by matter, the word ‘functionings’ perhaps expresses to the maximum de-
15
gree the significance of Vrtti in the present context, but the word ‘modifications’ is
also used generally and understood more easily and may therefore pass.
In trying to understand the nature of Citta-Vrttis we have to guard against a few
misconceptions which are sometimes prevalent among those who have not studied the
subject deeply. The first thing to note is that Citta-Vrtti is not a vibration. We have
seen above that Citta is not material and therefore there can be no question of any vi-
bration in it. Vibrations can take place only in a vehicle and these vibrations may pro-
duce a Citta-Vrtti. The two are different though related. The second point to be noted
in this connection is that a Citta-Vrtti is not a mental image though it may be and is
generally associated with mental images. The five-fold classification of Citta-Vrttis in
I-5 definitely shows this. Mental images may be of innumerable kinds but the author
has classified Citta-Vrttis under five heads only. This shows that Citta-Vrttis have a
more fundamental and comprehensive character than the mere mental images with
which they are associated. This is not the place to enter into a detailed discussion of
the essential nature of Citta-Vrttis because the question involves the essential nature of
Citta. But if the student studies carefully the six Sutras (I-6-11) dealing with the five
kinds of Vrttis he will see that they are the fundamental states or types of modifica-
tions in which the mind can exist. The author has given five types for the modifica-
tions of the lower concrete mind with which the ordinary man is familiar. But the
number and nature of these different types are bound to be different in the higher
realms of Citta.
The last word to be considered is Nirodha. This word is derived from the word
Niruddham which means ‘restrained’, ‘controlled’, ‘inhibited’. All these meanings are
applicable in the different stages of Yoga. Restraint is involved in the initial stages,
control in the more advanced stages and inhibition or complete suppression in the last
stage. The subject of Nirodha has been dealt with in considering III-9 and the student
should read carefully what is written in that connection.
If the student has understood the meaning of the four words in this Sutra he will
see that it defines in a masterly manner the essential nature of Yoga. The effectiveness
of the definition lies in the fact that it covers all stages of progress through which the
Yogi passes and all stages of unfoldment of consciousness which are the result of this
progress. It is equally applicable to the stage of Kriya-Yoga in which he learns the pre-
liminary lessons, to the stages of Dharana and Dhyana in which he brings the mind
under his complete control, to the stage of Sabija Samadhi in which he has to suppress
16
the ‘seeds’ of Samprajnata-Samadhi and to the last stage of Nirbija Samadhi in which
he inhibits all modifications of Citta and passes beyond the realm of Prakrti into the
world of Reality. The full significance of the Sutra can be understood only when the
subject of Yoga has been studied thoroughly in all its aspects and so it is useless to say
anything further at this stage.
then (of) Seer in his ‘own form’ or essential and fundamental
nature establishment.
3. Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature.
This Sutra points out in a general way what happens when all the modifications
of the mind at all levels have been completely inhibited. The Seer is established in his
Svarupa or in other words attains Self-realization. We cannot know what this state of
Self-realization is as long as we are involved in the play of Citta-Vrttis. It can only be
realized from within and not comprehended from without. Even the partial and super-
ficial comprehension which we can obtain under our present limitations by means of
study and reflection is possible only after we have mastered the whole theory and
technique of Yoga outlined in this treatise. The higher stages of consciousness which
unfold in the state of Samadhi and which are referred to in I-44 and 45 are called
Rtambhara or truth-right-bearing. In their light the Yogi can know the truth underlying
all things in manifestation. But he can know the truth in this way of only those things
which are part of Drsyam, the Seen, not of the Drasta the Seer. For this he has to prac-
tise Nirbija Samadhi (I-51).
(with) modifications (of the mind) identification; assimilation
elsewhere, in other states.
17
4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications
(of the mind).
When the Citta-Vrttis are not in the state of Nirodha and the Drasta is not es-
tablished in his Svarupa he is assimilated with the particular Vrtti which happens to
occupy the field of his consciousness for the moment. A simile will perhaps help the
student to understand this assimilation of consciousness with the transformation of the
mind. Let him imagine a lighted electric bulb suspended in a tank full of limpid water.
If the water is churned violently by some mechanical contrivance it will make all kinds
of patterns in three dimensions round the bulb, these patterns being illuminated by the
light from the bulb and changing from moment to moment. But what about the bulb
itself? It will disappear from view, all the light emanating from it being assimilated
with or lost in the surrounding water. Now, let him imagine the churning of water
slowed down gradually until the water becomes perfectly still. As the three dimen-
sional patterns begin to subside gradually the electric bulb gradually emerges into
view and when the water is quite at rest the bulb alone is seen. This simile illustrates
in a rather crude way both the assimilation of the consciousness of the Purusa with the
modification of the mind and its reversion to its own unmodified state when the mind
comes to rest. The mind may come to rest either through Para-Vairagya developed by
Isvara-pranidhana or through the practice of Samadhi the result in both cases is the
same—Enlightenment—and Liberation.
This Sutra, like the previous one, is meant to answer only in a general way the
question ‘what happens to the Purusa when he is not established in his Svarupa?’ Its
full significance can be understood only after the whole book has been studied thor-
oughly, and the various aspects of the subject understood adequately.
(plural of ) modes, modifications or functionings of the mind
fivefold; of five kinds painful (and) not-painful.
5. The modifications of the mind are five-fold and are painful or not-
painful.
18
After indicating the essential nature of Yogic technique the author then proceeds
to classify the Vrttis. He classifies them in two ways. Firstly, in relation to our feelings
whether they are painful, pleasurable or neutral in their character. And secondly, ac-
cording to the nature of the Pratyaya which is produced in our consciousness.
Let us consider first the reaction of these Vrttis on our feelings. This reaction
according to Patanjali is either painful or not-painful. This will appear to a superficial
student a rather strange way of classifying the mental modifications. Of course, there
are certain modifications which are of a neutral character, i.e. they do not produce any
pleasurable or painful reaction in our mind. When, for example, we notice a tree while
walking, it is a mere sensuous perception which does not arouse any pleasurable or
painful feeling within us. The vast majority of our sensuous perceptions which result
in the modification of the mind are of this neutral character. They have been classed as
‘not-painful’.
But there are other modifications of the mind which do arouse a pleasurable or
painful feeling within us. For example, when we taste some palatable article of food,
or see a beautiful sunset or smell a rose there is a distinct feeling of pleasure. On the
other hand, when we see a horrible sight or hear a cry of anguish the resulting trans-
formation of the mind is definitely painful. Why has then Patanjali classified all such
modifications of the mind which arouse some feeling within us as painful? The reason
for this is given in II-15 in connection with the philosophy of Klesas. It will suffice to
mention here that according to the theory of Klesas upon which the Yogic philosophy
is based, all pleasurable and painful experiences are really painful to the people who
have developed the faculty of discrimination and are not blinded by the illusions of the
lower life. It is our ignorance, caused by these illusions, which makes us see pleasure
in experiences which are a potential source of pain and therefore makes us run after
those pleasures. If our inner eyes were open we would see the ‘potential’ pain hidden
within these pleasures and not only when the pain is present in an ‘active’ form. We
would then see the justification for classifying all experiences which involve our feel-
ings and thus give rise to Raga and Dvesa as painful. This may appear to the student a
rather pessimistic view of life but let him withhold his judgment until he has studied
the philosophy of Klesas in Section II.
If all experiences involving our feelings are painful then it is logical to classify
the remaining experiences which are of a neutral character and do not affect our feel-
19
ings as not-painful. It will be seen, therefore, that the primary classification of Citta-
Vrttis as painful and not-painful is not without reason and from the Yogic point of view
perfectly logical and reasonable.
The other point of view from which the Citta-Vrttis have been classified is the
nature of the Pratyaya produced in the Citta. The object of classifying them in this
manner is to show that all our experiences in the realm of the mind consist of mental
modifications and nothing else. The control and complete suppression of these modifi-
cations, therefore, extinguishes our lower life completely and leads inevitably to the
dawning of the higher consciousness. When classified in this manner the Vrttis or
modifications are stated to be of five kinds as shown in the next Sutra.
right knowledge wrong knowledge fancy; imagination
sleep (and) memory.
6. (They are) right knowledge, wrong knowledge, fancy, sleep, and mem-
ory.
Here again, on a cursory examination, the five-fold classification may appear
rather odd but a deeper study will show that it is perfectly scientific. If we analyse our
mental life, as far as its content is concerned, we shall find it to consist of a great vari-
ety and number of images, but a closer study of these images will show that they can
all be classified under the five broad sub-heads enumerated in this Sutra. Before we
deal with each of these separately in-the subsequent five Sutras let us try to understand
the underlying system of classification in a general way.
Pramana and Viparyaya comprise all those images which are formed by some
kind of direct contact through the sense organs with the outer world of objects. Vikalpa
and Smrti comprise all those images or modifications of the mind which are produced
without any kind of direct contact with the outer world. They are the result of the in-
dependent activity of the lower mind using the sensuous perceptions which have been
gathered before and stored in the mind. In the case of Smrti or memory these sensuous
perceptions are reproduced in the mind faithfully, i.e. in the form and order in which
20
they were obtained through the sense-organs previously. In the case of Vikalpa or
imagination they are reproduced in any form and order from the sensuous material pre-
sent in the mind. The imagination can combine these sensuous perceptions in any form
or order, congruous or incongruous but the power of combining the sensuous percep-
tions is under the control of the will. In the dream state the will has no control over
these combinations and they appear before consciousness in haphazard, fantastic and
frequently absurd combinations influenced to a certain extent by the desires present in
the sub-conscious mind. The higher Self with its will and reason has, as it were, with-
drawn beyond the threshold of consciousness, leaving the lower mind partly entangled
with the brain deprived of the rationalizing influence of reason and the controlling in-
fluence of will. When even this remnant of the lower mind also withdraws beyond the
threshold of brain consciousness we have dreamless sleep or Nidra. In this state there
are no mental images in the brain. The mind continues to be active on its own plane
but its images are not reflected on the screen of the physical brain.
Now, let the student examine his mental activity in the light of what has been
said above. Let him take any modification of the lower concrete mind which works
with names and forms and see whether he cannot put it under one or the other of these
five groups. He will find to his surprise that all modifications of the lower mind can be
classed under one or the other of these subheads and therefore the system of classifica-
tion is quite rational. It is true that many modifications on analysis will be found to be
complex and come under two or more groups but the various ingredients will all be
found to fit under one or another of the five groups. That is why the Vrttis are called
Pancatayyah, five-fold.
It may be asked why only the modifications of the lower concrete mind have
been taken into account in this classification of the Citta-Vrttis. Citta comprises all the
levels of the mind, the lowest of which is called the lower Manas functioning through
the Manomaya Kosa and dealing with concrete mental images with names and forms.
The answer to this question is obvious. The ordinary man whose consciousness is con-
fined to the lower mind can conceive of only these concrete images which are derived
from perceptions through the physical sense-organs. The Citta-Vrttis corresponding to
the higher levels of the mind though more definite and vivid and capable of being ex-
pressed indirectly through the lower mind are beyond his comprehension and can be
perceived on their own planes in the state of Samadhi when consciousness transcends
the lower mind. Yoga starts with the control and suppression of the lowest kind of
21
Citta-Vrttis with which the Sadhaka is familiar and which he can understand. No use-
ful purpose could be served by dealing with the Citta-Vrttis corresponding with the
higher levels of the mind even if these Citta-Vrttis were amenable to ordinary classifi-
cation. The Sadhaka has to wait till he learns the technique of Samadhi.
Let us now consider the five kinds of modifications individually, one by one.
direct cognition; sense-evidence inference (and) testi-
mony; revelation tested and attested facts.
7. (Facts of) right knowledge (are based on) direct cognition, inference or
testimony.
Pramana which may be translated approximately as right knowledge or knowl-
edge related to facts, comprises all those experiences in which the mind is in direct or
indirect contact with the object of the senses at the time and the mental perception cor-
responds with the objects. Although three sources of right knowledge are mentioned in
the Sutra and only in one (Pratyaksa) there is direct contact with the object, this does
not mean that there is no contact with the object in the other two. The contact in
these two cases is indirect, through some other object or person. A simple illustration
will make this point clear. Suppose you see your car coming to your door. You recog-
nize it at once. This knowledge is, of course, Pratyaksa. Now, if you are sitting in your
room and hear the familiar sound of your car in front of your house you recognize it at
once as your car. Here your knowledge is based on contact with the object but the con-
tact is indirect and involves the element of inference. Now suppose again you neither
see nor hear the car but your servant comes and says that your car is at the door. Here
again the contact with the object is indirect but your knowledge is based on testimony.
In all these three cases since the image which springs up in your brain corresponds
with a fact, the Citta-Vrtti comes under the category of Pramana or right knowledge.
If it does not, for example, if your inference with regard to the presence of your car is
wrong or the servant makes an incorrect report, then your knowledge is wrong and be-
longs to the second category i.e. Viparyaya. Knowledge of the Pramana type may be
22
based partly on one and partly on another of these three sources but if it corresponds
with facts, it belongs to this type.
wrong knowledge; erroneous impression; mistake; delusion false;
illusory knowledge; conception (of) not its own (real) form
possessing; occupying; based.
8. Wrong knowledge is a false conception of a thing whose real form does
not correspond to such a mistaken conception.
The second type of Vrtti called Viparyaya is also based on some kind of contact
with an external object but the mental image does not correspond with the object. The
examples usually given to illustrate this kind of Vrtti such as a mirage in a desert may
give the impression that it is very rare but this is not a fact. Cases of Viparyaya are
very frequent. Wherever there is lack of correspondence between our conception of a
thing and the thing itself we have really an instance of Viparyaya. But it should be re-
membered that in Viparyaya we are not concerned with the correctness or definiteness
of our mental impressions but only with the correspondence between the object and the
mental image formed in our mind. In partial darkness our impression of an object may
be blurred but if it corresponds with the object it is not a case of Viparyaya.
word cognizance following upon empty of substance;
devoid of objectivity fancy.
9. An image conjured up by words without any substance behind it is fancy.
The first two categories of mental modifications exhaust all kinds of experi-
ences in which there is some kind of contact with an object outside the mind. These
23
may therefore be called ‘objective’ in their nature. Now we come to the other two
kinds of Vrttis in which there is no such contact and the mental image is a pure crea-
tion of the mind. Here again we have two subdivisions. If the mental modification is
based upon a previous experience and merely reproduces it we have a case of memory.
If it is not based upon an actual experience in the past or has nothing to correspond to
in the field of actual experience but is a pure creation of the mind then it is fancy or
imagination. When we mentally review the events of our past life such mental modifi-
cations belong to the realm of memory. When we read a novel our Vrttis belong to the
realm of fancy. Of course, even in the case of fancy the mental images will be found
on analysis to be derived ultimately from the sensuous perceptions which we have ac-
tually experienced sometime or other, but the combinations are novel and these do not
correspond to any actual experience. We may imagine a horse with the head of a man.
Here the head of a man and the body of a horse have been perceived separately and
belong to the realm of memory but the combination of the two in one composite image
which does not correspond to an actual experience makes the mental image a case of
Vikalpa. The two categories of memory and fancy on account of the absence of any
contact with an external object which stimulates the mental image may be called ‘sub-
jective’ in their nature.
absence; nothingness content of mind support; basis; ob-
ject modification sleep.
10. That modification of the mind which is based on the absence of any con-
tent in it is sleep.
This is an important Sutra and should be studied carefully. Of course, the literal
meaning of the Sutra is obvious. Even that modification of the mind in which there is
no content in the mind is classed as Vrtti which is called Nidra. And for a very good
reason. During the time a person is in this state his mind is, as it were, a blank or a
void. There is no Pratyaya in the field of consciousness. This state outwardly appears
to be the same as that of Citta-Vrtti-Nirodha in which also there is complete suppres-
24
sion of mental modifications. How does this state then differ from the condition of
Nirbija-Samadhi for the two are poles apart? The difference lies in the fact that in the
state of Nidra or deep sleep the mental activity does not stop at all, only the brain is
disconnected from the mind and so does not record the activities which are going on in
the mind. When the person wakes up and the contact is established again, the brain
again becomes the seat of mental activity as before. When a car is put out of gear the
engine does not stop, only the effect of the running of the engine on the car disappears
and so there is no motion of the car. In the same way, in deep sleep although there is
no Pratyaya in the brain the mental activity is transferred to a subtler vehicle and goes
on as before. Only the brain has been put out of gear. Experiments in hypnotism and
mesmerism partly corroborate this view.
Now, in Yoga it is the activity of the mind or Citta which is suppressed and for
this it is necessary to stop the vibrations of the lower mental body while in the waking
state. In the waking state the brain is connected with the lower mind and by controlling
the activity of the mind in the brain we can control its own activity. When the engine
of a car is in gear, by regulating or stopping the motion of the car we can regulate or
stop the movement of the engine itself. It will be seen therefore that the state of deep
sleep and the state of Citta-Vrtti-Nirodha though superficially they may appear similar
are quite different.
(of) experienced object; subject-matter (non-theft); not
letting go or allowing to escape memory.
11. Memory is not allowing an object which has been experienced to escape.
The mental process involved in recalling a past experience is a peculiar one and
the reason why memory is considered as a type of Citta-Vrtti has already been dis-
cussed in dealing with I-9. Memory is here defined as the retention of past experiences
in the mind. But it is to be noted that these experiences are retained in the mind as
mere impressions (Samskara) and as long as they are present in their potential form, as
mere impressions, they cannot be considered as a Citta-Vrtti. It is only when the po-
25
tential impressions are converted into their active state in the form of mental images
that they can properly be considered as a Citta-Vrtti.
(by) persistent practice (and) non-attachment or absence of
desire or detachment control or suppression or inhibition of that
(Citta-Vrttis).
12. Their suppression (is brought about) by persistent practice and non-
attachment.
After classifying and explaining the different forms which modifications of the
mind may assume, the author gives in this Sutra the two general means of bringing
about the suppression of these modifications. These are practice and non-attachment.
Two apparently simple words, but what a tremendous effort of the human will and va-
riety of practices they stand for! Both these words have been defined in the subsequent
Sutras but their full significance can be understood only after the study of the book has
been completed.
of those (two) for being firmly established or fixed effort;
endeavour practice.
13. Abhyasa is the effort of being firmly established in that state (of Citta-
Vrtti-Nirodha).
What is Abhyasa? All effort directed towards the attainment of that transcendent
state in which all Citta-Vrttis have been suppressed and the light of Reality shines un-
interruptedly in its fullest splendour. The means of attaining this objective are many
and various and all these may be included in Abhyasa. It is true that in the particular
26
system of Yoga put forward by Patanjali only eight kinds of practices have been in-
cluded and hence it is called Astanga-Yoga, i.e. Yoga with eight component parts. But
there are other systems of Yoga prevalent in the East and each has its own particular
technique. Many practices are common but there are some which are peculiar to each
system. Patanjali has included in his system practically all those which are essential or
important. The Yogi can adopt any of these according to his needs or temperament
though he is generally advised to confine himself to those practices which are pre-
scribed in the particular school to which he belongs.
It need hardly be pointed out that Yoga is an experimental science and as in all
sciences new techniques are being constantly discovered by individual teachers and
taught to their disciples. Thus each advanced teacher, though he follows the broad
principles of Yoga and techniques of his particular school, imparts a personal touch to
his teachings by introducing certain minor practices of his own. These are generally
continued in a more or less modified form as long as the school lasts. But in most
cases such schools quickly degenerate into mere academic bodies carrying on a dead
tradition.
that indeed (for) long time (with) uninterrupted con-
tinuance (incessantly) (and) reverent devotion; earnestness pursued;
practised; followed; continued firm ground.
14. It (Abhyasa) becomes firmly grounded on being continued for a long
time, without interruption and with reverent devotion.
In order that the practice of Yoga may bear fruit and may enable the Sadhaka to
be firmly established on the path there are three conditions which must be fulfilled.
These conditions1 as defined in this Sutra are (1) These practices must be continued
for a long time. (2) There should be no interruptions. (3) The path must be trodden
with devotion and in a spirit of reverence. The necessity for pointing out these condi-
tions will be seen if one takes into account the enormous number of failures on this
27
path. The path of Yoga appears very fascinating in the beginning and many are the
people who are caught by its glamour and make a start in the hope of plucking its fruit
in a very short time. But alas! Of those who enter the path, only a microscopical mi-
nority are able to make good progress. Even those who have the courage and persever-
ance to continue are very few in number. The vast majority of aspirants drop out
sooner or later, giving up the practice completely or keeping up a semblance of mere
external forms as soon as the glamour wears out. They either come to believe that it is
all ‘moonshine’ or manage to convince themselves that conditions in the present life
are not favourable and they had better postpone the effort to the next life when they
vainly hope to be placed in better circumstances. Leaving out a few cases where
Karma interposes a real obstacle in the path of the aspirant the real cause of discon-
tinuing the practice is, in the vast majority of cases, the lack of spiritual maturity
without which no success on this path is possible. The world and its pursuits have still
a great deal of attraction for such people and they are not prepared to make the sacri-
fices which are demanded on this path.
Coming back to the essential conditions of success the necessity for continuing
the practices for a long time is obvious. The nature of the changes which have to be
brought about in our character, mind and vehicles is such that unless the practices are
continued for a long time no appreciable improvement can be expected. Our nature has
to be completely changed and the change is so fundamental that we must be prepared
to continue the work until it is finished. How long this will take will depend upon
many factors: our evolutionary stage, the time we have already given to the work in
previous lives and the effort that we make in this life. Theoretically, if a man is able to
surrender himself completely to Isvara he can pass into Samadhi immediately, but it is
a very big ‘if’ and the Samskaras of the past will not in actual life allow him to ac-
complish suddenly what can be done only after a long and strenuous course of disci-
pline. In a few rare cases where the progress is extremely rapid there is always the
momentum of the past, due generally to a number of successive lives devoted to the
practice of Yoga. So, no one can predict when the final goal will be reached and he
who enters the path seriously must make up his mind to continue not only for a long
time but through many lives until the goal is reached. He who is ready for treading this
path is so much absorbed in the fascinating work and has so much to do that he has no
time to worry as to when he will reach the goal. If time hangs heavy on our hands and
28
we are continually worrying when success will be ours, it shows lack of real interest
and is a danger signal.
To appreciate the requirement of not allowing any interruptions we have to re-
member that much of the work in Yoga involves bringing about very deep-seated and
fundamental changes in the various vehicles through which consciousness functions on
the different planes. And success in bringing about the desired changes depends upon
continuity of practice. Interruption means not only waste of so much time but a con-
siderable sliding back and retraversing the same ground which has already been cov-
ered. An example will make this clear. Suppose a Sadhaka is trying to purify his mind.
He has to exclude rigidly from his mind all impure thoughts and emotions and to make
his mental vehicle or Manomaya Kosa vibrate to the highest and purest thoughts until
the ordinary coarse material of the vehicle has been completely replaced by the finest
and subtlest matter which can respond to only pure and lofty thoughts and emotions. If
this is accomplished the very vibratory capacity of the vehicle is completely changed
and it becomes very difficult for the Sadhaka to entertain any impure thoughts in the
same way as it is difficult for a licentious person to entertain pure thoughts. But sup-
pose he gives up the effort after making some progress then the original conditions
tend to reassert themselves gradually, and if he resumes the practice after considerable
time the process of purification has to start ab initio.
Most of the required changes in our mind and character involve some changes
in various vehicles and these latter processes which are really material must be almost
completed if they are to be made practically irreversible. Even in ordinary life this
continuity of practice is of importance for most undertakings. A boy who wants to
make himself strong and muscular must take exercise regularly. If he does strenuous
exercise but gives it up from time to time he does not make much progress. Prolonged
and steady practice is the secret of success in all such undertakings. Even interrupted
practice gives some advantage and is better than no practice at all because it creates
favourable Samskaras and thus strengthens tendencies in the desired direction but
when Yoga is taken up seriously uninterrupted practice is essential and every new
technique which is initiated must be practised continuously until it is sufficiently mas-
tered.
The third condition requiring an attitude of devotion and earnestness is equally
important. Yoga is a serious business and requires intense and whole-hearted applica-
tion. It cannot be pursued as a hobby, one of a number of pursuits in which we are
29
equally interested. If a person desires success even in a worldly pursuit like science or
art he has to give himself completely to his work, the more difficult the undertaking
the greater the devotion it demands. Now, the objective of Yoga is the highest prize of
human achievement and its pursuit must necessarily be very exacting in its demand on
the time and energy of the Sadhaka. That is why in the olden days people who wanted
to practise Yoga retired into forests so that they could devote themselves completely to
this task. Complete retirement may not be possible or necessary but a whole-hearted
devotion to this holy task is absolutely necessary. Many people think that they can
combine the pursuit of worldly ambitions with Yogic discipline and glibly cite the ex-
ample of Janaka. But Janaka had already attained the ideal of Yoga before he under-
took the worldly duties. The ordinary Sadhaka especially the beginner who tries to
combine the two ideals is sure to be swamped by his worldly desires and activities and
to pursue the path of Yoga merely in name. Circumstances and habits of past lives may
not allow the Sadhaka to adopt this one-pointed attitude all at once but he must work
steadily and deliberately towards this end, eliminating one by one all the activities and
interests which either interfere with his main work or uselessly consume his time and
energy. This capacity to throw oneself whole-heartedly and persistently into the task
which the Sadhaka has placed before himself is a necessary qualification and shows
the readiness of the soul to embark on the Divine Adventure.
The word Satkara also implies an attitude of reverence towards his task. In pur-
suing his ideal the Sadhaka is trying to find that Ultimate Reality which is the basis
and the cause of the whole Universe, manifest and unmanifest. This very fact that he is
trying to unravel the greatest mystery of life should fill him with a sense of awe and
reverence provided he is conscious of the nature of his high purpose and the tremen-
dous nature of the Reality which he is approaching.
When the three conditions mentioned in the Sutra are present, progress on the
path of Yoga is assured. It may be slow owing to inadequate momentum from past
lives but the Sadhaka is at least firmly established on the path and the attainment of
the final goal becomes only a question of time.
30
(for) seen (here in this world); visible; physical (and) heard;
promised in the scriptures; revealed objects of him who has ceased to
thirst consciousness of perfect mastery (of desires) non-attachment; detach-
ment.
15. The consciousness of perfect mastery (of desires) in the case of one who
has ceased to crave for objects, seen or unseen, is Vairagya.
This Sutra defines Vairagya the second general means of bringing about the
suppression of Citta-Vrttis. The full significance of Vairagya and its role in bringing
the mind to a condition of rest will be fully understood only after the study of the phi-
losophy of Klesas outlined in Section II. Here we shall discuss only certain general
principles. The word Vairagya is derived from the word Raga which has been defined
in II-7 as the attraction which arises due to pleasure derived from any object. Vairagya
therefore means the absence of any attraction towards objects which give pleasure. The
question may be asked: why absence of attraction only, why not absence of repulsion
also, because attraction and repulsion are a pair of opposites and repulsion binds the
soul to the objects as much as attraction. The reason why Dvesa has been left out in
the etymological expression of the idea as Vairagya is not oversight but the fact that
Dvesa is really included in Raga and forms with it a pair of opposites. The alternation
of attraction and repulsion between two individuals who are attached to each other
shows the underlying relation of attraction and repulsion and their common derivation
from attachment. So, non-attachment which means freedom from both attraction and
repulsion correctly expresses the underlying meaning of Vairagya.
The reason why Vairagya plays such an important part in restraining and then
eliminating Citta-Vrttis lies in the fact that desire in its two expressions of Raga and
Dvesa is a tremendous driving and disturbing force which is incessantly producing
Vrttis in the mind. In fact, in the earlier stages of evolutionary progress, desire is the
sole driving force and the development of the mind takes place almost solely as a re-
sult of the constant driving to which it is subjected by desire. In the later stages other
factors also come in and as desire gradually changes into will the latter more and more
becomes the driving force behind the evolutionary development.
31
All aspirants who are treading the path of Yoga must therefore try to understand
clearly the role which desire plays in our life and the manner in which it keeps the
mind in a constant state of agitation. Many Sadhakas not realizing sufficiently the dis-
turbing influence of desire try to practise meditation without giving sufficient attention
to the problem of controlling desires with the result that they do not succeed to any
considerable extent in freeing the mind from disturbances at the time of meditation.
Trying to render the mind calm without eliminating desire is like trying to stop the
movement of a boat on a surface of water which is being violently agitated by a strong
wind. However much we may try to hold it down in one position by external force it
will continue to move as a result of the impulses imparted to it by the waves. But if the
wind dies down and the waves subside completely the boat will come to rest—in
time—even without the application of an external force. So is the case with the mind.
If the driving force of desire is eliminated completely the mind comes to rest (Niruddha
state) naturally and automatically. The practice of Vairagya is the elimination of
the driving force of desire using the word desire in its widest sense of Vasana as ex-
plained in Section IV. But the elimination of Citta-Vrtti by practising Vairagya alone,
though theoretically possible, is neither feasible nor advisable. It is like trying to stop
a car by merely shutting off the supply of gas. Why not also apply the brakes and make
the car stop more rapidly and effectively. Herein comes the role of Abhyasa. Abhyasa
and Vairagya are therefore jointly utilized for Citta-Vrtti-Nirodha. After this general
consideration of the role of Vairagya let us now take note of some of the phrases used
in I-15 with a view to understand the full implication of the definition given therein.
Visaya are the objects which produce the attraction and consequent attachment.
They have been divided under two heads, those which are seen and those about which
we merely hear, i.e. those which are mentioned in scriptures. Anusravika, of course,
refers to the enjoyments which the followers of orthodox religions expect to gain in
the life after death. The practice of Vairagya seeks to destroy the thirst for both kinds
of enjoyments.
It will be seen from what has been stated above that the Yogic ideal is entirely
different from the orthodox religious ideal. In the latter, a particular kind of life and
conduct are prescribed and if the votary of the particular religion conforms to that code
of conduct he expects to live after the dissolution of the physical body in a super-
physical world with all kinds of enjoyments and means of happiness. The heavens of
different religions may differ with regard to the amenities which they provide but the
32
underlying idea is the same, i.e. a particular kind of life which consists in following
certain observances and moral code ensures a happy life in the hereafter.
The Yogic philosophy does not deny the existence of heaven and hell but it
places before the Yogi an ideal of achievement in which the enjoyments and pleasures
of heaven life have no place because these also are temporary and subject to illusion.
The enjoyments of the heaven world are nothing as compared with the bliss and pow-
ers which the Yogi acquires when his consciousness passes into the still higher planes
of existence. Even these transcendent states have to be renounced by him in his pro-
gress towards his ultimate goal. Every power and pleasure which is ‘born’ out of con-
tact with Prakrti and which is not contained in the Self and therefore does not make
the Yogi self-contained is to be included in Anusravika Visaya.
It may be pointed out here that it is not the feeling of enjoyment on coming into
contact with those Visayas which constitutes Trsna. In our contact with objects of
senses some must necessarily produce a sensation of pleasure. When consciousness
functions on the higher planes through the subtler vehicles bliss is the natural inevita-
ble accompaniment but it is not this feeling of pleasure or bliss which constitutes
Raga. It is the attraction and consequent attachment which is the cause of bondage and
must be destroyed by the practice of Vairagya.
It is also necessary to remember that mere absence of attraction due to the inac-
tivity of the body or satiety or preoccupation with other things does not constitute
Vairagya. A man who becomes old may lose his sex-desire for the time being. A poli-
tician engaged in the pursuit of his ambitions may for the time being become indiffer-
ent to sensuous enjoyments. But this temporary indifference towards objects has noth-
ing to do with Vairagya. The attraction is merely in abeyance ready to come to the sur-
face as soon as the necessary conditions are present. What is needed for true Vairagya
is the deliberate destruction of all attractions and the consequent attachments and con-
scious mastery over the desires. This is the meaning of the phrase Vasikara-Samjna.
Control over the vehicles through which the desires are felt and the consciousness of
mastery which comes from such control are the essential elements of Vairagya. For
gaining this kind of mastery one should have come in contact with temptations of
every kind and should have passed through ordeals of every description and come out
not only triumphant but even without feeling the slightest attraction. For, if the attrac-
tion is felt, even though we may not succumb to the temptation, we have not com-
pletely mastered the desire.
33
It will be seen, therefore, that isolation from the world or running away from
temptations does not help us in acquiring true Vairagya though this may be necessary
in the very early stages of acquiring self-control. We have to learn the lesson and test
ourselves in the midst of pleasures and temptations—of course not by yielding to
temptations and indulging in pleasures, but by trying to pierce through the glamorous
illusions which surround such pleasures while we are under their domination. Real
Vairagya is not characterized by a violent struggle with our desires. It comes naturally
and in its most effective form by the exercise of our discriminative faculty which is
called Viveka. Glamour plays a very great part in producing Raga or attachment and
even ordinary intellectual analysis combined with reason and commonsense, can free
us from many unreasonable habits and attachments. But the real weapon to be used in
acquiring true Vairagya is the more penetrating light of Buddhi which expresses itself
as Viveka. As our bodies are purified and our mind becomes free from the cruder de-
sires this light shines with increasing brightness and destroys our attachments by ex-
posing the illusions which underlie them. In fact Viveka and Vairagya may be consid-
ered as two aspects of the same process of dissipation of illusion through the exercise
of discrimination on the one hand and renunciation on the other. As the process
reaches a deeper level it merges more and more in Jnana and becomes almost indistin-
guishable from it.
that highest; ultimate by or from awareness of the Purusa or the
Self freedom from the least desire for the Gunas.
16. That is the highest Vairagya in which, on account of the awareness of the
Purusa, there is cessation of the least desire for the Gunas.
It has been pointed out in connection with the previous Sutra that discrimina-
tion and renunciation mutually strengthen each other and bring about progressively the
destruction of illusions and attachments which are the root cause of bondage. This re-
sults in the release of consciousness from fetters which bind it to the lower worlds and
the whole process culminates as we shall see later in Kaivalya, the final objective of
34
Yoga. In that state the Purusa having realized his true nature and having shaken off the
yoke of matter has no attraction left even for the subtlest kinds of bliss experienced on
the highest planes of existence. He is completely self-sufficient and above all such
attractions which are based on the play of the Gunas. This Vairagya which is based
upon the destruction of Avidya and the realization that everything is contained in the
Purusa himself or the Purusa is the source of everything is the highest kind of
Vairagya and is called Para-Vairagya. It will be seen that this Para-Vairagya which is
a characteristic of the Purusic consciousness—if this word can be used—can appear
only on the attainment of Kaivalya.
The fact that complete Vairagya develops only on the attainment of Purusa-
Khyati means that though there may be no active attachment in the lower stages, still,
the seeds of attachment remain. This means that while there is the possibility of at-
tachment developing again before Purusa-Khyati is attained no such possibility exists
after this stage is reached. This fact has also been expressed very well in the Bhagavad-
Gita in the well-known Sloka (II-59). “The objects of sense, but not the relish for
them, turn away from an abstemious dweller in the body; and even relish turneth away
from him after the Supreme is seen”.
(of) reasoning; argumentation deliberation; reflection bliss;
joy (and; or) I-am-ness; sense of individuality; sense of pure being by
accompaniment; with association Samadhi with Prajna or consciousness.
17. Samprajnata Samadhi is that which is accompanied by reasoning, reflec-
tion, bliss and sense of pure being.
I-17 and I-18 deal with the two varieties of Samadhi called Samprajnata and
Asamprajnata. Before we take up for discussion these two important Sutras it is desir-
able that we deal in a general way with the nature of Samadhi and the mutual relation-
ship of the different kinds and stages of Samadhi which are mentioned in the Yoga-
Sutras. This will make it easier for the student to tackle this very difficult though fas-
cinating subject and enable him to see its different aspects in their true relationship.
35
The subject of Samadhi is too often studied in a haphazard and disjointed manner
without making any effort to view its different parts in their correct perspective.
As the Sutras bearing on the different aspects of Samadhi are scattered in the
Yoga-Sutras at different places it will help the student if a brief analysis of these Sutras
is given here and the order, in which they should be studied by the beginner,
pointed out. The manner in which the subject of Samadhi is treated in the Yoga-Sutras
may appear rather strange to the student. He should remember, however, that these
Sutras are meant to provide in a very condensed form all the essential knowledge for
the advanced student of Yoga and not to serve as an introduction for the beginner who
has yet to learn the A.B.C. of the subject. That is why Patanjali allows himself to
plunge into a discussion of the more abstruse aspects of Samadhi in Section I and deals
with the different stages of concentration leading upto Samadhi in Section III. This
manner of treating a difficult subject must appear very confusing to the modern stu-
dent for whom the conditions for understanding any subject are made as easy as possi-
ble. If, therefore, the student is new to the subject and his ideas about Samadhi and
related subjects are not quite clear it would perhaps be better for htm to take up the
Sutras bearing on Samadhi in the following order:
Samadhi
(1) The three stages of meditation
leading upto Samadhi III-l, 2, 3, 4
(2) Samprajnata and Asamprajnata
Samadhi I-17, 18
(3) The essential process involved
in Sabija Samadhi I-41
(4) The different phases of
Sabija Samadhi I-42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50
(5) The technique of
Nirbija Samadhi I-51, III-8, IV-26, 27, 28, 29
(6) The three kinds of transformations
involved in Samadhi III-9, 10, 11, 12
36
Samadhi may be defined generally as a process of diving into the deeper layers
of one's consciousness which functions through different grades of the mind. Con-
sciousness is an aspect of the Ultimate Reality in manifestation and its expression de-
pends upon the particular grade of the mind through which it is functioning, the
coarser the medium the more limited the expression. As the progressive involution of
consciousness in matter for the purpose of its unfoldment imposes upon it increasing
limitations, so the reverse process of evolution progressively releases consciousness
from these limitations. The different stages of Samadhi represent this progressive re-
lease of consciousness from the limitations in which it is involved and Kaivalya is that
state in which it can again function in perfect freedom.
As consciousness functions at different levels in different grades of the mind
through different mechanisms which are called vehicles or Kosas its progressive re-
lease from limitations may be looked at from another point of view. It may be consid-
ered as its withdrawal from one vehicle into a subtler vehicle. Each vehicle has its own
functions and limitations but the functions become more inclusive and the limitations
more tenuous as the matter of which it is composed becomes more refined. This pro-
gressive withdrawal of consciousness in Samadhi into increasingly subtler vehicles is
represented in the diagram showing ‘Stages of Samadhi’. The diagram is self-
explanatory but can be understood fully only when the different aspects of Samadhi
have been studied in detail.
The first aspect of Samadhi with which Patanjali deals in the first Section is the
distinction between Samprajnata and Asamprajanta Samadhi, There is a lot of misun-
derstanding with regard to the nature of these two kinds of Samadhi and many students
confuse them with Sabija and Nirbija Samadhi. In fact the words used for different
kinds of Samadhis are generally used by commentators in a haphazard manner and the
subtler distinctions which characterize the different kinds and phases of Samadhi are
frequently overlooked. A student of the Yoga-Sutras should bear in mind that this is a
scientific treatise in which each word has a specific and definite meaning and there is
no possibility of looseness of expression or the use of alternate words for the same
idea. When Patanjali uses two pairs of words—Samprajnata and Asamprajnata on the
one hand and Sabija and Nirbija on the other—in entirely different contexts it is be-
cause he is dealing with two entirely different ideas or subjects and to take these two
pairs of words as if they mean the same thing shows lack of comprehension of the
37
whole subject. We shall discuss later the significance of Sabija and Nirbija Samadhis.
Let us first try to understand what Samprajnata and Asamprajnata Samadhis mean.
As frequently happens in the use of Samskrta words the clue to the meaning of a
particular word is given by the etymological structure of the word. Samprajnata
Samadhi means ‘Samadhi with Prajna’. The prefix A in Samskrta means ‘not’ and
therefore Asamprajnata Samadhi means ‘not the Samadhi with Prajna’. Asamprajnata
Samadhi is therefore not the Samadhi without Prajna, which would be the opposite of
Samprajnata Samadhi. It is a state of Samadhi which, though associated with Prajna,
is yet different from Samprajnata Samadhi. It may therefore be considered a correla-
tive of Samprajnata Samadhi. The word Prajna in Samskrta stands for the higher con-
sciousness working through the mind in all its stages. It is derived from Pra which
means high and Jna which means to ‘know’. The distinctive characteristic of this
higher consciousness which unfolds in Samadhi is that the mind is cut off completely
from the physical world and the consciousness is centred in one or the other of the set
of vehicles beginning with the lower mental body and ending with the Atmic vehicle.
The consciousness is thus free from the burden and interference of the physical brain.
If both Samprajnata and Asamprajnata Samadhis are associated with Prajna
(Samprajna) where lies the difference between the two? The difference lies in the
presence or absence of a Pratyaya in the field of consciousness. Pratyaya is a techni-
cal word used in Yoga to denote the total content of the mind at any moment using the
word mind in its widest sense and not merely the intellect. This Pratyaya may be of
any kind and may exist on any plane of the mind. A mental image of a child, a concept
of a mathematical principle, an all-embracing vision of the Unity of life are all
Pratyayas of different kinds and belonging to different planes.
Now, in Samprajnata Samadhi there is a Pratyaya (which is called a ‘seed’) in
the field of consciousness and the consciousness is fully directed to it. So the direction
of consciousness is from the centre outwards. In Asamprajnata Samadhi there is no
Pratyaya and therefore there is nothing to draw the consciousness outwards and hold it
there. So as soon as the Pratyaya (P) is dropped or suppressed the consciousness be-
gins to recede automatically to its centre O and after passing momentarily through this
Laya centre, tends to emerge into the next subtler vehicle. When this process has been
completed the Pratyaya (P') of the next higher plane appears and the direction of con-
sciousness again becomes from the centre outwards. The progressive stages of the re-
38
cession of consciousness to its centre and its emergence into the next higher plane may
be illustrated by the following diagram:
Fig. 1
From the time the Pratyaya P is suppressed to the time when the Pratyaya P' of the
next plane appears the Yogi is in the stage of Asamprajnata Samadhi. During all this
time he is fully conscious and his will is directing this delicate mental operation in a
very subtle manner. The mind is no doubt blank but it is the blankness of Samadhi and
not the blankness of an ordinary kind such as is present in deep sleep or coma. The
mind is still completely cut off from the outer world, is still perfectly concentrated, is
still under complete control of the will. Asamprajnata Samadhi therefore represents a
very dynamic condition of the mind and differs from Samprajnata Samadhi only in the
absence of Pratyaya in the field of consciousness. In intensity of concentration and
alertness of the mind it is on a par with Samprajnata Samadhi. That is why it is de-
noted by merely adding the prefix A to Samprajnata Samadhi.
The void of Asamprajnata Samadhi is sometimes called a ‘cloud’ in Yogic ter-
minology and the experience may be compared to that of a pilot whose aeroplane
passes through a cloud bank. The clear landscape is blotted out suddenly, the ordinary
sense of direction disappears and he flies on in the certainty that if he holds on he is
bound to come out again into the clear sky. When the consciousness of the Yogi leaves
one plane and the Pratyaya of that plane disappears he finds himself in a void and
must remain in that void until his consciousness automatically emerges into the next
plane with its new and characteristic Pratyaya. He cannot do anything but wait pa-
tiently, with mind concentrated and alert, for the darkness to disperse and the light of
the higher plane to dawn in his mind. In the case of the advanced Yogi this experience
can be repeated over and over again and he passes from one plane to another until he
takes the final plunge from the subtlest plane (the Atmic plane) into Reality itself—the
39
consciousness of the Purusa. The ‘cloud’ which he now enters is called Dharma
Megha for reasons discussed in dealing with IV-29. When he comes out of this sacred
‘cloud’ he has already left behind the realm of Prakrti and is in his own Svarupa.
It will be seen, therefore, that in the progressive recession of consciousness
from the lower mental plane to its origin Samprajnata Samadhi with its characteristic
Pratyaya and Asamprajnata Samadhi with its void follow each other in succession un-
til the last hurdle has been crossed and the Yogi is established in his Svarupa and his
consciousness has become one with the consciousness of the Purusa. The recession of
consciousness towards its centre is thus not a steady and uninterrupted sinking into
greater and greater depths but consists in this alternate outward and inward movement
of consciousness at each barrier separating the two planes.
The time taken for passage through the different planes and the intervening
voids depends upon the advancement of the Yogi. While the beginner may remain en-
tangled on the lower planes for a considerable time extending to years, the advanced
Yogi can transfer his consciousness from one plane to another with lightning rapidity,
and in the case of the Adept who has attained Kaivalya all the planes really merge into
one because the passage up or down is so swift and easy that it is merely a question of
focussing consciousness in one vehicle or another. As a rule, when the Yogi is still
learning the technique of Samadhi, he has to spend considerable time on a particular
plane in studying its phenomena and laws before he is in a position to attempt passage
into the next higher plane. His progress depends not only on his present effort but also
on the momentum of the past and the Samskaras which he brings from his previous
lives. The Science of Yoga cannot be mastered in one life but only in a succession of
strenuous lives devoted exclusively to the Yogic ideal. And those who are impatient
and cannot adopt this long term view are not yet qualified to enter this path and make
steady progress towards their goal.
After dealing with the nature of Samprajnata and Asamprajnata Samadhi in a
general way let us now consider the two Sutras in which Patanjali has referred to these
aspects of Samadhi. In I-17 he hints at the characteristics of the consciousness which
unfolds in the four stages of Samprajnata Samadhi which correspond to the four stages
of the Gunas mentioned in II-19. The word Anugamat means ‘associated with’ or ‘ac-
companied by’ and the Sutra therefore broadly means that the four successive phases
or stages of Samprajnata Samadhi are accompanied by the activities or states of the
mind which are denoted by Vitarka, Vicara, Ananda and Asmita respectively. Anyone
40
who is familiar with the old Vedantic classification or the modern Theosophical classi-
fication of the planes of manifestation and the functions of vehicles on those planes
will easily see how closely this progressive unfoldment of consciousness through the
four stages mentioned in the Sutra corresponds with this classification. The classifica-
tion of the elements which constitute the phenomenal side of the Universe according to
Samkhya and Yogic philosophies is functional and not structural and that is obviously
the reason why Patanjali in denoting the successive stages of Samprajnata Samadhi
has given only the essential and dominant functions of the mind and not the names of
the vehicles through which these functions are exercised. There is something to be said
in favour of this functional representation of these stages as compared with the struc-
tural. While it certainly appears vague and difficult to understand it has the advantage
of being independent of any particular mode of classifying the planes and the termi-
nology adopted for denoting them. Besides, the Yogi who is following the path of mys-
ticism and is bent on finding his Beloved may not be interested in the constitution and
phenomena of the different planes and may not like to study these planes objectively.
A simple functional treatment of the different stages of Samprajnata Samadhi should
therefore meet the needs of most people who are practising Yoga. But as a constitu-
tional treatment has the great advantage of clarifying in a remarkable manner the
whole technique of Yoga there is no reason why we should not take advantage of the
knowledge which is available to us.
In the following diagram are shown the different stages of Samprajnata and
Asamprajnata Samadhi as well as their correspondences to the different vehicles and
other aspects of the question involved in our study. It will be seen that Samprajnata
Samadhi begins when the consciousness is completely cut off from the outer world
after passing through the two preliminary stages of Dharana and Dhyana. In the first
stage of Samprajnata Samadhi the consciousness is therefore centred in the lower
mental world and functions through the Manomaya Kosa. The essential function of the
41
mind in this stage is denoted by the word Vitarka. It should be noted that when a per-
son can leave the physical body and function in the two subtler vehicles called astral
or lower mental body he is not necessarily in a state of Samadhi though his physical
body is in an inert condition. He may be merely functioning in these subtler bodies in
the ordinary manner exercising his clairvoyant powers and bringing down the knowl-
42
edge he has gained into the physical brain when he returns to the physical body. This
state in which clairvoyance, etc. can be exercised is quite different from the state of
Samadhi because the peculiar condition of the mind described in III-3 is not present.
The mind is directed to different objects in succession and is not concentrated upon
one object.
After mastering the technique of Savitarka and Nirvitarka phases in the first
stage the Yogi practises Asamprajnata Samadhi and withdraws his consciousness into
the next higher plane, passing through the ‘cloud’ which accompanies Asamprajnata
Samadhi. The consciousness of the Yogi then emerges into the higher mental world and
functions through the Vijnanamaya Kosa or the causal body. The essential function of
the mind working through this vehicle is called Vicara. The Yogi now starts practising
Samadhi on this plane, slowly masters the technique of the Savicara and Nirvicara
phases and again practises Asamprajnata Samadhi to free his consciousness from the
higher mental plane. The whole cyclic process has to be repeated twice again during
the last two stages of Samprajnata Samadhi in order to release the consciousness of
the Yogi from the extremely subtle and hardly comprehensible vehicles which are
called the Anandamaya Kosa and Atma and whose essential functions are called Ananda
and Asmita. The significance of the words Vitarka, Vicara, Ananda and Asmita is
explained in dealing with the four stages of the Gunas in II-19 and the student should
refer to that Sutra in this connection.
The student should also note that throughout the recession of consciousness in
the four stages there is always something in the field of consciousness. It is true that
during the period of Asamprajnata Samadhi there is no Pratyaya but only a ‘cloud’ or
void but a ‘cloud’ or void is also a cover on pure consciousness. It is only the blurred
impression produced in consciousness when it passes through the critical phase be-
tween the Pratyaya of two successive planes. This phase is like the critical state be-
tween two states of matter, liquid and gaseous, when it can be called neither liquid nor
gaseous. So this presence of a Pratyaya which is characteristic of all stages of Samprajnata
Samadhi means that in Samprajnata Samadhi consciousness can only know the
nature of something which is placed within its field of illumination. It cannot know its
own nature. If we pass a beam of light through a dark chamber and then place in the
path of the beam different kinds of objects the light will immediately illuminate those
objects and enable us to see them. The objects are seen with the help of the light but
we cannot see the light itself, for if all the objects are removed from the path of the
43
beam of light the chamber will become quite dark although the beam of light is still
there. Is there a means of seeing the light itself? There is no means of seeing physical
light apart from the objects which it illuminates. But the light of consciousness can be
seen as it really is after all the stages of Samprajnata Samadhi have been passed and
Nirbija Samadhi is practised to remove the final and the subtlest veil covering Reality,
the consciousness of the Purusa.
We have been referring to the Pratyayas of the different planes and the student
might like to know what these Pratyayas are like. Although efforts have been made to
describe the glorious and vivid Pratyayas of the higher planes by mystics and occult-
ists in all ages those who read these descriptions can see that these efforts are a failure,
the higher the plane which is sought to be depicted the more complete the failure. The
fact is that it is impossible to have any idea of these higher planes except in the most
general and vaguest manner. Each world can be known only through the vehicle which
consciousness uses in that world. The successive descent of consciousness into the
lower worlds is not like a progressive and general dimming of a brilliant light by a
number of covers. Each successive descent involves a decrease in the number of di-
mensions of space and time and this imposes at each step additional limitations on
consciousness which are inherent in the working of that plane.
In some of the subsequent Sutras the nature of the different kinds of Samadhis
is further elaborated. But it will be seen that no attempt is made anywhere to describe
the experiences of the higher planes. The knowledge which these Sutras give is like
the knowledge derived from the study of the map of a country. A map does not give us
any idea regarding the landscapes, scenery, etc. of a country. It can merely give us in-
formation regarding the relative positions and contour of different parts of the country.
If we want really to know the country we must go and see it ourselves. So if we want
to know what these higher planes are like we must practise Samadhi and come into
direct touch with them through their respective vehicles. And even when we have seen
those planes ourselves we are unable to give to others any idea about them. Such
knowledge is always direct and incommunicable.
44
cessation; dropping content of the mind (the ‘seed’ of Samprajnata
Samadhi) practice preceded by impressions remnant
the other.
18. The remnant impression left in the mind on the dropping of the Pratyaya
after previous practice is the other (i.e., Asamprajnata Samadhi).
The nature of Asamprajnata Samadhi is defined in this Sutra. The meaning of
the Sutra should be clear to some extent in the light of what has been said already in
connection with the previous Sutra. Let us dwell for a while on the various phrases
used in this Sutra. Virama-Pratyaya means ‘the cessation of Pratyaya’. This of course
refers to the ‘seed’ of Samprajnata Samadhi which is dropped and disappears from the
field of consciousness in the practice of Asamprajnata Samadhi. Some commentators
interpret this phrase as ‘the idea of cessation’ or ‘the cause of cessation’. This would
mean that the Yogi meditates on the idea of cessation of Pratyaya or on Para-
Vairagya. This interpretation does not seem to be justified in the present context and if
analysed carefully will be seen to mean nothing but the dropping of the ‘seed’ held in
the preceding Samprajnata Samadhi. A Yogi who is meditating on a ‘seed’ can drop it
with the production of a void state of the mind but he cannot leave the ‘seed’ of Samprajnata
Samadhi and start meditating on the idea of cessation. Anyone can see that
such a switch over from one idea to another of an entirely different nature in the state
of Samadhi is impossible.
Abhyasa Purvah means ‘preceded by practice’. Practice of what? Practice of
holding in the mind the ‘seed’ of Samprajnata Samadhi. This phrase therefore serves
to emphasize the fact that Asamprajnata Samadhi can be practised only after the pro-
longed practice of Samprajnata Samadhi. It is, as has been pointed out already, an in-
tensely active and not a passive condition. In fact the recession of consciousness in
Asamprajnata Samadhi and its passage through the Laya centre depends upon the con-
tinuance of the constant pressure of the will which is at the back of the effort to keep
the mind in the state of Samprajnata Samadhi. There is no change in this condition of
the mind except the disappearance of the Pratyaya. The pressure must be built up in
Samprajnata Samadhi before it can be utilized in Asamprajnata Samadhi. The bow
must be drawn before the arrow is released to pierce through the target.
45
Samskara Sesah means ‘the remnant impression’. The impression which is left
in the mind after the Pratyaya of one plane has been dropped, and before the Pratyaya
of the next plane appears can under normal conditions only be void. But this void is
not a static state although it may be felt to be so by the Yogi when he is passing
through it. It is a dynamic condition because consciousness is being slowly or quickly
transferred from one plane to another as shown in Fig. 1. Consciousness cannot remain
suspended indefinitely in a void. It must emerge on one of the two sides of the Laya
centre. If the technique of Nirodha Parinama has not been mastered sufficiently it may
spring back into the plane which it has just left and the ‘seeds’ which had been
dropped will then reappear. But if the mind can remain in the Niruddha state for a suf-
ficiently long time as indicated in III-10, consciousness will emerge sooner or later
into the next higher plane.
There are two other interesting points which may be discussed briefly before we
leave the subject of Asamprajnata Samadhi. One is the nature of the point O (Figure
No. 1) through which consciousness passes from one plane to another. This point
which has been called the Laya centre is the common centre in which all the vehicles
of the Jivatma may be said to be centred. It is only through such a centre which is
called a Bindu in Samskrta that transference of consciousness from one plane to an-
other can take place.
As a matter of fact there is only the centre of Reality surrounded by a number of
concentric vehicles and whichever vehicle is illuminated by consciousness derives its
illumination from that centre. But the concentration of consciousness in a particular
vehicle makes it appear as if the consciousness is moving up and down along the line
or point which connects all the vehicles. An Adept whose consciousness is perma-
nently centred on the Atmic plane focusses his attention temporarily in any particular
vehicle and for the time being the objects connected with that vehicle come within the
field of his consciousness. The centre of his consciousness thus appears to have moved
into one vehicle or another but in reality it has not moved at all. Consciousness which
is all the time centred in Reality has merely been focussed in one vehicle or another. It
is in this particular sense that the transference of consciousness from one vehicle to
another in Samadhi must be understood if we are not to become involved in the phi-
losophical absurdity of imagining consciousness which transcends Time and Space
moving from one place to another.
46
The second point which the student may note in this connection is that the
common centre of all vehicles being the meeting point of all the planes, consciousness
must always be withdrawn to this before it can be transferred to another vehicle, just
as a person going along one road must return to the crossing before he can take to an-
other road. Asamprajnata Samadhi will be thus seen to be nothing but this withdrawal
of consciousness to its Laya centre before it can begin to function on another plane. If
the consciousness remains permanently established in the centre of Reality as it is in
the case of a highly advanced Adept the question of withdrawing it to the centre does
not arise. From this vantage-ground he commands an all-embracing view of all the
lower planes and can instantaneously begin to function on any plane he likes.
The question may be asked why if this common centre of all vehicles is also the
centre of Reality within each Yogi, he does not get a glimpse of Reality in passing
through it from one plane to another. The possibility of such a glimpse certainly exists
on account of the unique nature of this point. What then prevents the Yogi from touch-
ing Reality every time he practises Asamprajnata Samadhi? The answer to this ques-
tion is contained in some of the Sutras occurring in the latter portion of Section IV. It
is the Samkaras still burdening the Yogi's mind which obscure his vision and prevent
him from obtaining a glimpse of Reality. These Samskaras must be destroyed com-
pletely before he is free to pass into the realm of Reality from whatever point he wills.
But though the Yogi, still burdened with Samskaras, cannot gain a clear glimpse of
Reality, he can sense, as it were, the Reality more and more as he makes progress to-
wards his goal and the burden of his Samskaras becomes lighter. Viewed in this man-
ner every successive Asamprajnata Samadhi is a precursor of Nirbija Samadhi which
alone gives an unobstructed vision of Reality.
(by) birth; objective existence caused the ‘bodiless’
of the ' merged-in-Prakrti'; of the absorbed in Prakrti.
19. Of those who are Videhas and Prakrtilayas birth is the cause.
47
This Sutra and the next are meant to differentiate between two kinds of Yogis.
The first kind of Yogis referred to in II-19 are called Videhas and Prakrtilayas and
their trance is not the result of the regular self-discipline outlined in the Yoga-Sutras.
It depends upon their ‘birth’, that is, they possess the capacity to pass into trance natu-
rally without any effort as a result of their peculiar physical and mental constitution. In
the case of the second kind of Yogis their Samadhi is the result of regular practice of
Yoga which requires certain high traits of character like faith, energy, etc. mentioned
in I-20. While the meaning of I-20 is quite clear and obvious the interpretation of I-19
has become involved in confusion on account of the different meanings associated
with the words Bhava, Videha and Prakrtilaya by different commentators. Let us,
therefore, see whether it is not possible to find a reasonable interpretation of this Sutra
based on experience and commonsense rather than on far-fetched meanings which
merely cause confusion.
The first point to note in the interpretation of this Sutra is that it points out a
class of Yogis in contra-distinction to the class of Yogis referred to in I-20. What are
the characteristics of the Yogis described in I-20? In their case the state of Samadhi or
enlightenment is preceded by faith, energy, memory, high intelligence, in other words,
it is the result of the possession by the Yogi of those essential traits of character which
are needed in any high endeavour. The true Yogis of this class achieve their objective
in the normal manner by adopting the usual means outlined in the Yoga-Sutras. It fol-
lows therefore that the Yogis of the other class mentioned in I-19 do not owe their
Yogic faculties and powers, whatever they may be, to the adoption of the usual means.
Their faculties and powers come to them in an abnormal manner. This is the important
point which gives a clue to the meaning of the Sutra.
Who are the Yogis who happen to possess Yogic faculties and powers without
adopting the usual means? Anyone who moves among people possessing these facul-
ties or powers is likely to come across some cases in which these powers and faculties
are not at all the result of Yogic practice in this life but appear during the course of
their life naturally without any considerable effort on their part. Such people are born
with such faculties or powers, a fact which is also corroborated by IV-1, ‘birth’ being
mentioned in that Sutra as one of the means of acquiring Siddhis. The Samskrta word
Bhava has also the connotation of ‘to happen’ which further strengthens the idea of the
accidental nature of the presence of these faculties. Of course, there is nothing really
accidental in the Universe which is governed by natural laws in every sphere. Every-
48
thing that happens is the result of causes known or unknown, and the fortuitous ap-
pearance of psychic powers is no exception to this Law (see IV-1).
The question now arises who are the Videhas and Prakrtilayas, the two classes
of people in whom these psychic powers appear without any apparent cause? The word
Videha literally means the ‘bodiless’ and Prakrtilaya means ‘merged-in-Prakrti’.
Some commentators have given meanings to these words which appear to be far-
fetched and unjustifiable in the context in which the Sutra is placed. Videhas most
probably refers to the large number of psychics scattered throughout the world who are
mediumistic by nature. A medium is a person with a peculiar physical constitution, the
peculiarity consisting in the ease with which the dense physical body can be partially
separated from the etheric double or the Pranamaya Kosa. It is this peculiarity which
enables the medium to pass into trance and to exercise some psychic powers. The word
Videha probably owes its origin to this peculiarity of being capable of becoming par-
tially ‘disembodied’, the peculiarity which is generally accompanied by the capacity to
exercise psychic faculties of a spurious kind.
In the same way Prakrtilayas are not high class Yogis who have obtained some
kind of Moksa as suggested by some commentators. On the other hand they are
pseudo-Yogis who have the capacity to pass into a kind of passive state or trance
which outwardly resembles Samadhi but is not real Samadhi. Such a Samadhi is called
Jada-Samadhi. In real Samadhi the Yogi's consciousness becomes merged more and
more first in the Universal Mind and then in the Universal Consciousness which is
Caitanya. How can those who are merged in Prakrti which is Jada be considered high
class Yogis? Such pseudo-Yogis are found in large numbers and undoubtedly possess
some capacity to reflect the higher consciousness in their vehicles. But such powers as
they possess are not under their control and the consciousness which they bring down
is blurred giving them at best a sense of peace and strength and a vague realization of
the Great Mystery hidden within them. These powers are undoubtedly due to Samskaras
brought forward from previous lives in which they have practised Yoga but also
done something to forfeit the right to make further progress for the time being. These
Samskaras give them a peculiar constitution of the lower vehicles but not the will and
capacity to tread the regular path of Yoga. It is only in the case of the true Yogis re-
ferred to in the next Sutra that these qualifications are present.
The interpretation of the Sutra as given above is at complete variance with
those given by the well-known orthodox commentators. If it has no authority to back
49
it, it has at least the advantage of being based on commonsense and facts of experi-
ence. If we take into account the context of the Sutra it is apparent that the Yogis re-
ferred to in this Sutra are of the pseudo variety and inferior to those who tread the
normal path of Yoga outlined in the Yoga-Sutras. In fact, it is probably to help the
neophyte to avoid confusion on this subject that Patanjali has pointed out this distinc-
tion. Whether Patanjali actually meant the class of pseudo-Yogis mentioned above,
when he used the words Videhas and Prakrtilayas it is difficult to say with certainty
and in view of the theoretical nature of the question is not of much consequence.
faith indomitable energy or will memory (and) intelli-
gence or ‘high knowledge’ or keen intellect essential for Samadhi preceded by
for others; of others.
20. (In the case) of others (Upaya-Pratyaya Yogis) it is preceded by faith,
energy, memory and high intelligence necessary for Samadhi.
In the case of the true Yogis, in contra-distinction to pseudo-Yogis referred to in
the previous Sutra the attainment of various progressive states of consciousness in
Samadhi is preceded by the presence in the Sadhaka of certain traits of character
which are essential for the attainment of a high spiritual ideal. Patanjali has mentioned
only four such traits in the Sutra but the list is not necessarily meant to be exhaustive
and each trait which has been mentioned implies far more than the literal meaning of
the word. The essential idea which the author obviously means to emphasize and
which the student should try to grasp is that the attainment of the true Yogic ideal is
the culmination of a long and severe process of character-building and discipline for
the unfoldment of our powers and faculties from within, and not the result of chance,
stunts, and favours bestowed by anyone or the following of any cheap methods of self-
culture in a haphazard manner. This warning is necessary in view of the hidden desire
in a very large number of aspirants to enjoy the fruits of Yogic practice without under-
going the necessary training and discipline. Instead of taking to the true path of Yoga
50
and trying to develop in themselves the necessary qualifications, they are always after
easy methods and new teachers who they hope will be able to bestow on them Siddhis,
etc. as favours.
The four qualifications given by Patanjali are faith, indomitable energy or will,
memory and the keen intelligence essential for Samadhi. Faith is the firm conviction
regarding the presence of the Truth we seek within us and the efficacy of Yogic tech-
nique in enabling us to reach the goal. It is not ordinary belief which can be shaken by
contrary arguments or repeated failures but that state of inner certainty which is pre-
sent where a purified mind is irradiated by the light of Buddhi or spiritual intuition.
Without this kind of faith it is impossible for anyone to persevere through many lives
which are needed by the ordinary aspirant to accomplish the object of Yogic discipline.
The word Virya in Samskrta cannot be translated by any one word in English. It
combines in itself the connotations of energy, determination, courage, all aspects of an
indomitable will which ultimately overcomes all obstacles and forces its way to the
desired goal. Without this trait of character it is not possible for anyone to make the
almost superhuman effort which is required in going through the Yogic discipline to
the end.
The word Smrti is not used here in its ordinary psychological sense of memory
but in a special sense. It is the experience of the large majority of aspirants on the path
that the lessons of experience are forgotten again and again and the same experiences
have therefore to be repeated time after time thus involving tremendous waste of time
and effort. The Yogi has to acquire the capacity to note the lessons of experience and
to retain them in his consciousness for future guidance. Take, for example, a man who
is suffering from indigestion. He knows that a particular kind of food which he likes
does not agree with him, but when the particular food comes before him he forgets all
about the repeated sufferings which he has undergone, yields to the temptation, takes
the food and goes through the suffering again. This is a crude example but it illustrates
a state of mind which is generally present and which must be changed before progress
in Yoga is possible. We have been going through all kinds of miseries life after life,
the misery of old age, the misery of being torn away from those we love dearly, the
misery of unfulfilled desires, and yet we are involving ourselves in these miseries
again and again by our desires. Why? Because the lessons of these miseries fail to
make a permanent impression on our mind. So the aspirant for Liberation must have
the capacity to learn from all experiences quickly and finally, not needing to go
51
through the same experiences over and over again owing to the failure to remember the
lessons of these experiences. If we could but retain such lessons in our memory per-
manently our evolution would be extraordinarily rapid. The capacity to retain such
lessons in our consciousness gives a finality to every stage which we cross in our on-
ward journey and prevents our sliding back again and again.
Samadhi-prajna means the peculiar state of the mind or consciousness which is
essential for the practice of Samadhi. In this state the mind is turned inwards habitu-
ally, bent on the pursuit of the Reality hidden within it, absorbed in the deeper prob-
lems of life and oblivious of the external world even though taking part in its activi-
ties. Samadhi-prajna cannot obviously mean the state of consciousness during
Samadhi because it precedes the state of Samadhi and Samadhi is the objective of
Yoga.
If Samadhi has been attained by following the regular Yogic technique (Upayapratyaya)
then it is real Samadhi in which the Yogi is vividly aware of the realities of
the superphysical planes and can bring down with him the knowledge of the higher
planes when he returns to the physical body. He is in full control of his vehicles all the
time and can pass from one plane to another without suffering any intervening loss of
consciousness. On the other hand if the Samadhi is the result of mere birth (Bhavapratyaya)
then it is not the real Samadhi as pointed out previously. This spurious kind
of Samadhi may, at best, give fitful glimpses of the higher planes which are not reli-
able and under the control of the will, and even these may disappear as erratically as
they have appeared.
of those whose wish is intensely strong ‘sitting near’, near
at hand.
21. It (Samadhi) is nearest to those whose desire (for Samadhi) is intensely
strong.
This Sutra and the next define the chief factors upon which depends the rate of
progress of the Yogi towards his goal. The first factor is the degree of earnestness. The
52
more ardently he desires to reach the object of his search the swifter is his progress.
Progress in any line of endeavour is to a great extent determined by earnestness. A
great intensity of desire polarizes all the mental faculties and powers and thus helps
very greatly the realization of one's aims. But progress in Yoga depends upon the ear-
nestness of the aspirant in a far greater degree and for this reason. In the case of objec-
tives which are connected with the external world progress involves changes in the
outer world, conditions for which may or may not be as favourable as desired. But in
the case of the objective of Yoga the changes involved are all within the consciousness
of the Yogi himself, and the obstacles are more or less of a subjective nature and con-
fined within his own vehicles. There is, therefore, less dependence upon external cir-
cumstances and the internal conditions referred to above are more amenable to his con-
trol. A man of ambition if he wants to rise to a position of power and influence has to
deal with the minds and attitudes of millions of men but the Yogi has to deal only with
one mind—his own. And it is far easier to deal with one's own mind than that of others
provided one is in earnest. Nothing really stands between the Yogi and his objective
except his own desires and weaknesses which can be eliminated easily and quickly
provided one earnestly wants to do so. This is so because they are mostly of a subjec-
tive nature and merely require understanding and change of attitude.
Ye suffer from yourselves. None else compels,
None other holds you that ye live and die
And whirl upon the wheel and hug and kiss
Its spokes of agony, —The Light of Asia
It has been said by a great sage that it is easier to know your Atma than to pluck a
flower, for in the latter case you have to put forth your hand while in the former you
have only to look within.
The student need hardly be reminded that in the essential practice of Yoga we
are dealing with the recession of consciousness within itself and not with any material
change. The process is more of the nature of ‘letting go’ than of ‘building up’ some-
thing which naturally takes time, Isvara-pranidhana, for example, which is an inde-
pendent and self-sufficient means of bringing about Samadhi, can be developed with
extraordinary rapidity when a spiritually mature soul surrenders itself whole-heartedly
to Isvara. It is really a process of ‘letting go’ our hold on the attractions and pursuits
of the worldly life and in such a process progress can be extremely rapid. In fact the
53
whole process can be accomplished instantaneously. Besides being rapid the process is
really very easy provided we are in dead earnest. While ‘holding’ requires force and
effort ‘letting go’ does not require any force or effort and can be brought about by
merely a change of attitude.
The real trouble with most aspirants is that the degree of earnestness is very
feeble and there is not sufficient pressure of will to break down all the hindrances and
difficulties which stand in their way. Weaknesses and desires which would simply fade
away in an atmosphere of earnestness and realistic approach to the problems of life
continue to keep them in bondage, year after year, life after life, because a sufficiently
earnest desire for reaching the objective is absent. That is why intensity of desire is a
sine qua non of rapid progress on the path of Yoga and there is no limit to the extent to
which the time taken for reaching the goal can be reduced. In fact, Self-realization can
be instantaneous if the intensity and earnestness of desire is correspondingly great but
it is a big ‘if’. Usually, the intensity of desire increases gradually with one's progress
and it is only when the aspirant is almost nearing his goal that it attains the required
tempo.
It is, however, necessary to mention that this desire to find one's Self is not de-
sire in the ordinary sense and we use the same words in this way for lack of better
terms to express our ideas. It has more the quality of indomitable will, that intense
concentration of purpose before which all obstacles and difficulties gradually melt
away. It is because this Mumuksutva is sometimes reflected in the emotional field of
our consciousness and there produces an intense longing for the realization of our aim
that there is some justification for calling it a desire.
(on account of being) mild; soft medium; mode-rate
(and) intense or powerful from it; after that also; even gradation; dif-
ferentiation; distinction.
22. A further differentiation (arises) by reason of the mild, medium and in-
tense (nature of means employed).
54
The other factor which determines the rate of the Yogi's progress is the nature of
the means he adopts in the pursuit of his aim. Astanga Yoga of Patanjali points out
only the broad principles of the general method which has to be followed in liberating
human consciousness from the limitations of Avidya and gaining Self-realization. It is
true that in this system a well-defined technique has been laid down for achieving this
end but the different parts of this technique are not rigid in their nature but sufficiently
elastic to allow the aspirant to adapt them to his personal needs, temperament and con-
venience. A system which is meant to subserve the spiritual needs of different types of
individuals living in different ages and with different potentialities and capacities
could never prove very useful and could not withstand the ravages of time if it de-
manded adherence to a rigid and uniform course of discipline. The value of Patanjali's
system of Yoga lies in its elasticity and the capacity to subserve the needs of different
types of individuals who share the one common purpose of unravelling the Great Mys-
tery which is hidden within them and are prepared to make the necessary effort and
sacrifices to achieve it. It has thus all the advantages of following a definite technique
and none of the disadvantages of being confined within a rigid system.
Although Patanjali's system allows great latitude as regards the means which
may be adopted in achieving a particular purpose, still, being a scientific system, it is
based on following a well-defined technique in tackling the different problems of Sadhana.
And where technique is involved the progress in achieving any particular pur-
pose must depend upon the nature of the means employed. If we want to be transported
to a spot at a distance, however keen we may be to reach it, our progress will depend
upon whether we use a bullock-cart, an automobile or an aeroplane. There are proc-
esses which do not involve any well-defined technique in the usual sense of the term.
In such cases the question of means does not enter the problem at all. For example, if a
person is in a fit of temper and wants to become calm he can come back to his normal
condition by an adjustment of his attitude which can be so rapid as to appear almost
instantaneous. There are certain systems of Yoga which do not involve an elaborate
technique. Such a path which is based on self-surrender is indicated in the next Sutra.
In treading such a path there is really no technique and the progress depends upon in-
tensifying ad infinitum one primary fundamental attitude or psychological process ei-
ther through its own inherent power or by the help of certain subsidiary aids like Japa.
55
Coming back to the question of the rate of progress in cases where some kind of
technique is involved let us see how Patanjali has classified these ‘means’. He has put
them in three classes—mild, moderate and intense—thus following the classical
method of classification adopted in Hindu philosophical thought. Wherever it is neces-
sary to classify a number of things belonging to the same category and not differing
from one another by sharply defined differences, it is the usual practice to classify
these things broadly under three sub-heads as given above. Thus in II-34 also where
Vitarkas have to be classified the same triple classification has been adopted. This may
outwardly appear to be a rather odd system of classification but on closer thought it
will be seen that though not strictly scientific it has much to recommend it. It is sim-
ple, elastic and takes into account the relative nature of the means employed. What
may be considered as ‘intense’ by a Yogi at one stage of evolution may appear ‘moder-
ate’ to another who is more highly advanced and actuated by greater intensity of de-
sire.
God by ‘placing oneself’ in (God); by devotional dedication to;
by self-surrender or resignation to (God) or.
23. Or by self-surrender to God.
The attainment of Samadhi is possible by following another path in which the
aspirant does not bring about the deliberate suppression of the Citta-Vrttis by the force
of his will. On this path he simply surrenders himself to the will of Isvara and merges
all his desires with the Divine Will. What is Isvara-Pranidhana and how it can lead to
Samadhi is explained at length in dealing with II-32, II-45. We need not, therefore, go
into this question here. But let us try to understand the next few Sutras which are
meant to give some idea with regard to Isvara to whom the aspirant has to surrender
himself in this method of attaining Samadhi.
These Sutras bearing upon Isvara have given rise to a controversy among
scholars because Samkhya is supposed to be an atheistic doctrine and Yoga is supposed
to be based on Samkhya. The relation between Samkhya and Yoga has not really been
56
definitely settled though the philosophy of Yoga is bound up so closely with that of
Samkhya that the Yoga system is sometimes referred to as Sesvara Samkhya. The prac-
tical student of Yoga need not worry himself over these academic questions of phi-
losophy. Yoga is a practical science and every practical science has generally a theo-
retical basis which may or may not in reality correspond exactly with the facts which
form the real basis of the science. Since the system of Yoga outlined by Patanjali is
essentially a scientific system it was inevitable that he should adopt that particular sys-
tem of philosophy for its theoretical basis which is most scientific in its outlook and
comprehensive in its treatment. The choice of Samkhya for this purpose was therefore
quite natural. But this does not mean necessarily that Yoga is based on Samkhya or
follows that system in toto. The very fact that it differs from Samkhya on the most
fundamental question of Isvara and has suggested an independent method of attaining
Samadhi through Isvara-Pranidhana shows that this apparent similarity of the two sys-
tems should not be taken too seriously. The fact that Samkhya while dealing with theo-
retical questions at great length is almost silent with regard to the practical methods of
obtaining release from the bondage of Avidya is also of great significance. It shows
that the system was meant to be nothing more than a purely theoretical philosophy of-
fering a scientific and most plausible theory of life and the Universe in terms of the
intellect. The real truths of existence were to be discovered directly by each person for
himself by following a practical system such as the one outlined in the Yoga-Sutras.
(by) afflictions; misery; cause of misery actions; activities
maturation or fruition (and) seed-germs or impressions of desires wherein de-
sires sleep untouched Spirit; an individual unit or centre of Divine Con-
sciousness special; particular Ruler or Presiding Deity of a Brahmanda or
Solar system.
24. Isvara is a particular Purusa who is untouched by the afflictions of life,
actions and the results and impressions produced by these actions.
57
In this Sutra Patanjali has given us two ideas with regard to Isvara. The first is
that He is a Purusa, an individual unit of Divine Consciousness like the other Purusas.
The second is that He is not bound by Klesa, Karma, etc. like the other Purusas who
are still involved in the cycle of evolution. As is pointed out later (IV-30) the Purusa
becomes free from Klesa and Karma on attaining Kaivalya and the vehicle through
which Karma works (Karmasaya) is destroyed in his case. In what respects then does
Isvara differ from the other Mukta Purusas who have attained Kaivalya and become
Liberated? The explanation sometimes given that He is a special kind of Purusa who
has not gone through the evolutionary process and who was ever free and untouched
by the afflictions at any time is not very convincing and against the facts as they are
known to Occult Science.
The explanation of the discrepancy pointed out above lies in the fact that after
the attainment of Kaivalya the evolutionary or unfolding process does not come to an
end but new vistas of achievement and work open out before the Liberated Purusa. We
can hardly comprehend the nature of this process or the work which it involves but
that further stages do exist beyond Kaivalya is taken for granted in Occult Science.
The further unfoldment of consciousness which takes place in the evolutionary pro-
gress beyond Kaivalya passes through many stages and culminates ultimately in that
tremendously high and glorious stage in which the Purusa becomes the presiding Deity
of a Solar system. During the previous stages He has occupied progressively higher
and higher offices in the Hierarchies which govern and guide the various activities in
the Solar system. The offices of the Adhikari Purusas of different grades like Buddhas,
Manus etc. form, as it were, a ladder the lower end of which rests on the rock of
Kaivalya and its other end is lost in the unimaginable glory and splendour of Divine
Consciousness. The office of Isvara is one of the highest if not the highest rung of this
ladder. He is the Supreme Ruler of a Solar system or Brahmanda. It is in His Con-
sciousness that the Solar system lives, moves and has its being. The different planes of
the Solar system are His bodies and the powers working the machinery of the Solar
system are His powers. In short, He is the Reality whom we generally refer to as God.
How many further stages of unfoldment of consciousness exist between this
stage and the undifferentiated Ultimate Reality which is referred to as Parabrahman in
Vedanta we do not know. That such stages exist stands to reason and follows from the
facts that the suns do not occupy fixed positions but probably revolve round other
58
stars, that Solar systems are parts of bigger units called galaxies and these in their turn
are parts of still bigger units called universes. Whatever the relation which subsists
between Solar systems, galaxies, Universes and the Cosmos as a whole and their re-
spective Presiding Deities (and astronomy is bringing more and more light to bear on
this fascinating question) the conception of the Cosmos being studded with innumer-
able Solar systems, and each Solar system being presided over by an Isvara is in itself
a tremendously grand idea whose truth is based not on mere poetic fancy but definite
knowledge of Adepts of Occultism. And to think that the Presiding Deity of each of
these Solar systems is a Purusa Visesa who has passed through the evolutionary cycle
like everyone of us and attained to that inconceivably high level imparts a new signifi-
cance to the idea of human evolution and places it on an entirely new basis. This is a
fascinating line of thought which could be pursued in different directions but it is not
possible to do so at this point. There is, however, one point which had better be
cleared up before we proceed to consider the next Sutra.
What is the relation existing between the Isvara of a Solar system and the in-
numerable Purusas who are either undergoing pre-Kaivalya evolution or are still asso-
ciated with the Solar system after attaining Liberation? According to the Samkhya,
each Purusa is a separate and independent unit of consciousness and remains so eter-
nally. So the Purusas who are part of the evolutionary scheme in a Solar system must
be quite separate and independent of the Purusa Visesa who is its presiding Lord ac-
cording to this philosophy. But according to Occult Science the different Purusas
though separate and independent units of consciousness are yet in some mysterious
manner one and share a common Life and Consciousness. The consciousness of the
Isvara provides a field in which the consciousness of the other Purusas in the Solar
system can function and unfold. They are nourished by His life and evolve, from stage
to stage until they themselves become fit to become Isvaras of other newly created
Solar systems. So while they are in His Solar system they exist in Him and are one
with Him in the most intimate manner and yet they maintain throughout their inde-
pendent centre and individual uniqueness. This co-existence of Oneness and Separate-
ness upto the last is one of those paradoxes of the inner life which the mere intellect
can never understand and which only realization of our true nature can resolve.
But we need not go further into this question. Enough has been said to show
that the idea of Isvara has not been artificially grafted on the basic Samkhyan philoso-
phy for the sake of convenience but is an integral part of that larger philosophy of the
59
East which is based on the direct experience of an unbroken line of adepts and mystics
and of which Samkhya shows merely one facet. It should be remembered that the
Yoga-Sutras is a book of technical nature giving the technique of Yoga and the essen-
tial doctrines of this basic philosophy must be understood if that technique is to be
mastered properly. It does not mean that what is not given in the Yoga-Sutras does not
conform with the Yogic philosophy upon which the book is based. The ideas in Yoga-
Sutras should be studied against the background of the total Eastern philosophy and
there is no justification for isolating them and studying them as if they were based on
Samkhya or a separate and independent philosophy.
in Him the highest; unsurpassed (of) the Omniscient
the seed; the principle.
25. In Him is the highest limit of Omniscience.
This Sutra gives us another idea with regard to Isvara the Presiding Deity of a
Solar system. The meaning of the Sutra is easy to understand but its real significance
is generally missed. In order to understand this significance it is necessary to bear in
mind that each Solar system is considered to be a separate and, to a great extent, inde-
pendent manifestation of the One Reality corresponding with its isolation and separa-
tion by tremendous distances from other Solar systems in space. We may imagine the
innumerable Solar systems scattered throughout the Cosmos as so many centres in the
Consciousness of the One Reality in manifestation which is called Saguna Brahman in
Hindu philosophy. Round each such centre manifests the life of the Logos or Isvara of
that Solar system much in the same way as the life of a Purusa manifests round the
centre of his consciousness through a set of vehicles. Each Solar system may thus be
considered as a sort of reincarnation of its Isvara bringing into each new manifestation
on a macrocosmic scale the Samskaras of the previous Solar systems which have pre-
ceded it.
Since each Solar system is the manifestation of the consciousness of its Isvara
and each Isvara represents a definite stage in the infinite unfoldment of consciousness
60
in the world of the Relative, it follows that His knowledge though almost unlimited in
relation to the other Purusas in the Solar system must be considered to be limited in
relation to the Ultimate Reality of which He is a partial manifestation. We should not
forget that manifestation always implies limitation and even an Isvara is in the realm
of Maya however thin may be the veil of Illusion which separates His consciousness
from that of the Nirguna Brahman who alone can be considered unlimited in the real
sense of the term. So the Omniscience of an Isvara is a relative thing and has a limit
and it is this limit which is referred to in this Sutra.
Now all the Purusas in a particular Solar system or Brahmanda are undergoing
a process of evolution and the ‘seed’ of Omniscience in each Purusa is unfolding
gradually. This unfoldment takes place slowly in the course of ordinary evolution.
When Yoga is practised and consciousness begins to function on the subtler super-
physical planes the unfoldment is accelerated to a remarkable degree and the bounda-
ries of knowledge are suddenly enlarged at each successive stage in Samadhi. When
Kaivalya is attained after Dharma-Megha-Samadhi a tremendous expansion of con-
sciousness takes place as pointed out in IV-31. Even after the attainment of Kaivalya,
as has been pointed out already, the unfoldment of consciousness does not come to an
end and such unfoldment must be accompanied by a corresponding expansion of
knowledge. Is there any limit to this expansion of knowledge in the case of the Purusas
who are undergoing evolution in a Solar system and whose consciousness is a part
of the consciousness of the Isvara of the system? There must be and that limit will
naturally be the relative Omniscience of the Isvara, or the knowledge which is con-
tained in His consciousness. No Purusa can cross that limit as long as he is a part of
the Solar system and his consciousness is based, as it were, on the consciousness of the
Isvara. His knowledge may go on expanding and may appear infinite but it cannot ex-
pand beyond the infinite knowledge of the Isvara of the system just as a fountain can-
not rise higher than the reservoir which supplies water to it.
He of the Ancients; of those who came before or first even
teacher by time on account of not being limited or conditioned.
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26. Being unconditioned by time He is Teacher even of the Ancients.
We have seen in the previous Sutra that the knowledge which the Isvara of a
Brahmanda carries in His consciousness sets a limit which no one can cross. Not only
in knowledge but also in other respects such as power He must be the highest expres-
sion in the Solar system and all lesser Entities such as Manus, Buddhas and Devatas,
however high their status, must derive their power from Him. That is why He is called
Isvara, the Supreme Lord or Ruler. A Solar system, though insignificant as compared
with the Cosmos, is still a gigantic phenomenon in time and space. Many planets are
born in it, live their life and then disappear, providing during a certain period of their
existence a field for the evolution of the innumerable Jivatmas who are part of the So-
lar System. During all this stupendous period extending over billions of years who
guides the different humanities and races which appear and then disappear on the hab-
itable planets? Who inspires and gives knowledge to those who become the Teachers
and Leaders of mankind from time to time? Only Isvara can fill this role because He
alone survives and continues through all these stupendous changes.
The word Guruh means both the Teacher as well as the Master, but here, since
we are dealing with a treatise on Yoga, the emphasis is obviously on the former mean-
ing. This means that He is the Supreme Teacher who not only gives knowledge to the
highest teachers but is also the real Teacher, behind all the teachers who are trying to
spread the light of knowledge and Divine Wisdom in the world. Scientists and other
seekers after knowledge may vainly think that they are wresting the secrets of Nature
and enlarging the boundaries of human knowledge by their own ingenuity and indomi-
table will but this attitude is utterly wrong, born of egoism and illusion which gener-
ally chaiacterize purely intellectual pursuits. It is the pressure of Divine knowledge
and will behind the evolutionary progress of humanity which is naturally enlarging the
boundaries of human knowledge, and individuals merely become the instruments of
the Supreme Guru in Whom all knowledge resides. Anyone who has watched with an
open mind and a reverent heart the phenomenal progress of Science in modern times
and the remarkable manner in which discoveries have been made, one after another,
can see the guiding and unseen hand and intelligence behind these discoveries. It is a
great pity that this spirit of reverence is lacking in modern Science and puny man, the
creature of a day, has taken all the credit for the rapid and phenomenal expansion of
knowledge which has taken place during recent times. It is this lack of reverence, the
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product of blatant materialism which is at the bottom of the wrong direction which
Science is gradually taking, making knowledge more and more the instrument of de-
struction and unhappiness rather than that of ordered progress and true happiness. If
this tendency is allowed to grow unchecked the mighty edifice of Science is bound to
crash one day in a cataclysm which will destroy the fruits of knowledge garnered
through centuries. Where there is no humility and reverence in the pursuit of knowl-
edge it bodes ill for those who are engaged in its pursuit.
Howsoever it may be in the field of Science, in the field of Divine Wisdom Isvara
is not only considered to be the fount of all knowledge and wisdom but the real
and the only Teacher existing in the world. All great Spiritual Teachers have been con-
sidered to be the embodiments of the Great Guru and have taught in His name and
through His power. The ‘Light on the Path’ is the light of His knowledge, the ‘Voice
of the Silence’ is His voice. This is a truth which all aspirants treading the path of
Yoga must burn into their hearts.
His (of Isvara) designator; indicator ‘Om’ pronounced A-U-
M as a humming sound.
27. His designator is ‘Om’.
Having given in the previous three Sutras some necessary information about Isvara
the author points out in the next three Sutras a definite method of establishing
direct contact with Him. Before dealing with these three Sutras it is necessary to give
very briefly some idea with regard to the theory of Mantra-Yoga, for without at least a
general idea of this branch of Yoga it is not possible to understand adequately the sig-
nificance of these Sutras.
Mantra-Yoga is that branch of Yoga which seeks to bring about changes in mat-
ter and consciousness by the agency of ‘Sound’ the word Sound being used not in its
modern scientific sense but in a special sense as we shall see just now. According to
the doctrine upon which Mantra-Yoga is based the primary manifestation of the Ulti-
mate Reality takes place through the agency of a peculiar and subtle vibration which is
called Sabda and which means Sound or Word. The world is not only created but
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maintained by this Sabda which differentiates into innumerable forms of vibration
which underlie the phenomenal world.
It is necessary first to understand how all the phenomena of Nature can be ulti-
mately based on vibration or peculiar expressions of Energy. First, let us take the ma-
terial side of these phenomena. Physical matter has been found by Science to consist
of atoms and molecules which in their turn are the result of different combinations of
still smaller particles like electrons etc. Science has not been able as yet to get a clear
picture with regard to the ultimate constitution of physical matter but it has been
shown definitely and conclusively that matter and energy are inter-convertible. The
Theory of Relativity has shown that mass and energy are not two different entities but
are one and the same, the relation between the two being given by the well-known
equation of Einstein,
E=C2.(m'-m)
Not only is matter an expression of Energy but the perception of material phe-
nomena depends upon vibrations of various kinds. Vibrations of different kinds strik-
ing the organs of sensation produce the five kinds of sensations and the familiar world
of light, sound etc. is thus based on vibration. Modern psychology has not been able to
investigate or understand the nature of mental phenomena but the study of these phe-
nomena by Occult methods has shown definitely that their perception is dependent on
vibrations in mediums subtler than the physical. There are some phenomena known to
modern psychologists such as thought-transference which lend support to this view.
It will be seen, therefore, that there is nothing inherently absurd in the doctrine
that the foundation of the whole manifested world existing on many planes and con-
sisting of innumerable phenomena is a tremendously complex and vast aggregate of
vibrations of various kinds and degrees. These vibrations or expressions of energy not
only constitute the material of the manifested world (using the word material in its
widest sense) but by their actions and interactions produce all the phenomena of the
different planes. This conclusion, though startling, is nothing as compared with the
still more myserious doctrine of Occult Science according to which all these infinitely
complex vibrations of innumerable variety are the expressions of a Single Vibration
and this Single Vibration is produced by the Will of the Mighty Being who is the Pre-
siding Deity of the particular manifested world whether this world be a Solar system,
Universe or the Cosmos. This tremendous, primary, and integrated vibration from
which are derived all the vibrations in manifestation is called Sabda-Brahman, i.e. the
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Ultimate Reality in its aspect of ‘Sound’, the word ‘Sound’ being used in the most
comprehensive and rather mysterious sense as pointed out before. This doctrine put in
simple and general terms means that the Ultimate Reality carrying within Itself the
Samskaras of previous manifestations differentiates on manifestation into two primary
and complementary expressions—one a composite Integrated Vibration called Sabda-
Brahman and the other an underlying integrated Consciousness called Brahma-
Caitanya (i.e. the Reality in its aspect of Consciousness). These two expressions are
complementary and mutually dependent since they are the dual expressions of the One
Reality and appear or disappear simultaneously.
From this primary relationship of vibration and consciousness existing on the
highest level of manifestation flows the relation of these two on all the planes of mani-
festation down to the physical. So that we find that wherever there is manifestation of
consciousness there is vibration associated with it whether we are able to trace it or
not. Not only are vibration and consciousness so intimately and indissolubly connected
but there is a specific relationship existing between each kind of vibration and the par-
ticular aspect of consciousness which it can give expression to, so that each kind of
vibration is matched, as it were, by a corresponding state of consciousness. This rela-
tion may be understood to a certain extent by considering its expression at the lowest
level, namely, sensuous perception. Each particular vibration of light with a definite
wavelength produces its corresponding colour perception in consciousness. Each par-
ticular vibration of sound produces perception of the corresponding note in conscious-
ness. Although Science has not yet been able to investigate the hidden mechanism of
other kinds of sensations it will probably be found when such investigations have been
made successfuly that each sensation of taste, smell and touch is matched by a corre-
sponding vibration of some kind. What is true on the lowest level is true on all levels
of manifestation and therefore there is nothing inherently unreasonable in supposing
that consciousness can be influenced or reached by means of vibration or to put it in
other words, particular states of consciousness can be brought about by initiating par-
ticular kinds of vibrations. Not only can consciousness be affected by vibration, but
consciousness by initiating particular vibrations can also influence matter and bring
about changes in matter.
The broad and general principles pointed out above form the basis of Mantra-
Sastra, the science of using Mantras for bringing about certain tangible results, and
also of Mantra-Yoga, the science of unification or unfoldment of consciousness by the
65
help of Mantras. The essential idea underlying both is that by producing a particular
kind of vibration through a vehicle it is possible to draw down a particular kind of
force through the vehicle or to produce a particular state of consciousness in the vehi-
cle. Such vibrations can be produced by means of Mantras each of which represents a
particular combination of sounds for bringing about certain specific results.
Since a Mantra is a composite thing, a particular combination of sounds ar-
ranged in a particular way, it is interesting to enquire what are the basic sounds which
are utilized in these combinations. Without going into the details of this question it
may be simply stated that the letters of the Samskrta alphabet are the elements from
which all Mantras of Samskrta origin are derived. Each letter is supposed to be the
vehicle of a basic eternal power (that is why it is called Aksara) and when introduced
into a Mantra contributes its specific influence to the total effect which is the objective
of the Mantra, much in the same way as the different chemical elements contribute
their specific properties to the compounds which are derived from them. There are 52
letters of the Samskrta alphabet and therefore there are 52 basic elemental powers
which are available for producing all kinds of effects through the agency of Mantras in
their different permutations and combinations. It does not mean, of course, that the
Samskrta alphabet has some favoured place in the scheme of Nature and the sounds
produced by its letters alone can be utilized in constructing Mantras. All that is meant
is that the effects of sounds produced by letters in the Samskrta alphabet have been
investigated and evaluated and can thus be used in the construction of Mantras. With
this brief introduction let us now consider the important Sutra under discussion.
In I-26 it was pointed out that Isvara is the true Teacher of all and the source of
the Inner Light by the help of which the Yogi treads the path of Liberation. How is that
Inner Light to be revealed, to be uncovered so that he may have an unerring and ever-
present guide within himself? This Light appears when the mind becomes sufficiently
purified by the practice of Yoga as is indicated in II-28. But there are certain initial
difficulties which must be overcome before the practice of Yoga can begin in right
earnest. These difficulties are related to the general condition of the mind which in the
case of the large majority of aspirants is not at all favourable for the practice of Yoga.
It is subject to constant and sometimes violent distractions which make it impossible
for the aspirant to adopt a life of discipline and to dive within the recesses of his con-
sciousness. How are these distractions to be overcome and the mind steadied suffi-
66
ciently so that it may become possible for the aspirant to be firmly established on the
path of Yoga? The next and the subsequent Sutras deal with this important problem.
The first and most effective means which Patanjali prescribed for overcoming
this distracted condition of the mind is the Japa of Pranava and meditation on its
meaning. He calls Pranava as the Vacaka of Isvara. What is a Vacaka? The literal
meaning of Vacaka is name or designator but in Mantra-Yoga it has a specialized
meaning and is used for a name which is essentially of the nature of a Mantra and has
the power when used in a prescribed manner of revealing the consciousness and releas-
ing the power of a Devata or Divine Being. Being a sound combination which is used
to designate a particular Entity it is like a name. But an ordinary name is chosen arbi-
trarily to indicate somebody and it has no natural or mystic relationship with the per-
son. A Vacaka, on the other hand, is a name which has a mystic relationship with the
Vacya (the Entity designated) and has inherent in it the power of revealing the con-
sciousness and releasing the power of the individual for whom it stands. Such a Vacaka
is Om. It is considered to be the most mystical, sacred and powerful Mantra by
the Hindus because it is the Vacaka of Isvara, the Greatest Power and the Supreme
Consciousness as far as our Solar system is concerned.
It may seem preposterous to the ordinary man not familiar with the inner side of
life that a mere syllable of three letters can carry hidden within it the potential power
which is attributed to it by all Yogis, and references to which are found scattered
throughout the sacred scriptures of the Hindus. But facts are facts and they are not at
all affected by the ignorance and prejudices of people who disbelieve in them. Who
could have believed fifty years ago that a mere neutron moving among a number of
uranium atoms could produce an explosion powerful enough to blow up a whole city?
Anyone who understands the theory of Mantra-Yoga and the relation of vibration with
consciousness should be able to see that there is nothing inherently impossible in the
idea of a mystic syllable possessing such a power. Besides, we should remember that
the facts of the inner life with which Yoga deals are based upon experience no less
than the facts of Science, though it may not be possible or desirable to demonstrate
them.
67
its constant repetition (of) its meaning dwelling upon in
mind; realizing; meditation.
28. Its constant repetition and meditation on its meaning.
How can the power of a Mantra like the Pranava be developed? For, it has to be
remembered that this power is potential, not active. It is the power of a seed which
needs to be developed gradually by providing certain essential conditions, not the
power of an electric motor which is available on merely pressing a button. This is a
fact frequently lost sight of by many people. They think that by merely repeating a
Mantra a few times they can obtain the desired result. They cannot. A Mantra can no
more give in this way the result for which it is devised than a seed of a mango tree can
satisfy a man who is hungry. The seed must be sown, watered and the tender plant
tended for years before it can bear fruit and satisfy the hungry. In the same way the
potential power which resides in a Mantra must be developed slowly by the applica-
tion of the right methods before it can become available for the spiritual advancement
of the Sadhaka. The process generally takes years of the most strenuous and one-
pointed discipline and practice and even then the Sadhaka may not be quite successful
if he has not provided the right conditions. The higher the object of the Mantra the
more difficult and prolonged the process of unfolding the power which is latent in it.
The two principal means of developing the power which is latent in Pranava
which are equally applicable to other similar Mantras are given in the Sutra we are
considering. The first means is Japa. This is a well-known technique of Mantra-Yoga
in which the Mantra is repeated again and again (first audibly, then silently and lastly
mentally) in a prescribed manner until the desired results begin to appear. The repeti-
tion of the Mantra is necessary and sometimes the Sadhakas are required to repeat it
such an enormous number of times that it becomes a test of their patience and endur-
ance. But though generally this number is great the number by itself is not the most
important factor. The other conditions—mental and emotional—are equally important.
Japa begins in a mechanical repetition but it should pass by stages into a form of
meditation and unfoldment of the deeper layers of consciousness.
The efficacy of Japa is based upon the fact that every Jivatma is a microcosm
thus having within himself the potentialities of developing all states of consciousness
68
and all powers which are present in the active form in the macrocosm. All the forces
which can help this Divine spark within each human heart to become a roaring fire are
to be applied. And the unfoldment of consciousness takes place as a result of the com-
bined action of all these forces rather than the mere repetition of the Mantra. Still, the
Mantra must be there to integrate and polarize these forces as the tiny seed must be
there to utilize the soil, water, air and sunshine in the development of the tree. It is not
possible to deal here with the modus operandi of Japa and the manner in which it
arouses the potentialities of the microcosmic Jivatma. It may be merely pointed out
that its potency depends upon its capacity to arouse subtle vibrations within the vehi-
cles which it affects. A Mantra is a sound combination and thus represents a physical
vibration which is perceptible to the physical ear. But this physical vibration is its out-
ermost expression and hidden behind the physical vibration and connected with it are
subtler vibrations much in the same way as the dense physical body of man is his out-
ermost expression and is connected with his subtler vehicles. These different aspects
of Vak or ‘speech’ are called Vaikhari, Madhyama, Pasyanti and Para. Vaikhari is the
audible sound which can lead through the intermediate stages to the subtlest form of
Para Vak. It is really through the agency of these subtler forms of ‘sound’ that the un-
foldment of consciousness takes place and the hidden potentialities become active
powers. This release of powers takes a definite course according to the specific nature
of the Mantra just as a seed grows into a tree, but into a particular kind of tree accord-
ing to the nature of the seed.
The other means of utilizing the power which is latent in Pranava is Bhavana.
This word literally means ‘dwelling upon in mind’. Let us try to understand its signifi-
cance in the present context. The object of the dual practice prescribed in this Sutra is
to contact the Divine Consciousness of Isvara. The Japa has the effect of attuning the
vehicles. But something more is necessary in order to bring down the Divine influence
and establish contact with the Divine Consciousness. If an electric current is to flow
into a mechanism we need not only conductance or capacity to transmit the current but
also voltage, pressure to make the current flow. In the same way in order to make it
possible for the individual consciousness to draw nearer to the Divine Consciousness
we need not only attunement of the vehicles but a drawing force, an attraction which
corresponds to voltage in the flow of the electric current. This force which draws to-
gether the two—the Jivatma and the Paramatma—may take different forms. In Bhakti-
Yoga, for example, it takes the form of intense devotion or love. In Mantra-Yoga it
69
takes the form of Bhavana or intense meditation on the significance of the Mantra and
the object which is sought to be gained. This Bhavana is not merely an intellectual
process like the one we employ in finding the solution of a mathematical problem. It is
a joint action of all our faculties in the pursuit of a common goal. So that not only the
spirit of intellectual enquiry is there but also the deep yearning of the lover who wants
to find the Beloved and the will of the Hatha-Yogi who wants to break through all the
barriers which separate him from the object of his search. This kind of Bhavana polar-
izes all our powers and faculties and produces the necessary concentration of purpose.
Thus gradually the distractions which take the mind of the aspirant away from the ob-
ject of his search are removed and he is able to turn his attention inwards.
from it (this practice) (of) in-turned; in the opposite direction
consciousness attainment also (of) hindrances; obstacles
absence; disappearance and.
29. From it (result) the disappearance of obstacles and turning inward of
consciousness.
In this Sutra Patanjali has given the two results which ensue from the practice
prescribed in the previous Sutra, First, the awakening of a new kind of consciousness
which is called Pratyak Cetana, and second, the gradual disappearance of the ‘obsta-
cles’.
Let us first try to understand what is meant by Pratyak Cetana. There are two
kinds of consciousness of diametrically opposite nature—Pratyak and Paranga or in-
ward-turned and outward-turned. If we study the mind of the ordinary individual we
shall find that it is entirely outward-turned. It is immersed in the outer world and is
occupied all the time with the procession of images which pass continuously in the
field of consciousness. This outward-turned consciousness is caused by Viksepa the
projection outward by the lower mind of what is present within it at the centre. As we
shall deal with the question of Viksepa fully in discussing the next Sutra let us leave it
here and try to understand what Pratyak Cetana is. As has been pointed out above
70
Pratyak Cetana is the inward-turned consciousness or consciousness directed towards
its centre. It is thus the exact opposite of the outward-turned or Paranga Cetana as
illustrated in the following figures.
Fig. 2
The whole aim and process of Yoga consists in withdrawing the consciousness
from without to within, for the ultimate mystery of life is hidden in the very heart or
centre of our being and can be found only there and nowhere else. In the case of the
Yogi the tendency of the lower mind to run outwards and to keep itself busy with the
objects of the outer world must therefore be replaced gradually by a tendency to return
automatically to its ‘centred’ condition without effort. It is only under these conditions
that it can be ‘joined’, as it were, with the higher principles. But it may be pointed out
that this mere tendency to be pointed towards the centre is not Pratyak Cetana al-
though it is a necessary stage in its attainment. It is the actual contact with the higher
principles resulting in the irradiation of the personality by the influence of these higher
principles (Atma-Buddhi-Manas) which is the essence of Pratyak Cetana. The contact
is no doubt indirect but it is sufficiently effective and real to enable the personality to
derive from it many advantages. The strength of the Atma, the illumination of Buddhi
and the knowledge of the higher mind gradually filter down into the personality in an
ever-increasing measure and provide the necessary guidance and momentum for tread-
ing the path of Yoga. The contact becomes direct only in Samadhi when consciousness
leaves one vehicle after another and becomes centred at deeper and deeper levels.
The other result of Japa and meditation on Pranava is the gradual disappear-
ance of the obstacles which lie in the path of the Yogi. These obstacles are of various
kinds—impurities and disharmonies in the vehicles, weaknesses of character, lack of
development etc. But Pranava as we have seen touches the very heart of our being,
arouses in the microcosm vibrations which can bring out from it all the latent powers
and faculties which lie sleeping there. So all obstacles whatever their nature, yield to
its dynamic stimulation. The deficiencies are made up by the growth of the corre-
71
sponding faculties or the flow of additional power. The impurities are washed away.
The disharmonies in the vehicles are smoothed out and the vehicles become attuned to
one another and to the Supreme Consciousness of Isvara. And so a complete regenera-
tion of the individuality takes place, a regeneration which makes it fit to tread the path
of Astanga Yoga or Isvara-Pranidhana.
It is obvious that an instrument so effective and powerful in its action cannot be
used in a haphazard and careless manner without involving the Sadhaka in all kinds of
difficulties and dangers. A careful consideration of the necessary conditions and their
strict regulation is therefore absolutely necessary. This is not the place to deal with
these conditions in detail. It is enough to point out that purity, self-control and a very
cautious and gradual use of the power are some of the essential conditions. So the
practice can be taken up usefully and safely only after Yama and Niyama have been
mastered to a considerable extent.
The seven Sutras from I-23 to I-29 form, in a way, a separate set giving the
technique of the path of mysticism on which the aspirant goes direct to his goal with-
out studying and mastering the intermediate planes which separate him from the object
of his search. On this path self-surrender is the only weapon and in using this weapon
Japa and meditation on Pranava constitute the sole technique. The Japa and medita-
tion turn the consciousness of the aspirant right about in the direction of his goal, re-
move all the obstacles and self-surrender does the rest.
disease dullness; languor; drooping state doubt care-
lessness laziness hankering after objects delusion; erroneous
view non-achievement of a stage; inability to find a footing
(and) unsteadiness; instability (of) mind distractions (causes of distrac-
tion) they (are) obstacles; hindrances.
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30. Disease, languor, doubt, carelessness, laziness, worldly-mindedness, delu-
sion, non-achievement of a stage, instability, these (nine) cause the distraction of the
mind and they are the obstacles.
It was pointed out in the last Sutra that the turning outward of consciousness is
caused by Viksepa. In this Sutra Patanjali gives a number of conditions which cause
the mind to be distracted and which consequently make the successful practice of Yoga
impossible. This distracted condition of the mind in which it is constantly flung about
in all directions, away from the centre, is called Viksepa. Since this condition of the
mind is the opposite of that needed for the practice of Yoga we have to understand
clearly the nature of Viksepa and the means to avoid it. To enable us to do this let us
first cast a glance at the mind of the average man of the world. There are two general
characteristics which we are likely to find in the large majority of people. The first is
the lack of purpose. They drift through life being carried along on its currents in a
helpless manner. There is no directive force within them which can modify their cir-
cumstances and give a certain direction to their life. Even when they decide to pursue
any particular objective they are easily thrown off the track by any obstacles that may
come in their path. In short, they have not developed concentration of purpose which
enables a man to pursue an aim relentlessly until he has achieved it. Of course, there
are some exceptional people who have developed a strong will and have the capacity
to pursue a fixed aim till success is gained. Such people generally rise to the top in
their respective spheres of work and become captains of industry, great inventors, sci-
entists and political leaders.
Now, though the Yogi has no ambitions and the pursuit of any worldly aims
does not form part of his life, still, he does need concentration of purpose like any am-
bitious man working in the outer world. The pursuit of Yogic ideals requires in fact
more concentration of purpose than that of any worldly aim can, because in the first
place, the difficulties are greater and in the second place, the sphere of work is inside
and the objective is to a great extent unknown and intangible. The Yogi has generally
to work against great odds, the results of his efforts take a long time to appear and
even when they do appear do not bring with them the kind of satisfactions for which
the lower nature of man generally craves. So, only an extraordinary concentration of
purpose can enable him to keep to his course in the face of difficulties and obstacles. If
this is not present he is likely to suffer from frustration and the disintegration of his
73
mental forces to which such frustration generally leads. Under these circumstances
distractions of all kinds such as those mentioned in the present Sutra are likely to arise
and cause the mind to be thrown constantly off the track.
The second general characteristic of the ordinary mind is that it is constantly
and completely turned outwards. It is used to taking interest only in the objects of the
outer world and this habit has become so strong that any effort to reverse the direction
of consciousness and to make the mind withdraw from the periphery to the centre is
accompanied by a mental struggle. Even in the case of people who are generally called
introverts the tendency is merely to keep oneself occupied with one's mental images in
disregard of what is happening in the outer world. This is rather an abnormal condition
of the mind and is quite different from that condition in which the mind is directed to
its centre and is thus attuned to the higher principles.
This centrifugal tendency of the mind does not matter in the case of the ordi-
nary man because his interest and field of work is in the external world and the ques-
tion of drawing the mind within does not arise. But the Yogi has to draw the mind
within and the centrifugal tendency must therefore be replaced by a centripetal ten-
dency so strong that it requires definite force of will to keep the mind directed out-
wards. These two tendencies which make the mind inward-turned or outward-turned
correspond to Pratyak and Paranga Cetana and may be illustrated by the same dia-
grams which were used in representing the two forms of consciousness in dealing with
the last Sutra.
This condition of the mind in which it is turned outwards and is subject to dis-
tractions is also called Viksepa. It is the normal condition in the case of the ordinary
man and is taken as a matter of course by him because he grows up with it and it does
not interfere with the kind of work he is required to do. The word Viksepa is used gen-
erally only in this ordinary sense and it is very probable that it has been used by Patan-
jali in this sense in the present context. But there is a mystery underlying this natural
tendency of the mind to remain outward-turned which throws some light on the nature
of Viksepa. It is worthwhile referring to it briefly here.
If we are to understand this mystery let us first consider the formation of a vir-
tual image by a mirror. We all know that if an object is placed in front of a plain mir-
ror an exact image of it is seen in the mirror and the image appears to be on the other
side of the mirror at the same distance as the object is in front of it. The formation of
such an image can be illustrated by the following diagram.
74
Fig. 3
A is the object and A' is its image formed by the mirror MN. It will be seen that all the
rays coming from the object and striking the mirror are reflected in such a manner that
if the reflected rays are produced backwards they would meet at the point A' where the
image of the object is seen. It is because the reflected rays all seem to come from the
point A' that the virtual image of the object is seen at that point. It is easy to see that
this virtual image is a pure illusion produced by the peculiar reflection of light rays.
But the important point to note in this phenomenon is that an object can be seen at a
place where there exists nothing at all corresponding to it.
In a similar manner the familiar world of forms, colours, sounds etc. which we
see outside us and in which we live our life is formed by a mysterious process of men-
tal projection. The vibrations which are conveyed through the sense-organs to our
brain produce through the instrumentality of the mind an image in our consciousness,
but the mind projects this image outwards and it is this projection which produces the
impression of a real world outside us. As a matter of fact, this impression of the famil-
iar solid and tangible world outside us is a pure illusion. The world image we see is a
virtual image in the sense that the objects we see outside us are not there at all. Their
appearance there is based on the external world of atoms and molecules and their vi-
brations which stimulate the sense-organs as well as on the inner world of Reality
which is the ultimate basis of the mental image. The mind brings about the interaction
of spirit and matter and in addition projects the result of this interaction outside as a
virtual image as shown in the following diagram:
75
Fig. 4
It is this projection outwards by the lower mind of what is really within which consti-
tutes the fundamental nature of Viksepa and which lies at the basis of this outward-
turned condition of the mind.
The fact that the world image which we see outside us is an illusion does not
necessarily mean the denial of the physical world. The physical world is the stimulator
of the world image but the image is the mind's own creation (in the light of Reality).
This is not in contravention of modern scientific ideas. Take, for example, the question
of colour. All that Science knows is that light vibrations of a certain frequency give
the impression of a certain colour. It knows only the objective side of the phenomenon
but as to why a certain frequency of vibration gives the impression of a particular col-
our it cannot say. The physical world of Science is merely a world of whirling atoms
and molecules and the play of various kinds of energies. The mental world which
springs forth in our consciousness through the instrumentality of the physical world is
something quite apart from, though dependent upon, the physical world. There is a
gulf between the two which Science has not been able to bridge and will not be able to
bridge until it takes into account the world of Reality which expresses itself through
the phenomena of consciousness.
Patanjali has enumerated nine conditions of the mind or body which cause Viksepa
and thus serve as obstacles in the path of the Yogi. Let us briefly consider these
before we proceed further.
(1) DISEASE: This is obviously a hindrance in the path of the Yogi because
it draws the mind again and again to the physical body and makes it difficult to keep it
76
directed inwards. Perfect health is a necessity for treading the path of Yoga and that is,
no doubt, one of the reasons why the author has included Asana and Pranayama, two
practices of Hatha-Yoga, in his system.
(2) LANGUOR: Some people have an apparently healthy physical body but
lack nerve power so that they always feel below par and disinclined to take up any
work requiring prolonged exertion. This chronic fatigue is in many cases psychologi-
cal in origin and due to the absence of any definite and dynamic purpose in life. In
other cases it is due to some defect in the Pranamaya Kosa which results in an inade-
quate supply of vital force to the physical body. Whatever its cause it acts as an obsta-
cle because it undermines all efforts to practice Sadhana.
(3) DOUBT: An unshakeable faith in the efficacy of Yoga and its methods
is a sine qua non for its successful practice. Such faith is needed in achieving success
in any line of endeavour but more so in this line because of the peculiar conditions
under which the Yogi has to work. In the Divine adventure which he has undertaken
the objective is unknown and there are no clearly defined standards by which he can
judge and measure his progress. Doubts of various kinds are therefore liable to arise
in his mind. Is there really any Reality to be realized or is he merely pursuing a mi-
rage? Are the methods he is using really effective? Are those methods the right meth-
ods for him? Has he the capacity to go through all the obstacles and reach the goal?
These and other doubts of a similar nature are liable to assail his mind from time to
time especially when he is passing through the periods of depression which come in-
evitably in the path of every aspirant. It is at these times that he needs Sraddha— un-
shakeable faith in his objective, in himself and in the methods which he has adopted. It
may not be possible to avoid these periods of depression and doubt especially in the
early stages but it is his behaviour and reaction to them which show whether he has
true faith or not. If he can ignore them even though he feels them, he comes out of the
shade into the sunshine again and resumes his journey with renewed enthusiasm. If he
allows these doubts and moods to interfere with his Sadhana and relaxes his efforts,
they acquire an increasing hold on his mind until he is completely side-tracked and
abandons the path altogether.
(4) CARELESSNESS: This is another obstacle which besets the path of
many aspirants for the Yogic life. It has the effect of relaxing the mind and thus un-
dermines its concentration. Some people are careless by nature and when they come
into the field of Yoga they bring their carelessness with them. Carelessness is a weak-
77
ness which prevents a man from achieving eminence in any line of endeavour and con-
demns him to a mediocre life. But in the field of Yoga it is not only an obstacle but a
great danger and the careless Yogi is like a child who is allowed to play with dynamite.
He is bound to do himself serious injury sooner or later. No one should think of tread-
ing this path who has not conquered the habit of carelessness and learnt to pay careful
attention not only to important things of life but also to those which are considered
unimportant.
(5) LAZINESS: This is another habit which results in a distracted condition
of the mind. Although it results in the same kind of ineffectiveness in life as in the
case of languor it is yet different. It is a bad mental habit acquired by continued yield-
ing to the love of comfort and ease and tendency to avoid exertion. If we may say so,
languor is a purely physical defect while laziness is generally a purely psychological
condition. A restoration to health automatically cures the former but a prolonged dis-
cipline based on the execution of hard and difficult tasks is the only means of curing
the latter.
(6) WORLDLY-MINDEDNESS: The worldly man is so immersed in the in-
terests pertaining to his outer life that he does not get time even to think about the real
problems of life. And there are many people who pass through life without having
ever given any serious thought to these problems. When a person takes to the path of
Yoga as a result of the dawning of Viveka and of his becoming alive to the illusions of
life the momentum of the past is still behind him and it is not so easy to shut out the
interests of the worldly life suddenly and completely. These hankerings after the ob-
jects of the world still continue to trouble him and cause serious distraction in his
mind. Of course, all depends upon the reality of the Viveka. If we really see the illu-
sions which are inherent in the pursuit of worldly objects like wealth, honour, name
etc. then we lose all attraction for them and naturally give up their pursuit. But if the
Viveka is not real—is of the pseudo-variety—the result of mere ‘thinking’, then there
is constant struggle between the desires which drag the mind outside and the will of
the Yogi who tries to make the mind dive within. Thus, worldly-mindedness can be a
serious cause of Viksepa.
(7) DELUSION: This means taking a thing for what it is not. It is due gen-
erally to lack of intelligence and discrimination. A Sadhaka may, for example, begin to
see lights and hear sounds of various kinds during his early practices. These things are
very spurious and do not mean much and yet there are many Sadhakas who get excited
78
about these trivial experiences and begin to think they have made great progress.
Some think that they have reached high states of consciousness or are even foolish
enough to think that they have seen God. This incapacity to assess our supernormal
experiences at their proper worth is basically due to immaturity of soul and those who
cannot distinguish between the essential and non-essential things in spiritual unfold-
ment find their progress blocked at a very early stage. They tend to get entangled in
these spurious experiences of a psychic nature and are soon side-tracked. It is easy to
see that the unhealthy excitement which accompanies such undesirable conditions of
the mind will cause great distraction and prevent it from diving inwards.
(8) NON-ACHIEVEMENT OF A STATE: The essential technique of Yoga
consists, in the earlier stages, in establishing the mind firmly in the stages of Dharana,
Dhyana and Samadhi, and after Samadhi has been attained, in pushing steadily, step by
step, into the deeper levels of consciousness. In all these stages change from one state
to another is involved and this is brought about by persistent effort of the will. Some-
times this passage is easy and comes after a reasonable amount of effort. At other
times the Yogi seems to make no progress and a dead wall appears to be facing him.
This failure to obtain a footing in the next stage can cause distraction and disturb the
perfect equanimity of the mind unless the Yogi has developed inexhaustible patience
and capacity for self-surrender.
(9) INSTABILITY: Another kind of difficulty arises when the Yogi can get a
foothold in the next stage but cannot retain it for long. The mind reverts to its previous
stage and a considerable amount of effort has to be put forth in order to regain the
foothold. Of course, in all such mental processes reversions of this nature are to a cer-
tain extent unavoidable. But it is one thing to lose one's foothold in the next stage be-
cause only practice makes perfect and another thing to lose it because of the inherent
fickleness of the mind. It is only when the instability is due to the inherent unsteadi-
ness of the mind that Viksepa can be said to be present and special treatment is called
for.
It should be noted that the nine obstacles enumerated in this Sutra are of a par-
ticular type—those which cause Viksepa and thus hinder the Yogi in the practice of
Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. There can be other kinds of obstacles also. Every se-
rious defect of character can become an obstacle. Karma can place obstacles in the
path of the aspirant which make the practice of Yoga for the time being impossible.
Attachments to objects, persons or ideas frequently stand in the way of many aspirants
79
taking to the life of Yoga. These different kinds of obstacles are dealt with in their
proper places. Defects of character, for example, in the treatment of Yama-Niyama.
The reason why Patanjali has dealt here with this class of obstacles in particular
lies, of course, in the fact that this is the Samadhi Pada and he is dealing with all the
essential factors involved in understanding this important subject. He gives in this Sutra
some idea with regard to the nature of obstacles which cause Viksepa before deal-
ing in eight subsequent Sutras (I-32-39) with the various methods which may be
adopted for overcoming this tendency.
pain despair, depression etc., caused by mental sickness
shaking of the body; lack of control over the body; nervousness
(and) inspiration and expiration; hard breathing distraction
accompanying (symptoms).
31. (Mental) pain, despair, nervousness and hard breathing are the symptoms
of a distracted condition of mind.
After enumerating in the last Sutra those conditions which cause Viksepa the
author gives in this Sutra a number of symptoms by which the presence of Viksepa can
be recognized. The first of these is pain. The presence of pain either physical or mental
always shows some serious defect or disharmony in the vehicle. Physical pain is a sign
of positive disease while mental pain shows definitely that the mind is not in a natural
healthy state. It is either in a state of inner conflict, torn between opposite desires or
under the domination of Klesas. Pain is an indication provided by Nature to bring to
the notice of the person concerned that all is not well with him. But while most people
would run to a doctor if there is any physical pain very few people think of having
their mind examined or examining it themselves even when they are suffering excruci-
ating mental pain. But that is what is needed really.
When pain is combined with a consciousness of impotence or incapacity to re-
move it effectively it leads to despair, despair then leads to nervousness which is
80
merely an outer physical symptom of despair. Nervousness when it reaches a certain
degree of intensity disturbs the breathing because it disorganizes the flow of Pranic
currents. So these four symptoms really represent the four stages which follow one
another when the mind is in that undesirable condition which causes Viksepa.
Since they are mere symptoms the proper way to deal with them is to treat the
mind for the fundamental disease which afflicts it. And this will involve a long and
tedious course of discipline of our whole nature because all parts of our nature are in-
ter-related. The whole problem of human suffering and misery has been dealt with in
Section II by Patanjali in a masterly manner in his theory of Klesas. It will be clear to
anyone who has understood this theory that there can be no cheap but effective solu-
tion of the problem of human suffering except through the conquest of the Great Illu-
sion. As long as this is not achieved and the mind remains subject to the illusions of
the lower life, suffering and misery must remain and the outer symptoms which reflect
the disordered condition of the mind must continue to appear in greater or lesser de-
gree.
But as has been pointed out already Patanjali is not dealing here with the fun-
damental problem of human suffering and misery but with those particular conditions
of the mind which produce Viksepa and interfere with the practice of Dharana, Dhyana
and Samadhi. This problem is of a more limited nature and has to be tackled by
adopting means of more limited and specific nature. These are dealt with in the follow-
ing eight Sutras.
that (there) for removal; for checking (of) one prin-
ciple; truth practice; intense application.
32. For removing these obstacles there (should be) constant practice of one
truth or principle.
Some commentators have introduced quite unnecessary mystification in the in-
terpretation of this Sutra, some going to the absurd length of suggesting that the exer-
cises recommended in the six subsequent Sutras for removing Viksepa and developing
81
concentration of purpose are methods of practising Samadhi! In one sense, since Real-
ity touches life at every point, theoretically, there can be no limit to the depth into
which we can penetrate in pursuing any one truth and this can lead to Samadhi. But the
context in which this Sutra occurs and the nature of the illustrative methods which are
given in the subsequent Sutras leave no room for doubt with regard to its meaning.
The object of these exercises is not the attainment of Samadhi, for that is sought to be
achieved by a different clearly defined series of steps outlined in Astanga Yoga. The
object is obviously the reversal of the tendency of the mind to run constantly after a
multitude of objects in the outer world and to develop the capacity to pursue con-
stantly one objective inside within the realm of consciousness.
It has been pointed out previously that the average man lacks not only concen-
tration of purpose but also the capacity to keep the mind directed within. Both these
are sine qua non for the practice of Yoga and hence the necessity of developing these
capacities in a high degree for the aspirant. The removal of the obstacles follows natu-
rally when concentration of purpose has been developed to a sufficient degree. When a
dynamic purpose enters the life of a person who has been leading a purposeless life,
his mental and other forces become gradually polarized and all difficulties like those
mentioned in I-30 tend to disappear. But, of course, the aspirant for Yogic life has not
only to acquire the capacity to pursue an objective with energy and perseverance but in
addition his objective must be within. The exercises which Patanjali has recommended
are such that both these capacities are developed simultaneously.
friendliness compassion (and) gladness indifference
joy; happiness sorrow; misery virtue (and) vice (having for
their) objects by cultivating attitudes (towards); by dwelling in mind (upon) (of)
mind clarification; purification.
82
33. The mind becomes clarified by cultivating attitudes of friendliness, com-
passion, gladness and indifference respectively towards happiness, misery, virtue and
vice.
In giving a number of alternative exercises for overcoming Viksepa the author
begins with two Sutras the relevancy of which, in relation to the subject being consid-
ered, is not sometimes quite clear to students. In the Sutra we are considering Patanjali
defines the correct attitude of the would-be Yogi in the various kinds of situations that
may arise in his relationship with those amongst whom he lives. One of the greatest
sources of disturbance to the mind is our uncontrolled reactions to our human envi-
ronment, to what people do around us and to the pleasant or unpleasant conditions in
which we get involved. The ordinary man has no well-defined principle for the regula-
tion of these reactions. He reacts to these things in a haphazard manner according to
his whims and moods with the result that he is being constantly disturbed by all kinds
of violent emotions. Some people, finding these emotional reactions unpleasant, decide
not to react at all and gradually become cold, hard-hearted and indifferent to those
around them. Both these attitudes are undesirable and cannot lead to acquiring a calm,
gentle and compassionate nature in accordance with the requirements of the higher
life. Spiritual life can go neither with violent reactions nor with cold indifference
which some misguided stoics recommend to their followers. It requires a balanced na-
ture in which our reactions are correctly regulated by the highest motives and are in
harmony with the Great Law. The point to note here is that the development of a hard
and callous nature, which is indifferent to the happiness and suffering of others, is no
real solution of the problem of mental equilibrium and the freedom from disturbances
which is thus acquired is more apparent than real because it is artificial and against the
law of Love. Besides, there is the danger of the Yogi who allows himself to become
callous drifting into the Left-hand path and creating for himself and others untold suf-
fering.
Patanjali has not only pointed out the necessity for the Yogi of controlling and
regulating his reactions to his environment but has also laid down the general principle
on which this regulation is to be based. This principle is, of course, derived from the
laws of psychology and practical experience in dealing with the problem of adjusting
ourselves to our environment. It ensures for the Yogi both the equilibrium of mind and
freedom from entanglements which he needs for the steady pursuit of his object.
83
The principle on the basis of which the Yogi has to regulate his attitudes and re-
actions is quite clear from the Sutra but there is one point on which doubt may arise in
the mind of the student. Patanjali prescribes indifference towards vice. To some it may
appear that this is not in accordance with the highest ideals of spiritual life and an atti-
tude of active help and compassion towards the wicked would be better than that of
mere indifference. This objection seems quite reasonable and incidents may be quoted
from the lives of great spiritual teachers and saints in support of this argument. But we
have to remember that this Sutra is not meant to prescribe a code of conduct for people
in general or for those who have become Enlightened and are thus in a position to
serve as spiritual teachers. It is a code of conduct recommended for the practical stu-
dent of Yoga who is an aspirant for Enlightenment. He is engaged in the pursuit of an
objective of an extraordinarily difficult nature and he cannot afford to divert his ener-
gies for the purpose of reforming others. According to the Eastern tradition and con-
ception of spirituality, active work for the spiritual regeneration of others comes after
a person has gained at least a certain degree of enlightenment himself. If we go out to
reform others while we ourselves are bound by all kinds of illusions and limitations,
we are not likely to gain much success in our endeavour and may seriously jeopardize
our own progress. The aspirant for Yoga cannot frown upon the wicked because that
would tend to arouse hatred and have undesirable repercussions on his own mind. He
cannot show sympathy towards them because that would be encouraging vice. So the
only course left open to him is to adopt an attitude of indifference.
The result of following the rule given in this Sutra is to bring about clarification
of the mind and to remove one of the causes of mental disturbance for the beginner.
All those distortions and complexes which the average man develops in his conflicting
relations with others must be combed out and the psyche made healthy and harmoni-
ous. Otherwise, Viksepa will continue to trouble him and make the practice of Yoga
impossible.
Besides a clarified mind, another essential requisite for the pratice of Yoga is a
strong and restful nervous system. How this can be ensured is indicated in the next
Sutra.
84
(by) ejection; expiration (and) retention; holding or
of breath.
34. Or by the expiration and retention of breath,
The subject of Pranayama has been dealt with in II-49-53. In the Sutra given
above Patanjali has referred only to some preliminary practices which have only a lim-
ited objective, namely the purification of the Nadis. These Nadis are channels along
which the currents of Prana or vitality flow in the Pranamaya Kosa. If these channels
are not quite clear and the currents of Prana do not flow in them smoothly, various
kinds of nervous disturbances are produced. These manifest chiefly in a general feel-
ing of physical and mental restlessness which causes Viksepa. This condition can be
removed by practising one of the well-known breathing exercises for the purification
of the Nadis (Nadi Suddhi). Since Kumbhaka does not play any part in these exercises
and no strain of any kind is involved they are quite harmless though highly beneficial
for the nervous system. If they are practised correctly for long periods of time and the
Yogic regime of life is followed at the same time, the physical body becomes light and
full of vitality and the mind calnvand restful.
These exercises should, however, not be taken as variants of deep-breathing
which has no other effect except that of increasing the intake of oxygen in the body
and thus promoting health. They come somewhere between deep-breathing and
Pranayama proper which aims at gaining complete control of the Pranic currents in
the body. This point will become clear when we are dealing with the subject of
Pranayama in Section II.
It should be noted that Patanjali does not consider these preliminary exercises
for the purification of Nadis as Pranayama. He defines Pranayama in II-49 and ac-
cording to that definition Kumbhaka, the cessation of inspiration and expiration, is an
essential part of Pranayama.
85
sensuous or functioning; occupation; pursuit arisen;
born of the mind steadiness binder (of) ; helpful in establish-
ing.
35. Coming into activity of (higher) senses also becomes helpful in estab-
lishing steadiness of the mind.
The next means which Patanjali gives for making the mind steady is its absorp-
tion in some superphysical sensuous cognition. Such cognition may be brought about
in a variety of ways, for example, by concentrating the mind on certain vital centres in
the body. A typical example of this method is Laya-Yoga in which the mind is concen-
trated on Nada or superphysical sounds which can be heard at certain points within the
body. In fact, this method of bringing the mind to rest is considered so effective that a
separate branch of Yoga based on this principle has grown up.
How far this unification of the mind with Nada which forms the basis of Laya-
Yoga can take the Sadhaka in his search for Reality, it is difficult to say. Since this
method forms the basis of a separate and independent branch of Yoga, it is possible
some Yogis were able to make considerable advance in their search by this method.
But it is very probable that Laya-Yoga merges with Raja-Yoga at one stage or another
like many other minor systems of Yoga and is useful only in the preliminary work of
making the mind steady and tranquil and giving the Sadhaka direct experience of some
superphysical phenomena. Anyhow, the usefulness of this method in overcoming Viksepa
and preparing the mind for the advanced stages of Yogic practice is beyond ques-
tion.
sorrowless; serene or; also luminous.
36. Also (through) serene or luminous (states experienced within).
In Laya-Yoga the mind is made steady by absorbing it in Anahata Sabda. The
same object can be gained by bringing it in contact with other superphysical sensations
86
or states of consciousness. Man's constitution, including both the physical and super-
physical bodies is very complex and there are a large number of methods available for
establishing partial contact between the lower and the higher vehicles. Some of these
methods depend upon purely artificial aids, others on the Japa of a Mantra and still
others on meditation of a particular type. Which of these methods will be adopted by a
Sadhaka will depend upon the Samskaras which he brings from previous lives and the
capacity and temperament of the teacher who initiates hint in these preliminary prac-
tices. As a result of such practice the Sadhaka may begin to see an unusual light within
him or feel an utter sense of peace and tranquillity. These experiences while of no
great significance in themselves can hold the mind by their attractive power and
gradually bring about the required condition of steadiness.
The Sadhaka should, however, keep in his mind the purpose of these practices.
In the first place, he should not attach to them undue importance and significance and
begin to imagine that he is making great progress on the path of Yoga. He is learning
merely the ABC of Yogic science. In the second place, he should not allow these ex-
periences to become a mere source of emotional and mental satisfactions. Many people
begin to use such practices as a dope and an escape from the stress and strain of ordi-
nary life. If such wrong attitudes are adopted these practices frequently become a hin-
drance instead of a help in the path of the Sadhaka.
a human being who has transcended human passions or attachment
(having for its) object or; also the mind.
37. Also the mind fixed on those who are free from attachment (acquires
steadiness).
Vitaragas are those souls who have conquered human passions and risen above
Raga-Dvesa. Meditation on the life and character of such a soul will naturally help the
Sadhaka to acquire freedom from Raga-Dvesa himself and thus develop serenity and
steadiness of mind. It is a well-known law of life that we tend to reproduce in our life
the ideas which constantly occupy our mind. The effect is heightened very greatly if
87
we deliberately select some virtue and meditate upon it constantly. The rationale of
this law used in character-building has been discussed in dealing with III-24 and it is
unnecessary to elaborate the point here. But we should note that Patanjali recommends
meditation not on an abstract virtue but on the virtue as embodied in a human person-
ality. There is a definite reason for this. In the first place, a beginner who is still trying
to acquire steadiness of mind is not likely to derive much benefit from meditation on
an abstract virtue. The association of a beloved human or divine personality with a
virtue increases enormously the attractive power of that virtue and hence its influence
on our life. Secondly, earnest meditation on such a personality puts us in rapport with
that personality and brings about a flow of power and influence which accelerates our
progress. The object of meditation may be one's Master, or a great Spiritual Teacher or
one of the Divine Incarnations.
dream state state of dreamless sleep (and) knowledge
(having for its) support; that on which a thing rests or depends also.
38. Also (the mind) depending upon the knowledge derived from dreams or
dreamless sleep (will acquire steadiness).
This Sutra giving another method of overcoming Viksepa seems to have been
completely misunderstood and many commentators have tried to explain it away with a
lot of rigmarole. The clue to the meaning of the Sutra lies in the significance of the
two words Svapna and Nidra. If we interpret the Sutra as ‘meditating on the knowl-
edge obtained in dreams or dreamless sleep’ it seems to be meaningless. What useful
purpose will be served by meditation on the chaotic images which pass through the
brain in the dream state nobody has cared to enquire. And even if we concede the point
in relation to the dream state in which there are some images, though chaotic, what
shall we say about the dreamless state in which the mind appears to be utterly blank?
How is the Sadhaka troubled with Viksepa to utilize this blank condition of the mind
for developing one-pointedness?
88
The fact is that Svapna and Nidra do not refer to the condition of the brain dur-
ing sleep but to the subtler vehicles into which consciousness passes during the period
of sleep. When we go to sleep the Jivatma leaves the physical body and begins to func-
tion in the next subtler vehicle. Very partial contact is maintained with the physical
body to enable it to carry on its normal physiological activities, but the conscious mind
is really functioning in the subtler vehicle. Many people called psychics have a natural
capacity for passing out of the physical body into the next subtler world and bringing
back into the physical brain more or less vague knowledge of their experiences in that
world. The common man, though he is in the same subtler world during sleep cannot
generally bring back any memory of his experiences because his brain is not in that
peculiar condition required for this purpose. If any mental images are transmitted they
become distorted and mixed up with the images which are produced by the automatic
activity of the brain and the ordinary chaotic and meaningless dream is the result.
Sometimes, the Jivatma is able to impress some idea or experience on the brain and a
significant dream results but this is very rare. All such mental activity is included in
the Svapna state.
There is a deeper state of consciousness underlying the Svapna state corre-
sponding to a still more subtler world into which a person may slip during sleep. This
corresponds to the higher sub-planes of the astral world or in rare cases to the lower
sub-planes of the mental world. When this happens the physical brain is completely
cut off from the activities of the mind and naturally becomes a blank. This state is
called technically Nidra. It will be seen that though in this state the brain is blank the
mind is working at a higher level and dealing with phenomena of a subtler nature.
Now, it is possible by special training and practice to bring down into the
physical brain a memory of experiences undergone in these subtler worlds correspond-
ing to the Svapna and Nidra states. Under these conditions the brain is able to transmit
the mental images without any distortion and the knowledge obtained under these cir-
cumstances is reliable. When this can be done a great deal of useful information can be
gathered and work done on these subtler planes during the period of sleep. The waking
life gradually merges with the life in so-called sleep and there is no abrupt break
which usually takes place on leaving the body or coming back to it after sleep. It is
this definite and useful knowledge about these superphysical planes which can be ac-
quired during sleep that is referred to in this Sutra and not the chaotic dreams or the
condition of void which are experienced by the ordinary man. The gathering and bring-
89
ing down of this knowledge into the waking state becomes a matter of absorbing inter-
est and provides one method of overcoming the condition of Viksepa. In this case also
the mind becomes more and more one-pointed and engrossed in an objective which is
‘inside’.
It should be remembered, however, that this kind of mental activity has nothing
to do with Samadhi. It is allied to psychism and differs from it in the fact that it is the
result of definite training and therefore the knowledge which is acquired is more useful
and reliable.
as desired; agreeable by meditation or.
39. Or by meditation as desired.
After giving a number of methods for overcoming the condition of Viksepa
Patanjali concludes this subject by saying that the Sadhaka may adopt any method of
meditation according to his predilection. This should bring home to the student that the
practices recommended by the author are merely means to a definite end which should
always be kept in mind. Any other method which serves to make the mind steady and
one-pointed can be adopted.
Another idea which is implicit in the Sutra is that the method chosen for this
purpose should be in accordance with one's temperament. In that way the mind is
helped to acquire the habit of one-pointedness by the natural attraction for the object
of pursuit. Thus a Sadhaka with clairvoyant tendencies will find the method given in I-
38 not only attractive but helpful. Another with an emotional temperament will feel a
natural predilection for the method given in I-37. Such predilections are the result of
training and experiences in previous lives and generally point to the ‘ray’ of the indi-
vidual or the fundamental type to which he belongs.
A little experimentation may be permissible in the selection of the method but
trying one method after another should not be allowed to become a habit, for this will
aggravate the very malady which is sought to be cured.
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ultimate; smallest atom (and) ultimate; greatest large-
ness; infinity ending (in); extending (up to) his (of the yogi) mas-
tery.
40. His mastery extends from the finest atom to the greatest infinity.
In this Sutra Patanjali has summed up the powers which can be acquired by the
practice of Yoga. He says, in fact, that there is no limit to the powers of the Yogi.
This may appear to the modern man a tall claim and he may dismiss it as another illus-
tration of the hyperboles found scattered in Eastern books like the Puranas. That Yoga
confers some powers on its votaries he will be prepared to concede, to deny this would
be to fly in the face of facts within the experience of a large number of intelligent peo-
ple. But to claim for the Yogi omnipotence—which is what the statement in this Sutra
really amounts to—will appear an absurd exaggeration of facts.
Taken by itself the statement made in this Sutra does appear too sweeping. But
we must remember that Patanjali has devoted almost one whole Section to the subject
of Siddhis or powers acquired through Yoga. The present Sutra is therefore expected to
be read in the light of all that is said later about Siddhis in Section III. The generaliza-
tion contained in it is therefore not an unqualified statement and if studied along with
Section III and the general remarks made in dealing with III-16 will appear quite ra-
tional and intelligible.
of him in whose case the modifications of the mind have been almost
annihilated of transparent; well-polished like of the jewel or
crystal (in) cognizer; subject cognition; the relation between the subject
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and object (and) cognized objects on which it rests the tak-
ing of the form or colour of that consummation; outcome; fusion.
41. In the case of one whose Citta-Vrttis have been almost annihilated, fu-
sion or entire absorption in one another of the cognizer, cognition and cognized is
brought about as in the case of a transparent jewel (resting on a coloured surface).
This is one of the most important and interesting Sutras in the book for many
reasons. Firstly, it throws light on the nature of Samadhi as perhaps no other Sutra
does; secondly, it enables us to get some insight into the nature of consciousness and
mental perception, and lastly, it provides a clue to the modus operandi of the many
powers which can be wielded by the Yogi.
If we are to understand the underlying significance of the Sutra we should first
recall the philosophical conception upon which it is based. According to this concep-
tion the manifested Universe is an emanation of an Ultimate Reality and its different
planes, visible and invisible, may be considered to be formed by a sort of progressive
condensation or involution of consciousness. At each stage of the progressive conden-
sation a subjective-objective relationship is established between the more condensed
and less condensed aspects of consciousness, the less condensed assuming the subjec-
tive and the more condensed the objective role The Ultimate Reality at the basis of the
manifested Universe is the only purely subjective principle while all other partial ex-
pressions of that Reality in the realm of manifestation have a double subjective-
objective role, being subjective towards those expressions which are more involved
and objective towards those less involved. Not only is there at each point the possibil-
ity of this meeting of subjective and objective but wherever and whenever such meet-
ing takes place a definite relation is established between the two. So the manifested
Universe is really not a duality but a triplicity and that is how every manifestation of
Reality at any level or in any sphere has three aspects. These three aspects correspond-
ing to the subjective and objective sides of manifestation and the relation which must
exist between them are referred to in the present Sutra as Grahitr, Grahana and Grahya
and may be translated into English by sets of words such as knower, knowing,
known or cognizer, cognition, cognized or perceiver, perception, perceived. This fun-
damental fact underlying manifestation, that the One has become the Three, is the ba-
92
sis of the mysterious identity which exists between these three apparently different
components of the triplicity. It is because the One Reality has become the Three that it
is possible to bring about a fusion of the Three into One, and it is this kind of fusion
which is the essential technique and secret of Samadhi. This fusion can take place at
four different levels of consciousness corresponding to Vitarka, Vicara, Ananda and
Asmita stages of Samprajnata Samadhi but the principle underlying the fusion of the
Three into One is the same at all the levels and the result also is the same, namely the
attainment by the knower of perfect and complete knowledge of the known.
Before we take up the question of bringing about this fusion at different levels
let us first consider the very apt simile used by Patanjali to bring home to the student
the essential nature of Samadhi.
If we place a small piece of ordinary stone on a sheet of coloured paper the
stone is not at all affected by the coloured light coming from the paper. It stands out
against the paper as it was owing to its imperviousness to this light. If we place a col-
ourless crystal on the same piece of paper we immediately see a difference in its be-
haviour towards the light coming from the paper. It absorbs some of the light and thus
appears at least partially assimilated with the paper. The degree of absorption will de-
pend upon the transparency of the crystal and the freedom from defects in its sub-
stance. The more perfect the crystal the more completely will it transmit the light and
become assimilated with the coloured paper. A crystal of perfectly transparent glass
with no internal defects or colour will become so completely assimilated with the pa-
per as almost to disappear in the light coming from it. It will be there but in an invisi-
ble form and emitting only the light of the paper upon which it is placed. We should
note that it is the freedom of the crystal from any defects, characteristics, marks or
qualities of its own which enables it to become completely assimilated with the paper
on which it is placed. Even a trace of colour in an otherwise perfect crystal will pre-
vent its perfect assimilation.
The behaviour of a mind in relation to an object of contemplation is remarkably
similar to the behaviour of the crystal in relation to the coloured paper. Any activity,
impression, or bias which the mind has apart from the object of contemplation will
stand in the way of its becoming fused with it completely. It is only when the mind
has, as it were, annihilated itself completely and destroyed its independent identity that
it can become assimi¬lated with the object of contemplation and shine with the pure
truth enshrined in that object.
93
Let us consider for a while the various factors which prevent this process of as-
similation. First of all come the various tendencies, some almost instinctive in charac-
ter, which impart strong biases to the mind and make it flow naturally and powerfully
along certain predetermined lines. Such tendencies are, for example, those of accumu-
lating possessions, indulging in all kinds of enjoyments, attractions and repulsions.
Such tendencies which are derived from desires of various kinds tend to throw up in
the mind mental images and temptations in accordance with their own nature. All such
tendencies are sought to be eliminated from the mind of the aspirant by the practice of
Yama, Niyama and Vairagya. Then come the sensuous impressions derived from the
contact of the sense-organs with the external world. Along the avenues of the sense-
organs flows a continuous current of impressions into the mind, modifying it continu-
ally into a never ending series of images. These impressions are cut off when Samadhi
is to be practised by means of Asana, Pranayama and Pratyahara. The Yogi has now
to deal only with the inherent activity of the mind itself, the activity which it can carry
on with the help of the images stored in its memory and its power to arrange and re-
arrange those images in innumerable patterns. This kind of activity is sought to be con-
trolled and canalized in Dharana and Dhyana and the mind made to direct its activity
solely in one channel. There is nothing left now in the mind, there is nothing which
can arise in the mind except the ‘seed’ of Samyama or the object of contemplation. But
the mind is still separate from the object and as long as it retains its subjective role it
cannot become one with the object. This awareness of the mind of itself which stands
in its way of becoming fused with the object of contemplation and ‘shining’ solely
with the truth hidden within the object is eliminated in Samadhi. How this self-
awareness is dissolved to bring about the complete fusion of the knower, known and
knowing is the subject of the subsequent Sutras.
In considering the simile of the perfectly transparent crystal which is placed on
coloured paper we should note that though the crystal is free from its own defects and
can thus become assimilated with the coloured paper, still, the coloured light from the
paper colours it. So, it is still not quite free from defect. An external influence still
modifies it though this is of a very subtle nature. It is only when it is placed on a piece
of white paper which is giving out white light that the crystal will shine with white
light which includes all colours in harmonious blending and is the symbol of the
Whole Truth or Reality.
94
Similarly, in Sabija Samadhi although all the other defects of the mind have
been eliminated one defect is still there. This defect is its permeation with the partial
truth of the ‘seed’ of contemplation. Compared with the Whole Truth which includes
and integrates all partial truths, the partial truth of the ‘seed’ acts as a hindrance and
prevents the mind from shining with the Whole Truth. So, as long as the partial truth
of any ‘seed’, gross or subtle, occupies the mind the Whole Truth of the One Reality
cannot shine through it. For the realization of the Whole Truth which can be found
only in the consciousness of Purusa, according to Yogic terminology, it is necessary to
remove even the impression of any partial truth realized in Sabija Samadhi. This is
accomplished by the practice of Nirbija Samadhi or ‘Samadhi without seed’. The
transparent and perfect crystal of the mind can then shine with the pure white Light of
Truth. It will be seen, therefore, that in Sabija Samadhi the Vrttis of the mind are re-
placed by pure but partial knowledge of a particular aspect of Reality but in Nirbija
Samadhi this pure but partial knowledge is replaced by the Reality or consciousness of
Purusa itself. The mind has merged in the One Reality and exists unperceived only to
radiate its unimaginable effulgence.
What has been said above with regard to the conditions which must be fulfilled
before the fusion of the knower with the known can be brought about in Samadhi
should make it clear that the Yogic technique has to be adopted as a whole and not
piecemeal. If, for example, the ordinary desires have not been eliminated and merely
curbed, it is impossible to practise Samadhi. These desires will continue to exert un-
conscious pressure and throw up all kinds of images in the mind and it will not be pos-
sible to maintain under these conditions the uninterrupted and tranquil state of the
mind in which alone Samadhi can be practised. This state cannot be brought about by
the mere exertion of will-power as some people suppose, for the exertion of will-power
on a mind agitated by even sub-conscious desires is bound to produce mental strain,
and a mind under strain which may be inappreciable, is quite unfit for the practice of
Samadhi. The tranquillity which is a pre-requisite for Samadhi is a condition of ex-
traordinary and habitual stability, and real stability cannot exist where there is strain.
It is necessary to emphasize these facts again and again because aspirants who are not
familiar with the realities of Yogic life plunge directly into the practice of meditation
without any preparation whatsoever and then begin to fret and wonder why they do not
make any progress. The practice of higher Yoga requires a thorough and all-round
preparation extending over long periods of time. This does not mean, of course, that
95
the aspirant should not make a beginning with only a few simple practices and gradu-
ally extend the area of his endeavour until he has mastered the preparatory lessons.
There is one word in this Sutra whose significance should be noted. This is
Ksina. This word means ‘attenuated’ or ‘weakened’. It does not mean ‘annihilated’ or
completely ‘dead’. In performing Samyama in Sabija Samadhi there is always a ‘seed’
present in the mind. So the mind cannot be said to be without Vrtti or modification. It
is only when Nirbija Samadhi is practised that the mind becomes without Vrtti. It is
true that in the ultimate phase of each of the Vitarka, Vicara, Ananda and Asmita
stages of Samprajnata Samadhi the partial truth which shines forth through the mind
can hardly be called a Vrtti in the ordinary sense. Still, we cannot say that the mind is
present in an unmodified condition for the light of the partial truth as explained above
still colours the mind. The change from the ordinary condition of the mind in which all
kinds of transformation are continually taking place to the condition in which only one
object continues to occupy the mind is called Samadhi Parinama in III-11 and the final
state reached in the transformation can best be described as one in which the Vrttis of
the mind have become Ksina. But it should be obvious that this does not mean com-
plete annihilation or disappearance of the Vrttis as suggested by some commentators.
42. Savitarka Samadhi is that in which knowledge based only on words, real
knowledge and ordinary knowledge based on sense perception or reasoning are present
in a mixed state and the mind alternates between them.
In dealing with the first three Sutras of Section III the three purely mental proc-
esses of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi have been explained in detail. In I-41 the es-
sential nature of Samadhi has been discussed. But it is necessary to note that the word
96
Samadhi is not used for any specific or definite state of the mind. It stands for a very
wide range of super-conscious states of the mind which lead to and end in Kaivalya.
The state of Samadhi must be attained before entry into the higher realms of con-
sciousness is possible. It ushers the Yogi into those realms but the investigation of
those realms and the mastery of the forces and powers which work on those realms has
still to be accomplished by the Yogi. It will be seen therefore that the mental state de-
fined in III-3 is merely a preliminary condition which qualifies the Yogi to enter upon
this task of investigation and control just as a Master's degree of a university qualifies
a student to enter upon a course of independent scientific research. In the ten Sutras
beginning with I-42 some further light is thrown upon the technique of Samadhi which
has to do with the investigation and mastery of these realms on the one hand and the
realization, of Reality which lies beyond those realms on the other. Samadhi with the
former objective is called Sabija Samadhi and that with the latter objective Nirbija
Samadhi.
When the Yogi has mastered the technique of Samadhi as given in I-3 and can
perform Samyama on anything which can become an object of Samyama, and of which
the inner reality has to be discovered, the question arises: How does he make further
progress? How does he utilize the power which he has so far acquired for the investi-
gation and mastery of the higher realms of existence which he can now contact through
his subtler vehicles?
The technique of these further stages of progress is hinted at in I-42-51. It is not
given in detail because no one who has not gone through the Yogic discipline and
reached the advanced stage where he can perform Samyama can really understand
these things even theoretically. The Sutras mentioned above should therefore be un-
derstood not to embody the technique of the higher stages of Samadhi but merely as
pointed to these stages which exist and their relative position in the line of progress.
They are suggestive, not explanatory. They are like the sketch map of a country which
a traveller may intend to explore. Such a sketch map merely gives the relative position
of the different parts of the country and the direction in which the traveller should pro-
ceed in order to reach his goal. But something more is needed for exploring a country
than a mere sketch map.
Before we proceed to consider the above mentioned Sutras let us first try to un-
derstand the distinction between Sabija and Nirbija Samadhis. In connection with I-17
on Samprajnata Samadhi it was pointed out that this kind of Samadhi has four stages.
97
These stages represent, as has been explained already, the four distinct and distin-
guishable levels at which consciousness functions through the four subtler vehicles
and corresponding to the four stages of Gunas mentioned in II-19. It is also pointed
out in connection with III-5 that the higher consciousness functioning at those levels in
a state of Samadhi is quite different from the ordinary mental consciousness with
which we are familiar and is called Prajna. That is why Samadhi of this class is called
Samprajnata. All these four stages of Samprajnata Samadhi are comprised in Sabija
Samadhi as pointed out in I-46.
Why is Samadhi pertaining to these four stages called Sabija Samadhi? The clue
to this question lies in the meaning of the word Bija or seed. What is the essential form
of a seed? It is a conglomeration of different kinds of matter arranged in different lay-
ers, the outermost layer forming the protective and least essential part and the inner-
most layer or core forming the real or essential part of the whole set. So that, in order
to gtt at the essential part or real substance of the seed we have to tear open the differ-
ent layers one after another until we reach the core.
The general constitution of a seed described above will show at once the appro-
priateness of calling any Samadhi of the Samprajnata type Sabija Samadhi. Samyama
in Samprajnata Samadhi is always performed on some ‘object’ which is called a ‘seed’
because it has different layers of meaning, etc. covering an essential core which is the
reality of the object. We can come into touch with the different layers of the object or
‘seed’ by splitting it open, as it were, mentally through the technique of Samadhi. Each
successive stage of Samadhi reveals to our consciousness a different and deeper layer
of the reality of the object and by continuing the process of Samyama through the suc-
cessive stages we ultimately arrive at the innermost reality of the object. Each stage of
Samadhi lays bare only one layer of the total reality hidden within the object and the
process of penetration may have to be pushed in some cases through all the four stages
before the ultimate reality hidden within the object is revealed.
But though there are four stages in Sabija Samadhi and it may be necessary to
pass through all these four stages before the object on which Samyama is performed is
revealed in its totality, this does not mean that every object on which Samyana can be
performed is sufficiently complex to require going through all the four stages. Differ-
ent objects differ in their complexity or subtlety, some being more complex and having
more subtle counterparts than others as is explained in dealing with III-6. Patanjali has
not discussed systematically and in detail the different types of ‘seeds’ on which
98
Samyama can be performed and the method of ‘splitting them open’ in Samadhi but a
study of the Sutras given in the latter portion of Section III will give the student a
fairly good idea of the large variety of objects which are taken up for Samyama in
Yogic practice. A careful study of these Sutras will not only give the student some idea
with regard to the different purposes of Sabija and Nirbija Samadhi but also throw
some light on the technique of Samadhi. It will help him to get a clearer insight into
the meaning of the two rather enigmatic Sutras I-42-43 in which alone Patanjali has
given some definite information with regard to the mental processes involved in
Samadhi.
Before we proceed to discuss these two Sutras let us first consider a few con-
clusions which may be drawn from a general study of the objects (Visaya) upon which
Samyama is performed and the results which accrue from this practice. These conclu-
sions may be stated very briefly as follows:
(1) If two things are related as cause and effect then by performing Samyama
on the effect it is possible to have knowledge of the underlying cause or vice versa as
for example in III-16.
(2) If certain phenomena leave an impression on any medium it is possible to
come into touch with the phenomena by reviving the impressions through Samyama as
for example in III-18.
(3) If a particular principle in nature finds expression in a particular phe-
nomenon then by performing Samyama on the phenomenon, it is possible to know
directly the underlying principle, as for example in III-28 or III-29.
(4) If a particular object is the expression of an archetype then by perform-
ing Samyama on the object it is possible to have direct knowledge of the archetype as
for example in III-30.
(5) If a particular centre in the body is an organ of a higher vehicle, faculty
etc. then by performing Samyama on the centre direct contact is established with the
vehicle, faculty etc. as for example in III-33 or III-35.
(6) If a thing exists in several degrees of subtlety, one derived from the other
in a series, then by performing Samyama on the outermost or least subtle form it is
possible to gain knowledge of all the forms, step by step, as for example in 111-45.
A careful consideration of the facts mentioned above will show that Samyama is
really a means of passing from the outer expression to the reality within whatever may
be the nature of the relationship between the outer expression and the inner reality.
99
Since the reality underlying all objects is contained in the Divine Mind and the object
of Samyama in Sabija Samadhi is to know this reality it follows that what the Yogi
does in Samyama is to sink into his own consciousness until he reaches the level of
Divine Mind in which the reality of the object is to be found. The ‘seed’ on which
Samyama is performed merely determines the line along which consciousness has to
sink. This may be illustrated by the following diagram:
Fig. 5
A, B, C are different objects which can serve as ‘seeds’ of Sabija Samadhi. A’, B’, C’
are respectively the realities of these objects which can be found in the Divine Mind
through Samyama. O is the Centre of Divine Consciousness. It will be seen that in
every case the essential process is the same, namely, proceeding from the periphery
along a radius to the centre until the intervening circle is reached. But different objects
which are represented by different points on the outer circle make it necessary to pro-
ceed along different radii to the centre. In proceeding in this manner consciousness
automatically touches the reality of the particular object when it reaches the level of
the Divine Mind. So the ‘seed’ merely determines the direction along which con-
sciousness has to sink in order to reach the corresponding reality in the Divine Mind. It
does not make any difference as far as the essential process of Samyama is concerned
but merely guides the consciousness to the reality which is the object of the search.
In Nirbija Samadhi the aim of the Yogi is the Centre of Divine Consciousness
represented by O in the diagram. In reaching the point O he must proceed along a ra-
dius and must cross the intervening states of consciousness. That is why Nirbija
Samadhi can come only after Sabija Samadhi when all the stages of Samprajnata
Samadhi have been crossed.
100
Having cleared the ground to a certain extent let us now proceed to consider I-
42 which throws some light on the technique of splitting open the ‘seed’ of ‘Sabija’
Samadhi. This Sutra deals with the mental processes involved in the very first stage of
Samadhi and may best be understood in relation to a concrete object having a name
and form. We are so used to taking all things which come within the range of our ex-
perience for granted that we never pay any attention to the mysteries which are obvi-
ously hidden within the simplest of objects. Every physical object which we can per-
ceive through our sense organs is really a conglomerate of several kinds of mental im-
pressions which can be sorted out to a certain extent by a process of mental analysis on
the basis of our knowledge of sensuous perception and other facts discovered by Sci-
ence. Let us take for the sake of illustration a siittiple concrete object like a rose. Our
knowledge regarding a rose is a mixture in which facts like those given below enter:
(1) It has a name which has been chosen arbitrarily and has no natural rela-
tionship with the object.
(2) It has a form, colour, odour etc. which we can perceive through our
sense-organs. These will vary from rose to rose but there is an irreducible minimum of
qualities which are common to all roses and which make a rose a rose.
(3) It is a particular combination of certain atoms and molecules (or elec-
trons at a deeper level) distributed in a certain manner in space. The mental image
which is formed in our mind on the basis of this scientific knowledge is quite different
from the mental image derived from the sense-organs.
(4) It is a particular specimen of an archetype, all roses which come into be-
ing conforming to this archetypal rose.
A consideration of some of the facts given above will show to the student how
mixed up our ideas are regarding even common objects with which we come in contact
every day. Our true knowledge with regard to the real objects is mixed up or confused
with all kinds of mental images and it is not possible for us to separate the pure
knowledge from these mental images by ordinary processes of mental analysis or rea-
soning. The only way in which this can be done is by performing Samyama on the ob-
ject and fusing the mind with it as explained in I-41. The pure, real, internal knowedge
regarding the object is isolated from the mixed external knowledge and the Yogi can
then know the real object by making the mind one with it.
It is obvious that there must be two stages in this process of ‘knowing by fus-
ing’. In the first stage the heterogeneous knowledge regarding the object must be sepa-
101
rated into its different constituents. In this stage all the constituents of the knowledge,
internal and external, are present but from an undifferentiated and confused state they
are resolved more and more into a state of clearly-defined and differentiated constitu-
ents. In the second stage the mind is fused with the pure knowledge which has been
isolated in the first stage. In this process of selective fusion, naturally, all the other
constituents which depend upon memory drop out automatically and the mind shines
only with the pure knowledge of the object, nothing else. I-42 deals with the first stage
and I-43 with the second stage.
Let us now consider the significance of the words used in I-42 to indicate this
resolution and differentiation of this composite knowledge with regard to the object
into its clearly defined constituents. The word Tatra refers to the state of Samadhi de-
scribed in the previous Sutra and is obviously used to point out that this process of
resolution is carried out in a state of Samadhi and cannot be accomplished by an ordi-
nary process of mental analysis. It is only when the mind has been completely isolated
from external influences and has reached the concentrated state of Dhyana that it can
successfully tackle this problem of resolution. Sabda-Artha-Jnana define the three
categories of knowledge which are inextricably mixed up in the mind of the ordinary
man and can be resolved only in Savitarka-Samadhi. Sabda refers to knowledge which
is based only on words and is not connected in any way with the object which is being
considered. Much of our thinking is of this superficial nature, based merely on words
and not touching the object at all. Artha refers to the true knowledge about the object
or its real meaning which the Yogi wants. And Jnana refers to the ordinary knowledge
based on the perception of the sense-organs and the reasoning of the mind. The condi-
tion of not being able to distinguish clearly between these three kinds of knowledge
with the result that the mind hovers between them is sought to be conveyed by the
word Vikalpaih. This is inevitable as long as the three kinds of knowledge have not
separated out, as it were, in three separate layers but are present in a state of mixture
or con-fusion which is indicated by the word Samkirna. It will perhaps help the student
to understand this progressive resolution of the three kinds of knowledge if we illus-
trate the process diagrammatically as follows:
102
Fig. 6
It will be seen that while in the first step knowledge based on Sabda only covers
the other two, the progressive resolution results in the last step in the complete separa-
tion of the three. Students of Science will also find the analogy of an emulsion helpful
in understanding this progressive resolution and separation into two separate and dis-
tinct constituents. If two immiscible liquids are shaken together vigorously it is possi-
ble to prepare an emulsion in which both appear to be present in a homogeneous condi-
tion though they really remain separate. But if the emulsion is allowed to stand for
sometime the two liquids will gradually separate out into two separate layers. This
analogy is especially apt because it is the absence of agitation which leads to the sepa-
ration of the two layers just as in Savitarka Samadhi it is really the extreme tranquilli-
zation of the mind which brings about the separation of the different kinds of knowl-
edge.
When the different mental components have separated and are seen in their cor-
rect relationship then there can be no confusion or going from one to the other. It is
because they are mistaken for one another and the proper province of each is not de-
fined that there is confusion and consequent Vitarka (see also in this connection III-
17). When the mental picture clears up and each component is seen in true perspective
Vitarka must come to an end.
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43. On the clarification of memory, when the mind loses its essential nature
(subjectivity), as it were, and the real knowledge of the object alone shines (through
the mind) Nirvitarka Samadhi is attained.
The Savitarka stage of Samadhi which has been dealt with in the previous Sutra
prepares the ground for the Nirvitarka stage. The confused state of the mind in which
different kinds of knowledge were mixed up has been gradually replaced by a clarified
state in which the three kinds of knowledge are seen separate and clearly distinguish-
able. This clarification is called Smrti-parisuddhi in the present Sutra. Why is this
resolution of knowledge present in the mind of the Yogi called ‘clearing up of mem-
ory’? To understand the reason for the use of the word Smrti in this connection the
student should recall I-6 in which the Vrttis or modifications of the mind are classified
under five heads and Smrti or memory is one of these. If he has understood the basis of
this classification he will see at once that the modification of the mind in Savitarka
Samadhi comes under Smrti or memory. As the Yogi’s mind is cut off completely from
the external world, the modification cannot come under ‘right knowledge’ or ‘wrong
knowledge’. As he is not asleep but fully conscious it cannot come under ‘sleep’. As
he is performing Samyama not on any imaginary thing but on a definite thing of which
the reality is to be known, the modification cannot come under ‘imagination’. The
modification is really of the nature of memory because it is a reproduction in the mind
of a thing which has been experienced before. That is why Patanjali calls the process
of clearing up as ‘clarification of memory’.
When the memory has become clarified the mind is ready for the next step, viz.
reducing the self-awareness to the utmost limit. This mental process which is called
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Svarupa-Sunya has been explained in dealing with III-3 and it is not necessary to go
into this question here, but two facts may be pointed out in this connection. The first
point we should note is that the dissolution of the mental self-awareness can come only
after the resolution of the composite and complex knowledge with regard to the object
into its three clearly defined constituents. This is clear from the word Pari-suddhau
which means ‘on the clearing up of’. The second point to which attention may be
drawn is the significance of the word Iva after Sunya. The word Iva means ‘as if’ and
it is used to signify that though the mind seems to disappear it is still there. The very
fact that the ‘object’ is ‘shining’ in it points to the presence of the mind. It is only its
subjective nature which has disappeared in the object, as it were, thus bringing about a
fusion of the subjective and objective which is necessary for attaining the Samadhi
state. It is this fusion which brings about the disappearance of the other two constitu-
ents Sabda and Jnana leaving the pure knowledge or Svarupa of the object alone to fill
the mind. The object is then seen in its naked reality. The use of the word Nirbhasa
which means ‘shining’ for describing the filling of the mind with the Svarupa or real
knowledge of the ‘object’ follows naturally from the simile used in I-41 for illustrating
the fusion of subjective and objective. The mind though itself imperceptible like the
transparent jewel yet shines with the light of true knowledge of the object. The use of
the word Nirvitarka for a state of Samadhi in which there is no Vitarka also requires
some explanation. One can understand the use of the word Savitarka in the previous
Sutra because the state of Samadhi is accompanied by Vitarka. But why use the word
Nirvitarka for a state in which there is no Vitarka? Simply to indicate the nature of the
state which has gone before. When one says that his mind is unburdened, it means not
only that there is no burden on it now but also that it was burdened before. The use of
the word Nirvitarka in this Sutra means, therefore, that the state indicated is arrived at
after passing through the Savitarka state and is merely the consummation or culmina-
tion of the previous state. The consciousness is still functioning at the same level and
in the same vehicle though it has reached the utmost limit as far as knowledge with
regard to that object on that plane is concerned. Any further change in this state can
only be a repetition of itself as explained in connection with III-12. It is only by the
practice of Nirodha that consciousness can pass on into the next vehicle and a new
series of changes at a higher level can begin.
An interesting question that may arise in the mind of the student is: Who brings
about the fusion of subjective and objective and also the further transformations which
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take place in the further stages of Samadhi? Upto the point where Vitarka is present
the transformations may be supposed to take place through the agency of the subjec-
tive mind which is still active. But who provides the guiding and propelling force after
the subjective mind has merged in the object? Obviously, the Purusa who is present all
the time in the background and who is the lord of the mind as pointed out in IV-18.
The mind itself is inert and it is the constant presence of the Purusa in the background
which endows it not only with the capacity to perceive but also the will to change. The
mind is always an instrument. The real Drasta and the Karta is the Purusa always. So
when the lower mind merges with the object in Nirvitarka Samadhi it is the Purusa
working in his higher principles who really is in charge and is ultimately responsible
for the continuous and delicate transformations which take place in the further stages
of Samadhi. In fact, throughout the continuous unfoldment which takes place in Yoga
upto the point of attaining Kaivalya, it is the Purusa who has to be considered as guid-
ing the evolution. It is true that this view is not in conformity with the conceptions of
Samkhya philosophy in which the Purusa is considered to be a mere Drasta, spectator,
but Yogic technique, as pointed out elsewhere, is not based solely on Samkhya and
without assuming a guiding role for the Purusa this technique would be unintelligible.
This is not the place, however, to enter into this philosophical question.
44. By this (what has been said in the two previous Sutras) Samadhis of
Savicara, Nirvicara and subtler stages (I-17) have also been explained.
The difficulty of comprehending Samadhi even in the lowest Savitarka-
Nirvitarka stage, in spite of the fact that we are living in a world of names and forms
and are familiar to some extent with the working of the concrete mind, should make it
easy to understand why Patanjali has not dealt with the higher stages of Samadhi in
detail and has disposed of the whole subject in two Sutras. I-44 merely points out that
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the mental processes in Savicara-Nirvicara and other higher stages of Samadhi are
analogous to those of Savitarka-Nirvitarka Samadhi, i.e. the Samadhi in relation to
Suksma-visayas or subtle objects, begins with Samyama on the outermost aspect of the
object which is the most complex and ending with the isolation of the object in its real
state which is the simplest. It may be mentioned here that the progressive involution of
consciousness in matter is generally accompanied by the increasing complexity of the
functions and the reverse process of release of consciousness from the limitations of
matter means simplification of functions. An example will serve to throw some light
on this general principle. The process of perceiving an external world requires the
agency of sense-organs on the physical plane, there being a separate sense-organ for
contacting each Bhuta. But on the higher spiritual planes perception takes place
through a single faculty which is called Pratibha and which performs the functions of
all the five sense-organs in an integrated manner.
A clear grasp of this fundamental principle will help the student in understand-
ing the role of Samadhi in this process of unveiling the subtler and more profound as-
pects of objects in the manifested Universe. Samadhi does nothing more than reverse
this involution of consciousness and this evolution or unfoldment of consciousness
automatically reveals the subtler aspects of these objects. What the Yogi really does is
to sink deeper and deeper into his own consciousness. This brings into action the more
comprehensive faculties of the increasingly subtler planes which alone can reveal the
subtler aspects of objects. What the intellect may strain to the utmost to understand
without much success becomes self-evident in the light of these higher faculties. That
is why Patanjali has not tried to deal with matters which are really beyond the compre-
hension of the brain-bound intellect.
45. The province of Samadhi concerned with subtle objects extends upto the Alinga
stage of the Gunas.
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If different objects are subtle to different degrees how can these degrees of sub-
tlety be classified? The different degrees of subtlety can be classified in the most com-
prehensible manner by assigning them to the planes on which they exist. But for rea-
sons which have been pointed out in dealing with I-17 Patarijali has adopted a func-
tional and not a structural basis for classifying phenomena and so the degrees of sub-
tlety have been classified according to the stages of the Gunas given in II-19. As the
subject has been dealt with thoroughly in that context it is not necessary to discuss it
here. It may, however, be pointed out that according to Samkhya all objects are the
result of different combinations of Gunas and so the classification of objects in four
categories according to the four stages of the Gunas is perfectly logical. The last stage
of the Gunas is called Alinga and so naturally the limit of subtlety corresponds with
the Alinga stage.
46. They (stages corresponding to subtle objects) constitute only Samadhi
with ‘seed’.
All objects within the realm of Prakrti upon which Samyama may be performed
to discover their relative reality have been summed up in I-45. Samadhi which deals
with any of these objects is called Sabija Samadhi for reasons explained in connection
with I-42. An object on which Samyama is performed is technically called a ‘seed’
whether it is gross or subtle. So Sabija Samadhi may also be called objective Samadhi
as opposed to Nirbija Samadhi or subjective Samadhi in which there is no ‘object’ or
‘seed’ of meditation. The Seeker Himself is the object of His search. The Seer who has
gained the capacity to see truly all objects within the realm of Prakrti now wants to
see Himself as He really is.
What distinguishes Sabija Samadhi from Nirbija Samadhi is therefore the pres-
ence of an object associated with Prakrti whose relative reality has to be realized. In
Nirbija Samadhi, Purusa who is beyond the realm of Prakrti is the ‘objectless’ objec-
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tive. He is the Seeker as well as the object of the search. In Sabija Samadhi also he is
really seeking Himself but a veil, howsoever thin, still obscures his vision. In Nirbija
Samadhi He attempts to tear off the last veil in order to obtain a completely unob-
structed vision of Himself. This is what is meant by Self-Realization.
47. On attaining the utmost purity of the Nirvicara stage (of Samadhi) there
is the dawning of the spiritual light.
I-47 is meant to draw a distinction between the lower and higher stages of
Samadhi and to emphasize that spirituality is not necessarily associated with all the
stages. We have seen already that Sabija Samadhi begins on the plane of the lower
mind and its province extends upto the Atmic plane. At which point in these successive
stages of Samadhi does the light of spirituality begin to dawn in consciousness? To be
able to answer this question we should recall that the intellect is the separative and
constrictive principle in man which distorts his vision and is responsible for the com-
mon illusions of the lower life. As long as consciousness is functioning within the
realms of the intellect alone it must remain bound by those illusions. Samadhi in the
realm of the intellect, while it reveals the lower aspect of the reality which is hidden
behind the objects on which Samyama is performed, does not necessarily bring with it
perception of the higher truths of a spiritual nature, does not for instance give a vision
of the fundamental unity of life. It is conceivable, for example, that a scientist may
discover many of the truths underlying the physical world by means of Samadhi and
yet remain absolutely unaware of the deeper spiritual truths which are associated with
spirituality. Some of the lower Siddhis such as those dealt with in III-28-32 can be ob-
tained in this manner. In fact the black magicians who are called Brothers of the
Shadow, are all Yogis who are proficient in the technique of lower Yoga and undoubt-
edly possess many of the lower Siddhis. But their work is confined within the realm of
the intellect and they remain ignorant of the higher truths of existence. Their selfish
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outlook and evil ways debar them from entering into the deeper and spiritual realms of
consciousness and thus acquiring true wisdom and spiritual illumination.
This Sutra points out that spiritual illumination begins to flood the mind when
the Yogi has reached the last stage of Nirvicara Samadhi and is in the borderland
which separates the intellect from the next higher spiritual principle, Buddhi or Intui-
tion. In this stage the light of Buddhi which is the source of wisdom and spirituality
begins to shed its radiance on the intellect. Illuminated in this manner the intellect
ceases to be a slave of the lower self and becomes a willing instrument of the Higher
Self working through Atma-Buddhi-Manas. For, the distortions and illusions associ-
ated with the intellect are not really inherent in this principle. They are due to the ab-
sence of spiritual illumination. An intellect illuminated by the light of Buddhi and un-
der the control of the Atma is a magnificent and powerful instrument which even the
Adepts use constantly in Their work.
48. There, the consciousness is Truth-and Right-bearing.
In the previous Sutra the stage at which the purely intellectual consciousness is
converted into spiritual consciousness in Samadhi was pointed out. The present Sutra
gives an important attribute of the new type of consciousness which emerges as a re-
sult of this change. This is called Rtambhara. This word is derived from two Samskrta
roots Rtam which means ‘the Right’ and Bhara which means ‘to bear’ or ‘to hold’.
Rtambhara therefore literally means Right-bearing. Rtam and Satyam (the True) are
two words of very profound significance in the scripture of the Hindus and being cor-
relatives are generally used together. Although they are sometimes used synonymously
there is a subtle distinction in their meaning which many people find it difficult to
grasp. To understand this we should recall the well-known doctrine of Eastern phi-
losophy according to which the Universe, both seen and unseen, is a manifestation of a
Divine Reality or Spirit which abides within it and is the ultimate cause and source of
all that takes place in it in terms of time and space. That Reality is referred to as Sat
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and Its existence in the Universe manifests in two fundamental ways. In the first place,
It constitutes the truth or the very essence of all things. This is called Satyam. In the
second place, It determines the ordered course of things both in their material and
moral aspect. This is called Rtam. Satyam is thus the relative truth underlying manifes-
tation constituting the realities of all things. Rtam is the cosmic order including all
laws—natural, moral or spiritual—in their totality which are eternal and inviolable in
their nature. Satyam and Rtam will therefore be seen to be two aspects of Sat in mani-
festation, one static the other dynamic. They are inseparable and together constitute
the very foundation of the manifested Universe. Rtambhara Prajna is thus that kind of
consciousness which gives an unerring perception of the Right and the True underlying
manifestation. Whatever is perceived in the light of this Prajna must be Right and
True.
In dealing with the previous Sutra the distorting influence of the intellect was
referred to and we saw how the intellect, without the illumination of Buddhi is incapa-
ble of perceiving the deeper truths of life. Let us consider briefly how this obscuration
which is brought about by the intellect works. In our search for knowledge we want
the truth as a whole but the intellect allows us to see only a part of the truth at a time.
So the knowledge derived through the intellect is never perfect, can by its very nature
be never perfect. The manner in which our intellect brings about this fragmentation of
truth and prevents us from seeing things as they are is realized only when we transcend
the intellect in Samadhi and penetrate into the deeper realms of consciousness lying
beyond the intellect. Not only is nothing seen as a whole by the intellect, but nothing
is seen in its correct perspective in its relation to other things and other truths which
exist at the same time. This results in exaggerating the importance of partial truths,
misusing knowledge concerning natural forces, adopting wrong means to gain right
ends and so many other evils of which the modern civilization based on intellect pro-
vides so many and such glaring instances. This lack of wholeness and lack of perspec-
tive must characterize all knowledge and action based on intellect divorced from wis-
dom.
The knowledge obtained in Samadhi when the light of Buddhi illuminates the
mind is not only free from error and doubt but also related to the underlying Cosmic
Law which governs manifestation. It is based not only on Truth but also on Right. That
is why the Prajna or consciousness functioning in these higher stages of Samadhi is
called Rtambhara. The knowledge which the Yogi gets is not only perfectly true but he
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is incapable of misusing that knowledge, as knowledge obtained through the intellect
alone can be misused. Life and action based on such knowledge must be righteous,
and in accordance with the Great Law which governs the whole Universe.
49. The knowledge based on inference or testimony is different from direct
knowledge obtained in the higher states of consciousness (I-48) because it is confined
to a particular object (or aspect).
In the previous Sutra one prominent characteristic of the new consciousness
which dawns on the refinement of Nirvicara Samadhi was pointed out. This Sutra
clarifies still further the distinction between intellectual and intuitive knowledge. As
was pointed out in I-7, there are three sources of right knowledge—direct cognition,
inference and testimony. All these three are available in the realm of the intellect. Di-
rect cognition, however, plays a very limited part in this realm because it is confined
to the unreliable reports received through the sense-organs. These reports by them-
selves do not give us right knowledge and have to be constantly checked and corrected
by the other two methods mentioned above. We see the Sun rising in the East every
morning, moving across the sky and sinking in the West but by inference we know that
this is a mere illusion and the Sun appears to move on account of the rotation of the
earth on its axis. In the same way the familiar world of forms, colours etc. which we
cognize with our sense-organs has no real existence. It is all a play of electrons, atoms,
molecules and various kinds of energies which Science has discovered. We hardly re-
alize what an important part inference and testimony play in our life until we try to
analyse our ordinary knowledge and the means of obtaining it. These two instruments
of obtaining and correcting knowledge are peculiarly intellectual and are not necessary
in the higher realms of the mind which transcend the intellect. A person who is obliged
to discover objects in a room which is utterly dark is obliged to feel them carefully but
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he does not need to adopt this crude method of discovery and investigation if he is able
to get a light. He can see them directly. Knowledge on the spiritual planes beyond the
intellect is based neither on inference nor on testimony but only on direct cognition.
But this direct cognition, unlike the direct cognition through the sense-organs, is not
subject to error and does not require correction by means of inference and testimony.
What does the phrase Visesarthatvat mean? Literally, it means ‘because of hav-
ing a particular object’. It has been pointed out already that the intellect is capable of
grasping only one thing at a time, either one object or one aspect of an object. It is this
fragmentation of knowledge, this inability to see things in the background of the whole
which is the greatest limitation of intellectual perception and intuitive perception is
free from this limitation. In the higher realms of consciousness each object is seen not
in isolation but as part of a whole in which all truths, laws and principles have their
due place. The intellect is like a telescope which can be directed only on a particular
star and can see it in isolation from other stars. Intuitive consciousness is like the eye
which can see the whole heavens simultaneously and in true perspective. The analogy
is no doubt crude but it may help the student to grasp the difference between the two
types of consciousness.
The need for taking the help of inference and testimony arises because of the
insufficiency of knowledge and this insufficiency is due to the absence of the whole in
the background. It is true that intuitive knowledge may not be perfect and may lack the
precision and detail of intellectual knowledge but as far as it goes it is free from the
possibility of error and distortion. A dim light in a big room may not give a clear pic-
ture of its contents but it enables things to be seen in their proper proportion and per-
spective. As the light becomes stronger all things are seen more clearly but in the same
proportion and perspective. On the other hand a man who is groping in the dark, feel-
ing one object after another, may get an entirely wrong idea with regard to any object
and will have to revise his uncertain conclusions constantly and sometimes drastically.
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50. The impression produced by it (Sabija Samadhi) stands in the way of
other impressions.
In Sabija Samadhi the Citta is always moulded upon a particular pattern, this
pattern being determined by the ‘seed’ which is the object of Samyama. The control of
the will over the mind is so complete that it is impossible for any external distraction
to produce the slightest alternation in the impression created by the object. The nature
of the object will be different according to the stage of Samadhi but an object must
always be there and this prevents other ideas from taking possession of the mind. Even
in ordinary life we find that if the mind is busy in thinking deeply along a particular
line it is more difficult for any distracting idea to get into it, the deeper the concentra-
tion the greater the difficulty of any such idea gaining entrance into the mind. But the
moment-the mind ceases to function under the control of the will and is in a relaxed
condition all kinds of ideas which were kept in abeyance in the sub-conscious mind
begin to appear in the conscious mind. Something similar, though at a much deeper
level, would take place if the impression created by the ‘seed’ in Samprajnata
Samadhi is removed before the capacity to keep the mind equally alert and concen-
trated in the condition of void is acquired. The sudden entry of all kinds of ideas in an
uncontrolled manner on account of the vacuum which would be produced may lead to
all kinds of serious complications.
It will be seen therefore that Samprajnata Samadhi is not only a means of ac-
quiring knowledge and power in the different realms of Prakrti but also for gaining the
final objective of Self-realization. For, it is only after sufficient practice of Samprajnata
Samadhi that the corresponding Asamprajnata Samadhi can be practised and it is
only after sufficient practice of Sabija Samadhi in the four stages that Nirbija Samadhi
can be practised. This should serve to remove the misconception common among a
certain class of over-enthusiastic aspirants that it is possible to dive directly into the
realms of Reality without going through long and tedious mental discipline and acquir-
ing the capacity to perform Samyama on any object. This will also explain why spiri-
tual teachers generally prescribe Saguna Upasana and discourage aspirants from tak-
ing to Nirguna Upasana in the early stages. The problem of spiritual life and Self-
realization would be all too easy if aspirants had only to sit down and make their
minds empty in the ordinary way!
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51. On suppression of even that owing to suppression of all (modifications of
the mind) ‘Seedless’ Samadhi (is attained).
When the capacity to perform Samyama has been acquired and the Yogi can
pass easily into the last stage of Sabija Samadhi corresponding to the Asmita stage of
Samprajnata Samadhi (I-17) and the Alinga stage of the Gunas (II-19) he is ready for
taking the last step, namely, transcending the realm of Prakrti altogether and attaining
Self-realization. In the Asmita stage consciousness is functioning in the subtlest form
of Citta and enlightenment has reached the highest degree, but since consciousness is
still in the realm of Prakrti it must be limited to some extent. The veils of illusion
have been removed one after another but there is still present one last, almost imper-
ceptible veil which prevents complete Self-realization and the object of Nirbija
Samadhi is to remove this. In the earlier stages of Samprajnata Samadhi the dropping
of the ‘seed’ leads to the emergence of consciousness into the next subtler plane but
after the Asmita stage has been reached and the consciousness is centred on the Atmic
plane the dropping of the ‘seed’ will lead the emergence of consciousness into the
plane of Purusa himself. The Light which was upto this stage illuminating other ob-
jects now illuminates Itself, for it has withdrawn beyond the realm of these objects.
The Seer is now established in his own Self (I-3).
It is impossible to imagine this state in which the light of consciousness illumi-
nates itself instead of illuminating other objects outside itself but the student, at least,
should not make the mistake of imagining it as a state in which the Yogi finds himself
immersed in a sea of nebulous bliss and knowledge. Each successive stage of unfold-
ment of consciousness increases tremendously its vividness and clarity and brings
about an added influx of knowledge and power. It is absurd to suppose therefore that
in the last stage which marks the climax of this unfoldment consciousness lapses sud-
denly into a vague and nebulous state. It is only the limitations of the vehicles through
115
which we try to visualise this state which prevent us from comprehending it even to a
limited extent. When the vibrations of sound become too rapid they appear as silence.
When the vibrations of light become too fine they appear as darkness. In the same way
the extremely subtle nature of this transcendent consciousness of Reality appears as a
void to the mind.
The explanation given above should enable the student to understand clearly the
relation between Nirbija Samadhi and Asamprajnata Samadhi. It will be seen that Nirbija
Samadhi is nothing but the last stage of Asamprajnata Samadhi. It differs from the
previous Asamprajnata Samadhis in that there is no deeper level of Citta into which
consciousness can withdraw. Any further withdrawal now must be into the conscious-
ness of the Purusa himself. The consciousness of the Yogi is, as it were, poised on the
brink of the manifested Universe and has to plunge from the last foothold in the realm
of Prakrti into the Ocean of Reality. The Yogi is like a swimmer standing on a high
cliff abutting the sea. He jumps down from one ledge to another and then comes to the
lowest level from which he has to plunge directly into the sea. The last jump is differ-
ent from all the preceding jumps in that he passes into an entirely different kind of
medium.
Nirvija Samadhi is so called not only because there is no ‘seed’ in the field of
consciousness but also because in this kind of Samadhi no new Samskara is created.
One characteristic of a ‘seed’, namely its complex and multi-layer nature, has already
been referred to in I-42 and provides the reason for calling the object of Samyama in
Samadhi a ‘seed’. But another characteristic of a seed is that it reproduces itself when
sown in the ground. This potentiality to reproduce themselves under favourable condi-
tions is also present in the ‘seeds’ of Samprajinata Samadhi. In Nirbija Samadhi there
being no ‘seed’ no Samskaras can be produced. Not only no fresh Samskaras can be
produced but the old Samskaras of Sabija Samadhi are gradually dissipated by Para-
Vairagya and partial contact with the Purusa (IV-29). The consciousness thus gradu-
ally becomes free to function unburdened by the kind of Samskaras which tend to draw
it back into the realm of Prakrti. Nirbija Samadhi is therefore not only a means of
passing out of the realm of Prakrti but also of exhausting the subtle Samskaras which
still remain and which must be destroyed completely before Kaivalya can be attained.
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SECTION II
SADHANA PADA
117
SADHANA PADA
1. Austerity, self-study and resignation to Isvara constitute preliminary
Yoga.
The last three of the five elements of Niyama enumerated in II-32 have been
placed in the above Sutra under the title of Kriya-Yoga. This is rather an unusual pro-
cedure and we should try to grasp the significance of this repetition in a book which
attempts to condense knowledge to the utmost limit. Obviously, the reason why Tapas,
Svadhyaya and Isvara-Pranidhana are mentioned in two different contexts lies in the
fact that they serve two different purposes. And since the development of the subject
of self-culture in Section II of the Yoga-Sutras is progressive in character it follows
that the purpose of these three elements in II-l is of a more preliminary nature than that
in II-32. Their purpose in II-32 is the same as that of the other elements of Niyama and
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has been discussed at the proper place. What is the purpose in the context of II-l? Let
us see.
Anyone who is familiar with the goal of Yogic life and the kind of effort it in-
volves for its attainment will realize that it is neither possible nor advisable for any-
body who is absorbed in the life of the world and completely under the influence of
Klesas to plunge all at once into the regular practice of Yoga. If he is sufficiently in-
terested in the Yogic philosophy and wants to enter the path which leads to its goal he
should first accustom himself to discipline, should acquire the necessary knowledge of
the Dharma-Sastras and especially of the Yoga-Sastras and should reduce the intensity
of his egoism and all the other Klesas which are derived from it. The difference be-
tween the outlook and the life of the ordinary worldly man and the life which the Yogi
is required to live is so great that a sudden change from the one to the other is not pos-
sible and if attempted may produce a violent reaction in the mind of the aspirant,
throwing him back with still greater force into the life of the world. A preparatory pe-
riod of self-training in which he gradually assimilates the Yogic philosophy and its
technique and accustoms himself to self-discipline makes the transition from the one
life to the other easier and safer. It also incidentally enables the mere student to find
out whether he is sufficiently keen to adopt the Yogic life and make a serious attempt
to realize the Yogic ideal. There are too many cases of enthusiastic aspirants who for
no apparent reason cool off, or finding the Yogic discipline too irksome, give it up.
They are not yet ready for the Yogic life.
Even where there is present the required earnestness and the determination to
tread the path of Yoga it is necessary to establish a permanent mood and habit of pur-
suing its ideal. Mere wishing or willing is not enough. All the mental powers and de-
sires of the Sadhaka should be polarized and aligned with the Yogic ideal. Many aspi-
rants have very confused and sometimes totally wrong ideas with regard to the object
and technique of Yoga. Many of them have very exaggerated notions with regard to
their earnestness and capacity to tread the path of Yoga. Their ideas become clarified
and their capacity and earnestness are tested severely in trying to practise Kriya-Yoga.
They either emerge from the preliminary self-discipline with a clearly defined aim and
a determination and capacity to pursue it to the end with vigour and single-minded
devotion, or they gradually realize that they are not yet ready for the practice of Yoga
and decide to tune their aspiration to the lower key of mere intellectual study.
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This preparatory self-discipline is triple in its nature corresponding to the triple
nature of a human being. Tapas is related to his will, Svadhyaya to the intellect and
Isvara-Pranidhana to the emotions. This discipline, therefore, tests and develops all
the three aspects of his nature and produces an all-round and balanced growth of the
individuality which is so essential for the attainment of any high ideal. This point will
become clear when we consider the significance of these three elements of Kriya-Yoga
in dealing with II-32.
There exists some confusion with regard to the meaning of the Samskrta word
Kriya, some commentators preferring to translate it as ‘preliminary’, others as ‘practi-
cal’. As a matter of fact Kriya-Yoga is both practical and preliminary. It is preliminary
because it has to be taken up in the initial stages of the practice of Yoga and it is prac-
tical because it puts to a practical test the aspirations and earnestness of the Sadhaka
and develops in him the capacity to begin the practice of Yoga as distinguished from
its mere theoretical study however deep this might be.
2. (Kriya-Yoga) is practised for attenuating Klesas and bringing about
Samadhi.
Although the practice of the three elements of Kriya-Yoga is supposed to sub-
serve the preparatory training of the aspirant it should not therefore be assumed that
they are of secondary importance and have only a limited use in the life of the Sadhaka.
How effective this training is and to what exalted stage of development it is ca-
pable of leading the aspirant will be seen from the second Sutra which we are consid-
ering and which gives the results of practising Kriya-Yoga. Kriya-Yoga not only at-
tenuates the Klesas and thus lays the foundation of the Yogic life but it also leads the
aspirant to Samadhi, the essential and final technique of Yoga. It is, therefore, also
capable of building to a great extent the superstructure of the Yogic life. The impor-
tance of Kriya-Yoga and the high stage of development to which it can lead the Sad120
haka will be clear when we have considered the ultimate results of practising Tapas,
Svadhyaya and Isvara-Pranidhana in II-43-45.
The ultimate stage of Samadhi is, of course, reached through the practice of Isvara-
Pranidhana as indicated in I-23 and II-45. Although the two results of practising
Kriya-Yoga enumerated in II-2 are related to the initial and ultimate stages of Yogic
practice they are really very closely connected and in a sense complementary. The
more the Klesas are attenuated the greater becomes the capacity of the Sadhaka to
practise Samadhi and the nearer he draws to his goal of Kaivalya. When the Klesas
have been reduced to the vanishing point he is in habitual Samadhi (Sahaja-Samadhi),
at the threshold of Kaivalya.
We shall take up the discussion of these three elements of Kriya-Yoga as part of
Niyama in II-32.
3. The lack of awareness of Reality, the sense of egoism or ‘I-am-ness’, at-
tractions and repulsions towards objects and the strong desire for life are the great af-
flictions or causes of all miseries in life.
The philosophy of Klesas is really the foundation of the system of Yoga out-
lined by Patanjali. It is necessary to understand this philosophy thoroughly because it
provides a satisfactory answer to the initial and pertinent question, ‘Why should we
practise Yoga?’ The philosophy of Klesas is not peculiar to this system of Yoga. In its
essential ideas it forms the substratum of all schools of Yoga in India though perhaps it
has not been expounded as clearly and systematically as in the Samkhya and Yoga
Darsanas.
Many Western scholars have not fully understood the real significance of the
philosophy of Klesas and tend to regard it merely as an expression of the pessimism
which they think characterizes Hindu philosophical thought. At best they take it in the
light of an ingenious philosophical conception which provides the necessary founda-
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tion for certain systems of philosophy. That it is related to the hard facts of existence
and is based upon a close and scientific analysis of the phenomena of human life, they
would be hardly prepared to accept.
Purely academic philosophy has always been speculative and the essential task
of the expounder of a new philosophical system is considered to be to provide a plau-
sible explanation of the fundamental facts of life and existence. Some of these expla-
nations which form the basis of certain philosophical systems are extraordinarily in-
genious expositions and illustrations of reasoned thought, but they are purely specula-
tive and are based on the superficial phenomena of life observed through the
senses. Philosophy is considered to be a branch of learning concerned with evolving
theories about life and the Universe. Whether these theories are correct and help in
solving the real problems of life is not the concern of the philosopher. He has only to
see that the theory which he puts forward is intellectually sound and provides an ex-
planation of the observed facts of life with the maximum of plausibility. Its value lies
in its rationality and ingeniousness and possibly intellectual brilliance, not in its ca-
pacity to provide a means of overcoming the miseries and sufferings incidental to hu-
man life. No wonder academic philosophy is considered barren and futile by the com-
mon man and treated with indifference, if not with veiled contempt.
Now, in the East, though many ingenious and purely speculative philosophies
have been expounded from time to time, philosophy has been considered, on the
whole, as a means of expounding the real and deeper problems of human life and pro-
viding clear-cut and effective means for their solution. There is not much demand for
purely speculative systems of philosophy and such as exist are treated with a kind of
amused tolerance as intellectual curiosities—nothing more. The great problem of hu-
man life is too urgent, too serious, too profound, too awful to leave any room for the
consideration of mere intellectual theories, however brilliant these might be. If your
house is on fire you want a means of escape and are not in a mood to sit down and read
a brilliant thesis on architecture at that time. Those who can remain satisfied with
purely speculative philosophies have not really understood the great and urgent prob-
lem of human life and its deeper significance. If they see this problem as it really is
then they can be interested only in such philosophies as offer effective means for its
solution.
Although the perception of the inner significance of the real problem of human
life is dependent upon an inner change in consciousness and awakening of our spiritual
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faculties and cannot be brought about by an intellectual process of reasoning imposed
from without, still, let us consider man in time and space and see whether his circum-
stances justify the extraordinary complacency which we find out only among the
common people but also among the so-called philosophers.
Let us first consider man in space. In giving us a true picture of man in the
physical Universe of which he is a part nothing has helped us so much as the discover-
ies of modern Science. Even before man could use a telescope the vision of the sky at
night filled him with awe and wonder at the immensity of the Universe of which he
was an insignificant part. But the researches of astronomers have shown that the
physical Universe is almost unbelievably larger than what it appears to the naked eye.
The 6,000 stars that are within the range of our unaided vision form, according to Sci-
ence, a group which is only one among at least a billion other groups which stretch out
to infinity in every direction. Astronomers have made a rough calculation of the num-
ber of stars that are within the range of the high-powered telescopes available these
days and think there may be as many as 100 billion stars in our galaxy alone, some
smaller than our sun and others very much bigger. This galaxy which is only one of
100,000 already definitely known to astronomers is so vast that light with a speed of
186,000 miles per second takes about 100,000 years to travel from one side to the
other. In this vast ‘known’ Universe even our Solar system with its maximum orbital
(of planets) diameter of 7 billion miles occupies an insignificant place by comparison.
Narrowing down our vision to the Solar system we again find that the earth occupies
only an insignificant place in the huge distances that are involved. It has a diameter of
8,000 miles compared with 865,000 miles of the sun and moves slowly in its orbit
round the sun at an approximate distance of 93 million miles. Coining down still fur-
ther to our earth we find man occupying an insignificant position as far as his physical
body is considered. A microbe moving over the surface of a big school globe is physi-
cally a formidable object in comparison with man moving over the surface of the earth.
This is the awful picture that Science gives of man in the physical Universe, but
so great is the illusion of Maya and the complacence which it engenders that we not
only do not wonder about human life and tremble at our destiny but go through life
engrossed in our petty pursuits, and sometimes even obsessed with a sense of self-
importance. Even the scientists who scan this vast Universe every night with their tele-
scopes remain unaware of the profound significance of what they see.
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The picture which Science presents of our physical world in its infinitesimal as-
pect is no less disconcerting. That physical matter constituting our bodies consisted of
atoms and molecules has been known for quite a long time. But the recent researches
of Science in this field have led to some startling discoveries. The hard and indestruc-
tible atoms which constituted the bed-rock of modern scientific materialism have been
found to be nothing more than different permutations and combinations of two funda-
mental types of positive and negative charged particles—protons and electrons. The
protons form the core of the atom with electrons in varying numbers revolving round it
in different orbits with tremendous speed, an atom being thus a Solar system in minia-
ture. And what is still more startling, it has been found that these electrons may be
nothing but charges of electricity with no material basis because mass and energy be-
come indistinguishable at the high speed at which electrons move in their orbits. In
fact, the conversion of matter into energy which has now become an accomplished fact
shows that matter may be nothing more than an expression of locked-up energy. This
conclusion which really means that matter disappears into energy has been arrived at,
by an irony of fate, by the efforts of materialistic science which was responsible for
giving a tremendous materialistic bias to our thinking and living. This hard fact
means—and let the reader ponder carefully over this problem—that the well-known
and so-called real world which we cognize with our sense-organs, a world of forms,
colour, sound, etc., is based upon a phantom world containing nothing more than pro-
tons and electrons. These facts have become matters of common knowledge but how
many of us, even scientists who work on these problems, seem to grasp the signifi-
cance of these facts? How many are led to ask the question which should so naturally
arise in the light of these facts ‘What is man?’ Is there any further proof needed that
the mere intellect is blind and is incapable of seeing even the obvious truths of life,
much less the Truth of truths?
Leaving the world of space let us glance for a while at the world of time. Here
again we are faced with tremendous immensities of a different nature. An infinite suc-
cession of changes seems to extend on both sides into the past and the future. Of this
endless expanse of time a period of a few thousand years just behind us is all that is
reliably known to us while we have only a vague and hazy conception of what lies in
the lap of the uncertain future. For aught we know the sun may explode the very next
moment and destroy all life in the Solar system before we know what has happened.
We are almost certain that millions and millions of years lie behind us but what has
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happened in those years we cannot know except by inference from what we observe in
the visible Universe of stars around us. The past is like a huge tidal wave advancing
and devouring everything in its path. Magnificent civilizations on our earth of which
only traces are left and even planets and solar systems have disappeared in this tidal
wave never to appear again and a similar relentless fate awaits everything from a grain
of dust to a Solar system. Time, the instrument of the Great Illusion devours every-
thing. And yet, look at puny man, whose achievements and glories are also to disap-
pear in this void, how he struts about on the world stage clothed with brief authority or
glory in the few moments which have been allotted to him. Surely, this awful pano-
rama of ceaseless change which is unfolding before his eyes should make him pause
and at least wonder what is all this about. But does it?
The above picture of man in time and space is not at all over-drawn. A man has
only to isolate himself for a while from his engrossing environment and ponder over
these facts of life to realize the illusory nature of his life and to feel the so-called zest
of life melt away. But few of us have the eyes to look at this awful vision, and if by
any chance our eyes open accidently for a while, we find the prospect too terrifying
and shut them again, and completely oblivious and unaware of the real nature of life
continue to live with our joys and sorrows until the flame of life is snuffed out by the
hand of Death.
Now, the above picture of man in space and time has been given not with a view
to provide entertainment for the intellectually curious, or even food for thought for the
thoughtful, but to prepare the ground for the consideration of the philosophy of Klesas
which forms the foundation of the Yogic philosophy. For the philosophy of Yoga is
based on the hard realities of life, harder than the realities of Nature given to us by
Science. Those who are not aware of these realities, or are aware only superficially in
their intellectual aspects can hardly appreciate the goal or the technique of Yoga. They
may find Yoga a very interesting subject for study, even fascinating in some of its as-
pects, but they cannot have the determination to go through the tremendous labour and
ordeals which are required to rend asunder the veils of illusion created by Time and
Space, and to contact the Reality which is hidden behind these veils.
With this brief introduction let us now turn to consider the philosophy of Klesas
as it is outlined in the Yoga-Sutras. Let us first take the Samskrta word Klesa. It means
pain, affliction or misery but gradually it came to acquire the meaning of what causes
pain, affliction or misery. The philosophy of Klesas is thus an analysis of the underly-
125
ing and fundamental cause of human misery and suffering and the way in which this
cause can be removed effectively. This analysis is not based upon a consideration of
the superficial facts of life as observed through the senses. The Rsis who expounded
this philosophy were great Adepts who combined in themselves the qualifications of a
religious teacher, scientist and philosopher. With this triple qualification and synthetic
vision they attacked the great problem of life, determined to find a solution of the rid-
dle which Time and Space have created for the illusion-bound man. They observed the
phenomena of life not only with the help of their senses and the mind, but in the full
conviction that the solution lay beyond even the intellect; they dived deeper and
deeper into their own consciousness, tearing aside veil after veil, until they discovered
the ultimate cause of the Great Illusion and the misery and suffering which are its in-
evitable results. They discovered, incidentally, in their search other subtler worlds of
entrancing beauty hidden beneath the visible physical world. They discovered new
faculties and powers within themselves—faculties and powers which could be utilized
for studying these subtler worlds and pursuing their enquiry into still deeper layers of
their own consciousness. But they did not allow themselves to be entangled by these
subtler worlds and did not rest content until they had penetrated deep enough within
their consciousness to find an effective and permanent solution of the great problem of
life. They discovered in this way not only the ultimate cause of human misery and suf-
fering but also the only effective means of destroying these afflictions permanently.
It is very necessary for the student to realize the experimental nature of this phi-
losophy of Klesas and the greater philosophy of Yoga of which it is an integral part.
These are not the results of speculation or reasoned thought as many systems of phi-
losophy are. The philosophy of Yoga claims to be derived from the results of scientific
experiments, guided by the spirit of philosophic enquiry, inspired by religious devo-
tion. We cannot, obviously, verify this essentially scientific system by the ordinary
methods of Science and say to the sceptic: ‘Come I will prove it before your eyes.’ We
cannot judge it by the ordinary academic standards of philosophers who apply purely
intellectual criteria for judging these things. The only way in which it can be verified
is to follow the path which was taken by the original discoverers and which is outlined
in this system of Yoga. The sceptic might feel that it is unfair to ask him to assume the
validity of what he wants to get proved, but this, from the very nature of things, cannot
be helped. Those who have seen the fundamental problem of life in its true aspects will
consider the gamble worth taking, for that provides the only way out of the Great Illu-
126
sion. For others it does not matter whether they do or do not believe in the teachings of
Yoga. They are not yet ready for the Divine Adventure.
Before discussing in detail the philosophy of Klesas as outlined in Section II of
the Yoga-Sutras it will be desirable to give an analysis of the whole subject in the form
of a table. This will show at a glance the different aspects of the subject and their rela-
tion to one another. It will be seen from the summary given in this table—a fact which
is difficult to grasp otherwise—that the whole subject has been dealt with in a system-
atic and masterly manner. The student who wants to get a clear insight into the phi-
losophy of Klesas will do well, therefore, to go through the following summary care-
fully and ponder over it before taking up the detailed study cf the subject.
PHILOSOPHY OF KLESAS—SYNOPSIS
Numbers of Sutras in which the
Question dealt with Subject subject is dealt with in
Section II
1. What are Klesas? Enumeration and definitions. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
2. How are they destroyed? General methods of destroying them. 10,11.
3. Why should Klesas be They involve us in a
destroyed? never-ending cycle of births 12, 13, 14, 15.
and deaths and miseries of life.
4. Can their result— Yes, those that are still in the future. 16.
miseries of life—
be destroyed ?
5. What is the fundamental Union and identification of the 17.
cause of these miseries? Knower with the Known.
6. What is the nature of the Interactions of Bhutas, Indriyas 18, 19.
Known? and Gunas which result in
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experience and liberation.
7. What is the nature of the The Knower is pure consciousness. 20, 21, 22.
Knower?
8. Why have the For the evolution of powers of Prakrti 23.
Knower and the and for Self-realization
Known been brought of the Purusa.
together?
9. How have the Knower Through a veil of illusion 24.
and Known been brought caused by Avidya.
together?
10. How can the By destroying the veil 25.
Knower and Known of Avidya.
be separated?
11. How can this veil By Viveka which leads
of Avidya be destroyed? to increasing awareness of his 26, 27.
own nature by the Purusa
in 7 stages.
12. How can Viveka By the practice of Yoga. 28.
be developed?
The author opens the subject with an enumeration of the five Klesas in II-3. The
English equivalents of the Samskrta words do not correctly and fully convey the ideas
implied and the English words which come nearest to the Samkrta names of the Klesas
have been given. The underlying significance of the five Klesas will be explained in
dealing with the subsequent Sutras.
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ignorance or lack of awareness of Reality field; source of
the following ones (of) dormant; sleeping attenuated; thin scat-
tered; dispersed; alternating (and) expanded; fully operative.
4. Avidya is the source of those that are mentioned after it, whether they be
in the dormant, attenuated, alternating or expanded condition.
This Sutra gives two important facts concerning the nature of the Klesas. The
first is their mutual relationship. Avidya is the root-cause of the other four Klesas
which in their turn produce all the miseries of human life. A closer study of the nature
of the other four Klesas will show not only that they can grow only on the soil of
Avidya but also that the five Klesas form a connected series of causes and effects. The
relation existing between the five Klesas may be likened to the relation of root, trunk,
branches, leaves and fruit in a tree. The conclusion that the five Klesas are related to
one another in this manner is further strengthened by II-10 but we shall discuss this
question in dealing with that Sutra.
The other idea in this Sutra is the classification of the states or conditions in
which these Klesas may exist. These four states are defined as (1) dormant, (2) attenu-
ated (3) alternating, (4) expanded. The dormant condition is that in which the Klesa is
present but in a latent form. It cannot find expression for lack of proper conditions for
its expression and its kinetic energy has become potential. The attenuated condition is
that in which the Klesa is present in a very feeble or tenuous condition. It is not active
but can become active in a mild degree on a stimulus being applied. In the fully ex-
panded condition the Klesa is fully operative and its activity is all too apparent like the
waves on the surface of the sea in a storm. The alternating condition is that in which
two opposite tendencies overpower each other alternately as in the case of two lovers
who sometimes become angry and affectionate alternately. The feelings of attraction
and repulsion alternate, though fundamentally they are based on attachment.
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It is only in the case of the advanced Yogis that the Klesas are present in the
dormant form. In the case of ordinary people, the Klesas are present in the other three
conditions, depending upon external circumstances.
5. Avidya is taking the non-eternal, impure, evil and non-Atman to be eter-
nal, pure, good and Atman respectively.
This Sutra defines Avidya the root of the Klesas. It is quite obvious that the
word Avidya is not used in its ordinary sense of ignorance or lack of knowledge, but in
its highest philosophical sense. In order to grasp this meaning of the word we have to
recall the initial process whereby, according to the Yogic philosophy, consciousness,
the Reality underlying manifestation, becomes involved in matter. Consciousness and
matter are separate and utterly different in their essential nature but for reasons which
will be discussed in the subsequent Sutras they have to be brought together. How can
Atma, which is eternally free and self-sufficient, be made to assume the limitations
which are involved in the association with matter? It is by depriving it of the knowl-
edge or rather the awareness of its eternal and self-sufficient nature. This deprivation
of knowledge of its true nature which involves it in the evolutionary cycle is brought
about by a transcendent power inherent in the Ultimate Reality which is called Maya
or the Great Illusion.
Of course, this simple statement of a transcendent truth can give rise to innu-
merable philosophical questions such as ‘Why should it be necessary for the Atma
which is self-sufficient to be involved in matter?’ ‘How is it possible for the Atma
which is eternal to become involved in the limitations of Time and Space?’ There is no
real answer to such ultimate questions although many answers, obviously absurd, have
been suggested by different philosophers from time to time. According to those who
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have come face to face with Reality and know this secret, the only method by which
this mystery can be unravelled is to know the Truth which underlies manifestation and
which by its very nature is incommunicable.
As a result of the illusion in which consciousness gets involved it begins to
identify itself with the matter with which it becomes associated. This identification
becomes increasingly fuller as consciousness descends further into matter until the
turning point is reached and the upward climb in the opposite direction begins. The
reverse process of evolution in which consciousness gradually extricates itself, as it
were, from matter results in an increasing realization of its Real nature and ends in
complete Self-realization in Kaivalya. It is this fundamental privation of knowledge of
its Real nature, which begins with the evolutionary cycle, is brought about by the
power of Maya, and ends with the attainment of Liberation in Kaivalya, which is
called Avidya. Avidya has nothing to do with the knowledge which we acquire through
the intellect and which refers to the things concerning the phenomenal worlds. A man
may be a great scholar, a walking encyclopaedia as we say, and yet may be so com-
pletely immersed in the illusions created by the mind that he may stand much below a
simple-minded Sadhaka who is partially aware of the great illusions of the intellect
and the life in these phenomenal worlds. The Avidya of the latter is much less than that
of the former in spite of the tremendous difference in knowledge pertaining to the in-
tellect. This absence of awareness of our true nature results in the inability to distin-
guish between the eternal, pure, blissful Self and the non-eternal, impure and painful
not-Self.
The word ‘eternal’ here means as usual the state of consciousness which is
above the limitation of time as we know it as a succession of phenomena. ‘Pure’ refers
to the purity of consciousness as it exists unaffected and unmodified by matter which
imposes upon it the limitation of the three Gunas and consequent illusions. ‘Blissful’,
of course, refers to the Ananda or bliss of the Atma which is inherent in it and which is
independent of any external source or circumstance. The privation of this Sukha or
blissi which is inevitable when consciousness is identified with matter, is Duhkha or
misery. All these three attributes, which have been mentioned in the distinction be-
tween the Self and the not-Self, are merely illustrative and not exhaustive because it is
impossible to define the nature of the Self and to distinguish it from the not-Self in
terms of the limited conceptions of the intellect. The central idea to be grasped is that
the Atma in its purity is fully conscious of its Real nature. Progressive involution in
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matter deprives it of this Self-knowledge in increasing degree and it is the privation of
this knowledge which is called Avidya. As the matter is one pertaining to the realities
beyond the scope of the intellect it is not possible to understand it through the medium
of the intellect alone.
6. Asmita is the identity or blending together, as it were, of the power of
consciousness (Purusa) with the power of cognition (Buddhi).
Asmita is defined in this Sutra as the identification of the power of conscious-
ness with the power of cognition, but as the power of cognition always works through
a vehicle, in its wider and more intelligible meaning it may be considered as the identi-
fication of consciousness with the vehicle through which it is being expressed. This is
a very important and interesting idea which we should understand thoroughly if we
want to master the technique of liberating consciousness from the limitations under
which it works in the ordinary individual. The Samskrta word Asmita is derived from
Asmi which means literally ‘I am’. ‘I am’ represents the pure awareness of Self-
existence and is therefore the expression or Bhava as it is called, of pure consciousness
or the Purusa. When the pure consciousness gets involved in matter and owing to the
power of Maya, knowledge of its Real nature is lost, the pure ‘I am’ changes into ‘I am
this’ where ‘this’ may be the subtlest vehicle through which it is working, or the
grossest vehicle, namely the physical body. The two processes, namely the loss of
awareness of its Real nature and the identification with the vehicles are simultaneous.
The moment consciousness identifies itself with its vehicles it has fallen from its pure
state and it becomes bound by the limitations of Avidya, or we may say that the mo-
ment the veil of Avidya falls on consciousness its identification with its vehicles re-
sults immediately, though philosophically Avidya must precede Asmita.
The involution of consciousness in matter is a progressive process and for this
reason though Avidya and Asmita begin where the thinnest veil of Maya involves pure
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consciousness in the subtlest vehicle, the degree of Avidya and Asmita goes on increas-
ing as the association of consciousness with matter becomes more and more strength-
ened. As consciousness descends into one vehicle after another the veil of Avidya be-
comes, as it were, thicker and the tendency to identify oneself with the vehicle be-
comes stronger and grosser. On the other hand, when the reverse process takes place
and consciousness is released from its limitations in its evolutionary upward climb, the
veil of Avidya becomes thinner and the resulting Asmita weaker and subtler. This evo-
lution on the upward arc takes place in seven definite and clearly marked stages as is
indicated in II-27. These stages correspond to the transference of consciousness from
one vehicle to a subtler vehicle.
Let us now come down from the abstract principles and consider the problem In
relation to things with which we are familiar and which we can understand more eas-
ily. Let us consider the problem of the expression of consciousness through the physi-
cal body. We should remember, in considering this question that the consciousness
which is normally expressed through the physical body is not pure unmodified con-
sciousness being involved in a vehicle. It has already passed through several such in-
volutions and it is already heavily loaded, as it were, when it seeks expression through
the outermost or grossest vehicle. It is therefore consciousness conditioned by the
limitations of all the intervening vehicles which form a kind of bridge between it and
the physical body. But as the process of involution and consequent identification is in
essence the same at each stage of involution, we can get some idea of the underlying
principles even though the expression of consciousness through the physical body is
complicated by the factors referred to above.
Coming back to our problem we then see that the association of consciousness,
conditioned as mentioned above, with the physical body must lead to this identifica-
tion with the vehicle and the language which is used by all of us in common inter-
course reflects this fully. We always use such expressions as ‘I see’, ‘I hear’, ‘I go’, ‘I
sit’. In the case of the savage and the child this identification with the body is so com-
plete that there is not the slightest feeling of discrepancy in using such language. But
the educated and intelligent man, whose identification with the body is not quite com-
plete and who feels to a certain extent that he is different from the body, is aware at
least in a vague manner that it is not he who sees, hears, walks and sits. These activi-
ties belong to the physical body and he is merely witnessing them through his mind.
Still, from force of habit and disinclination to go deeper into the matter, or from fear
133
of appearing odd in using the correct language he continues to use the common phra-
seology. So deep-rooted is this identification that even physiologists, psychologists
and philosophers, who are supposed to be familiar with the mechanism of sense-
perception and intellectually recognize the mere instrumentality of the physical body,
are hardly actively aware of this tendency and may identify themselves with the body
completely. It is worth noting that mere intellectual knowledge with regard to such
patent facts does not by itself enable a person to separate himself from his vehicles.
Who has more detailed knowledge with regard to the physical body and its functions
than a doctor who has dissected hundreds of bodies and knows that it is a mere mecha-
nism. One would expect that a doctor at least, from whom nothing inside the body is
hidden, will be above this tendency to regard himself as the body. But is a doctor in
any way better off in this respect than a layman? Not at all. This is not a matter of or-
dinary seeing and understanding at all.
Asmita or identification with a vehicle is not a simple but a very complex proc-
ess and has many aspects. The first aspect we may consider is identification with the
powers and faculties associated with the vehicles. For example, when a person says ‘I
see’ what really happens is that the faculty of sight is exercised by the body through
the eye and the in-dwelling entity becomes merely aware of the result, i.e. the pano-
rama presented before the eye. Again, when he says, ‘I walk’ what really happens is
that the will working through the mind moves the body on its legs like a portable in-
strument and the in-dwelling entity identifying himself with the movement of the body
says, ‘I walk’.
The second aspect is the association of the subtler vehicle in this process of
identification where a compound Asmita—if such a phrase can be used—is produced.
Thus when a person says he has a headache what is really happening is that there is a
slight disorder in the brain. This disorder by its reaction on the next subtler vehicle
through which sensations and feelings are felt produces the sensation of pain. The in-
dwelling entity identifies himself with this joint product of these two vehicles and this
results in ‘his’ having a headache, although a little thought will show him that it is not
he but the vehicle which is having the pain of which he is aware. The same thing
working at a somewhat higher level produces such reactions as ‘I think’, ‘I approve’. It
is the mind which thinks and approves and the consciousness becomes merely aware of
the thought process which is reflected in the physical body. Ambition, pride and simi-
134
lar unpleasant traits of human character are merely highly developed and perverted
forms of this tendency to identify ourselves with the workings of the mind.
A third aspect which may be considered in this process of identification is the
inclusion of other accessories and objects in the environment. The physical body be-
comes a centre round which get associated a number of objects which in smaller or
greater degree become part of the ‘I’. These objects may be animate or inanimate. The
other bodies which are born of one's body become ‘my children’. The house in which
one's body is kept becomes ‘my house’. So round the umbra (total shadow) created by
Asmita with the body is a penumbra (partial shadow) containing all those objects and
persons which ‘belong’ to the ‘I’ working through the body and they produce the atti-
tude or Bhava of ‘my’ and ‘mine’.
The above brief and general discussion of Asmita associated with the physical
body will give some idea to the student with regard to the nature of this Klesa. Of
course, Asmita manifesting through the physical body is the grossest form of the Klesa
and as we try to study the working of this tendency in the subtler vehicles we find it
more and more elusive and difficult to deal with. Any thoughtful man can separate
himself in thought from his physical body and see thalt he is not the bag of flesh,
bones and marrow with the help of which he comes in contact with the physical world.
But few can separate themselves from their intellect and realize that their opinions and
ideas are mere thought patterns produced by their mind just like the thought patterns
produced by other minds. The reason why we take interest in and attach so much im-
portance to our opinions lies, of course, in the fact that we identify ourselves with our
intellect. Our thoughts, opinions, prejudices and predilections are part of our mental
possessions, children of our mind, and that is why we feel and show such undue and
tender regard for them.
Of course, there are levels of consciousness even beyond that of the intellect. In
all these Asmita is present though it becomes subtler and more refined as we leave one
vehicle after another. It is no use dealing with these subtler manifestations of Asmita
here because unless one can transcend the intellect and function in these super-
intellectual fields one cannot really understand them.
Although the question of destroying the Klesas will be dealt with later in subse-
quent Sutras there is one fact which may be usefully pointed out here. Many methods
have been suggested whereby this tendency to identify ourselves with our vehicles
may be gradually attenuated. Many of these methods are quite useful and do help us in
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a certain measure to disentangle our consciousness from our vehicles. But it has to be
borne in mind that complete dissociation from a vehicle takes place only when con-
sciousness is able to leave the vehicle deliberately and consciously and function in the
next subtler vehicle (of course, with all the still subtler vehicles present in the back-
ground). When the Jivatma is able to leave a vehicle at will and ‘see’ it separate from
himself then only is the false sense of identification completely destroyed. We may
meditate for years trying to separate ourselves in thought from the body but the result
of this will not be as great as one experience of leaving it consciously and seeing it
actually separate from ourselves. We shall, of course, re-enter that body and assume
all its limitations but it can never again exercise on us the same illusory influence as it
did before. We have realized that we are different from the body. For the advanced
Yogi who can and does leave his body every now and then and can function independ-
ently of it in a routine manner, it is just like a dwelling house. The very idea of identi-
fying himself with the body will appear absurd to him. It will be seen, therefore, that
practice of Yoga is the most effective means of destroying Asmita completely and
permanently. As the Yogi leaves one vehicle of consciousness after another in Samadhi
he destroys progressively the tendency to identify himself with those vehicles and with
the destruction of Asmita in this manner the veil of Avidya automatically becomes
thinner.
7. That attraction, which accompanies pleasure, is Raga.
Raga is defined in this Sutra as the attraction which one feels towards any per-
son or object when any kind of pleasure or happiness is derived from that person or
object. It is natural for us to get attracted in this manner because the soul in bondage,
having lost the direct source of Ananda within, gropes after Ananda in the external
world and anything which provides even a shadow of this in the form of ordinary hap-
piness or pleasure becomes dear to it. If we are attracted to any person or object we
shall always find on scrutiny that the attraction is due to some kind of pleasure, physi-
136
cal, emotional or mental. We may be addicted to a particular kind of food because we
find it pleasant. We may be attached to a person because we derive from him some
kind of pleasure, physical or emotional. We may be devoted to a particular pursuit be-
cause it gives us intellectual satisfaction.
8. That repulsion which accompanies pain is Dvesa.
Dvesa is the natural repulsion felt towards any person or object which is a
source of pain or unhappiness to us. The essential nature of the Self is blissful' and
therefore anything which brings pain or unhappiness in the outer world makes the
outer vehicles recoil from that thing. What has been said about Raga is applicable to
Dvesa in an opposite sense because Dvesa is only Raga in the negative, the two to-
gether forming a pair of opposites.
As these two Klesas form the most prominent part of the fivefold tree which
provides the innumerable fruits of human misery and suffering it is worthwhile taking
note of a few facts concerning them.
(1) The attractions and repulsions which bind us to innumerable persons and
things, in the manner indicated above, condition our life to an unbelievable extent.
Unconsciously or consciously we think, feel and act according to hundreds of these
biases produced by these invisible bonds and there is hardly any freedom left for the
individual to act, feel and think freely. The conditioning of the mind which takes place
when we are under the domination of any overpowering attraction or repulsion is rec-
ognized, but few people have any idea of the distortion produced in our life by the less
prominent attractions and repulsions or the extent to which our life is conditioned by
them.
(2) These attractions and repulsions bind us down to the lower levels of con-
sciousness because it is only in these levels that they can have free play. It is a funda-
mental law of life that we find ourselves sooner or later where our conscious or uncon-
scious desires can be satisfied. Since these attractions and repulsions are really the
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breeders of desires pertaining to the lower life they naturally keep us tied down to the
lower worlds where consciousness is under the greatest limitations.
(3) The repulsions bind us as much as the attractions. Many people are vaguely
aware of the binding nature of the attractions but few can understand why repulsions
should bind an individual. But repulsions bind as much as the attractions because they
also are the expression of a force connecting the two components which are repelled
from each other. We are tied to the person we hate perhaps more firmly than to the
person we love, because the personal love can be transformed into impersonal love
easily and then loses its binding power. But it is not so easy to transmute the force of
hatred and the poison generated by it is removed from one's nature with great diffi-
culty. As Raga and Dvesa form a pair of opposites we cannot transcend one without
transcending the other. They are like two sides of a coin. In the light of what is said
above it will be seen that Vairagya is not only freedom from Raga but also freedom
from Dvesa. A free and unconditioned mind does not oscillate from side to side. It re-
mains stationary at the centre.
(4) Attractions and repulsions really belong to the vehicles but owing to the
identification of consciousness with its vehicles we feel that we are being attracted or
repelled. When we begin to control and eliminate these attractions and repulsions
we gradually become aware of this fact and this knowledge then enables us to control
and eliminate them more effectively.
(5) That Raga and Dvesa in their gross form are responsible for much of human
misery and suffering will become apparent to anyone who can view life dispassion-
ately and can trace causes and effects intelligently. But only those who systematically
try to attenuate the Klesas by means of Kriya-Yoga can see the subtler workings of
these Klesas, how they permeate the whole fabric of our worldly life and prevent us
from having any peace of mind.
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9. Abhinivesa is the strong desire for life which dominates even the learned
(or the wise).
The last derivative of Avidya is called Abhinivesa. It is generally translated as
desire for life or will-to-live. That every human being, in fact every living creature,
wants to continue to live is, of course, a fact with which everyone is familiar. We
sometimes see people who have nothing to gain from life. Their life is one long drawn-
out misery and yet their attachment to life is as great as ever. The reason for this ap-
parent anomaly is, of course, that the other four Klesas which result in desire for life
or Abhinivesa are in full operation even in the absence of unfavourable external cir-
cumstances.
There are two points in this Sutra which require some explanation. First, that
this strong attachment to life which is universal is well established even in the learned.
One may expect ordinary people to feel this attachment but a wise man at least who
knows all about the realities of life may be expected to sit lightly on life. But as a mat-
ter of fact, this is not so. The philosopher who is well versed in all the philosophies of
the world and knows intellectually all the deeper problems of life is as much attached
to life as the ordinary person who is ignorant about these things. The reason why
Patanjali has pointed out this fact definitely lies perhaps in his intention to bring to the
notice of the would-be Yogi that mere knowledge of the intellect (Vidusah here really
means the learned and not the wise) is in itself inadequate for freeing a man from this
attachment to life. Unless and until the tree of Klesas is destroyed, root and branch, by
a systematic course of Yogic discipline the attachment to life in smaller or greater de-
gree will continue in spite of all the philosophies we may know or preach. The would-
be Yogi, therefore, places no reliance on such theoretical knowledge. He treads the
path of Yoga which alone can bring freedom from the Klesas.
The second point to be noted in this Sutra is contained in the phrase Svarasavahi
which means sustained by its own inherent force or potency. The universality
of Abhinivesa shows that there is some constant and universal force inherent in life
which automatically finds expression in this ‘desire to live’. The desire to live is not
the result of some accidental development in the course of evolution. It seems to be an
essential feature of that process. What is this all-powerful force which seems to under-
lie the current of life and which makes every living creature stick to life like a leech
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all the time? According to the Yogic philosophy this force is rooted in the very origin
of things and it comes into play the moment consciousness comes in contact with mat-
ter and the evolutionary cycle begins. As was pointed out in II-4 Avidya is the root of
all the Klesas and Abhinivesa is merely the fruit or the final expression of the chain of
causes and effects set in motion with the birth of Avidya and the involution of con-
sciousness in matter.
It was pointed out earlier that the different Klesas are not unconnected with one
another. They form a sort of series beginning with Avidya and ending with Abhinivesa.
This view is supported by II-10 according to which the method by which the subtle
forms of Klesas can be destroyed is by reversing the process by which they are pro-
duced. According to this view, then, Abhinivesa is merely the final phase in the devel-
opment of the Klesas and that is why it is Svarasavahi. Until the initial cause disap-
pears the subsequent effects must continue to appear in an unending flow.
In the connected series of Klesas, Raga and Dvesa appear as the immediate
cause of attachment to life. It follows from this that the greater the play of attractions
and repulsions in the Jife of an individual the greater must be his attachment to life.
Observation of life shows that this is to a great extent true. It is people who are under
the domination of most violent attractions and repulsions who are most attached to
life. We also find that in old age these attractions and repulsions temporarily lose their
force to some extent and pari passu the desire for life also becomes comparatively
feebler.
10. These, the subtle ones, can be reduced by resolving them backward into
their origin.
In II-10 and II-11 Patanjali gives the general principles of first attenuating the
Klesas and finally destroying them. The Klesas can exist in two states, active and po-
tential. In their active state they can be recognized easily by their outer expressions
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and the definite awareness which they produce in the mind of the Sadhaka. In the case
of a person who is in a fit of anger it is easy to see that Dvesa is in full operation. The
same person when he subjects himself to a rigid self-discipline acquires the capacity to
keep himself absolutely caJm and without repulsion towards any one and thus reduces
this Klesa to a potential condition. Dvesa has ceased to function but its germs are still
there and, given very favourable conditions, can be made active again. Their power has
become potential but not completely destroyed. The transition from the fully active to
the perfectly dormant condition takes place through a number of stages which have
been pointed out in II-4. Through the practice of Kriya-Yoga they can be attenuated
progressively until they become quite dormant, incapable of being aroused by ordinary
stimuli from the external world. But given extraordinary conditions they can be made
active again. So we have to deal with two problems in the complete elimination of the
Klesas, first to reduce them to the inactive or Suksma state and then to destroy even
their potential power. The first is referred to generally as reducing the Klesas to the
form of ‘seeds’ which under favourable conditions have still the power to grow into a
tree, and the second as ‘scorching the seeds’ so that while they may retain the outer
form of the ‘seeds’ they have really become incapable of germinating and growing into
a tree.
The problem of reducing the Klesas to the condition of ‘seeds’ is itself divisible
under two sub-heads, that of reducing the fully active forms to the attenuated forms
(Tanu) and then reducing the latter to the extremely inactive condition (Prasupta) from
which they cannot be aroused easily. Since the first of these two problems is the more
important and fundamental in its nature Patanjali has dealt with it first in II-10. The
second problem of reducing the active forms of the Klesas to the partially latent condi-
tion, being comparatively easier, is dealt with in II-41, though in Sadhana it really
precedes the first problem.
In II-10 the method of reducing the Klesas which have been attenuated to the
dormant stage has been hinted at. The phraseology used by Patanjali is extremely apt
and expressive but many people find it difficult to understand the meaning of this
pregnant Sutra. The phrase Pratiprasava means involution or re-absorption of effect
into cause or reversing the process of Prasava or evolution. If a number of things are
derived in a series from a primary thing by a process of evolution they can all be re-
duced to the original thing by a counter-process of involution and such a counter proc-
141
ess is called Pratiprasava. Let us consider the underlying significance of this phrase in
the present context.
We have seen already that the five Klesas mentioned in II-3 are not independent
of each other but form a series beginning with Avidya and ending with Abhinivesa.
The process of the development of Avidya into its final expression Ahhinivesa is a
causal process, one stage naturally and inevitably leading to the next one. It is there-
fore inevitable that if we want to remove the final element of this fivefold series we
must reverse the process whereby each effect is absorbed in its immediate cause and
the whole series disappears. It is a question of removing all or none. This means that
Abhinivesa should be traced back to Raga-Dvesa, Raga-Dvesa to Asmita, Asmita to
Avidya, and Avidya to Enlightenment. This tracing backward is not merely an intellec-
tual recognition but a realization which nullifies the power of the Klesas to affect the
mind of the Yogi. This realization can come to a certain extent on the physical plane
but is attained in its fullness on the higher planes when the Yogi can rise in Samadhi to
those planes. It will, therefore, be seen from what has been said above that there is no
short-cut to the attenuation and final destruction of the Klesas. It involves the whole
technique of Yogic discipline.
The fact that the subtle forms of Klesas remain in their ‘seed’ form even after
they have been attenuated to the extreme limit is of great significance. It means that
the Sadhaka is not free from danger until he has crossed the threshold of Kaivalya and
reached the final goal. As long as these ‘seeds’ lurk within him there is no knowing
when he may become their victim. It is these unscorched ‘seeds’ of Klesas which ac-
count for the sudden and unexpected fall of Yogis after they have reached great heights
of illumination and power. This shows the necessity of exercising the utmost discrimi-
nation right up to the very end of the Path.
When the latent forms of Klesas have been attenuated to the utmost limit and
the resulting tendencies have been made extremely feeble—brought almost to the zero
level—the question arises, ‘How to destroy the potentiality of these tendencies so that
there may be no possibility of their revival under any circumstances?’ How to scorch
the ‘seeds’ of Klesas so that they cannot germinate again? This is a very important
question for the advanced Yogi because his work has not been completed until this has
been done. The answer to this question follows from the very nature of the Klesas
which has been discussed previously. If the Klesas are rooted in Avidya they cannot be
destroyed until Avidya is destroyed. This means that no freedom from the subtlest
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forms of the Klesas is possible until full Enlightenment of Kaivalya is attained through
the practice of Dharma-Megha-Samadhi. This conclusion is confirmed by IV-30 ac-
cording to which freedom from Klesas and Karmas is obtained only after Dharma-
Megha-Samadhi which precedes the attainment of Kaivalya.
11. Their active modifications are to be suppressed by meditation.
This Sutra gives the method of dealing with the Klesas in the preliminary stage
when they have to be reduced from an active to a passive state. The means to be
adopted are given in one word Dhyana. It is therefore necessary to understand the
meaning of this word in its full scope. The word Dhyana, of course, literally means
meditation or contemplation as explained elsewhere but here it obviously stands for a
rather comprehensive self-discipline of which meditation is the pivot. It is easy to see
that a Sadhaka who is under the domination of Klesas in their active form will have to
attack the problem from many sides at once. In fact, the whole technique of Kriya-
Yoga will have to be utilized for this purpose, for one of the two objects of Kriya-Yoga
is to attenuate the Klesas and the reduction of the Klesas from their active to the pas-
sive form is the first step in this attenuation. Svadhyaya, Tapas and Isvara-
Pranidhana, all the three elements of Kriya-Yoga, have therefore to be used in this
work. But the essential part of all these three is really Dhyana, the intensive concentra-
tion of the mind in order to understand the deeper problems of life and to solve them
effectively for the realization of one's main objective. Even Tapas, the element of
Kriya-Yoga which outwardly seems to involve merely going through certain self-
disciplinary and purificatory exercises, depends for its effectiveness to a large extent
on Dhyana. For, it is not the mere external performance of the act which brings about
the desired result but the inner concentration of purpose and the alert mind which un-
derlie the act. If these latter are not present the outer action will be of no avail. No
success in Yoga is possible unless all the energies of the soul are polarized and har-
143
nessed for achieving the central purpose. So the word Dhyana in II-11 implies all men-
tal processes and exercises which may help the Sadhaka to reduce the active Klesas to
the passive condition. It may include reflection, brooding over the deeper problems of
life, changing habits of thought and attitudes by means of meditation (II-33), Tapas as
well as meditation in the ordinary sense of the term.
It is necessaiy to note in this connection that reducing the Klesas to a latent or
passive condition does not mean merely bringing them to a temporary state of quies-
cence. Violent disturbances of the mind and emotions which result from the activity of
the Klesas (Klesa-Vrtti) are not always present and we all pass through phases in
which Klesas like Raga-Dvesa seem to have become latent. A Sadhaka may retire for
sometime into solitude. As long as he is cut off from all kinds of social relationships,
Raga and Dvesa will naturally become inoperative but that does iot mean that he has
reduced these to a latent state. It is only their outer expression which has been sus-
pended and the moment he resumes his social life these Klesas will re-assert them-
selves with their usual force. Reducing the Klesas to the latent state means making the
tendencies so feeble that they are not easily aroused, though they have not yet been
rooted out.
Another point which may be noted is that attacking one particular form or ex-
pression of a Klesa a is not of much avail, though in the beginning this may be done to
gain some knowledge of the working of the Klesas and the technique of mastering
them. A Klesa can assume innumerable forms of expression and if we merely suppress
one of its expressions it will assume other forms. It is the general tendency which has
to be tackled and it is this isolation, as it were, of this tendency and tackling it as a
whole which tests the intelligence of the Sadhaka and determines the success of the
endeavour.
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12. The reservoir of Karmas which are rooted in Klesas brings all kinds of
experiences in the present and future lives.
Sutras 12, 13 and 14 give in a very concise and lucid manner the essential fea-
tures of the twin laws of Karma and Reincarnation, the well-known doctrines formulat-
ing the Universal Moral Law and cycle of births and deaths underlying human life. As
the students of Yoga are generally familiar with the broad aspects of these doctrines it
is not necessary to discuss them here and we shall confine ourselves to the particular
aspects referred to in these three Sutras. It may be pointed out at the very outset that
Patanjali has not attempted to give us a general idea concerning the Laws of Karma
and Reincarnation. His object is merely to show the underlying cause of human misery
so that we may be able to appreciate the means adopted in Yogic discipline for its ef-
fective removal. He, therefore, takes only those particular aspects of these laws which
are needed for his argument. But, incidentally, he has given in three brief Sutras the
very essence of these all-embracing laws.
The first idea given in II-12 which we have to note is that Klesas are the under-
lying cause of the Karmas we generate by our thoughts, desires and actions. Each hu-
man soul goes through a continuous series of incarnations reaping the fruits of
thoughts, desires, and actions done in the past and generating, during the process of
reaping, new causes which will bear their fruits in this or future lives. So every human
life is like a flowing current in which two processes are at work simultaneously, the
working out of Karmas made in the past and the generation of new Karmas which will
bear fruit in the future. Each thought, desire, emotion and action produces its corre-
sponding result with mathematical exactitude and this result is recorded naturally and
automatically in our life's ledger.
What is the nature of this recording mechanism upon which depends the work-
ing out of causes and effects with mathematical precision? The answer to this question
is contained only in one word, Karmasaya, given in this Sutra, This word means liter-
ally the reservoir or sleeping place of Karmas. Karmasaya, obviously, refers to the
vehicle in our inner constitution which serves as the receptacle of all the Samskaras or
impressions made by our thoughts, desires, feelings and actions. This vehicle serves as
a permanent record of all that we have thought, felt or done during the long course of
evolution extending over a series of lives and provides patterns and contents of the
successive lives. People who are familiar even with elementary physiology should find
145
no difficulty in understanding and appreciating this idea because the impressions pro-
duced in our brain by our experiences on the physical plane provide an exact parallel.
Everything which we have experienced through our sense-organs is recorded in the
brain and can be recovered in the form of memory of those experiences. We cannot see
these impressions and yet we know that they exist.
Students who are familiar with Hindu philosophical thought will find no diffi-
culty in identifying this Karmasaya with the Karana Sarira or ‘causal body’ in the
Vedantic classification of our inner constitution. This is one of the subtle vehicles of
consciousness which lies beyond the Manomaya Kosa and is so called because it is the
source of all causes which will be set in motion and will mould our present and future
lives. It is the receptacle into which the effects of all that we do are being constantly
poured in and being transformed into causes of experiences which we shall go through
in this and future lives.
Now, the important point to note here is that though this ‘causal’ vehicle is the
immediate or effective cause of the present and future lives and from it, to a great ex-
tent, flow the experiences which constitute those lives, still, the real or ultimate cause
of these experiences are the Klesas. Because, it is the Klesas which are responsible for
the continuous generation of Karmas and the causal vehicle merely serves as a mecha-
nism for adjusting the effects of these Karmas.
13. As long as the root is there it must ripen and result in lives of different
class, length and experiences.
As long as the Klesas are operating in the life of an individual the vehicle of
Karmas will be continually nourished by the addition of new causal impressions and
there is no possibility of the series of lives coming to an end. If the root remains intact
the Samskaras in the causal vehicle will naturally continue to ripen and produce one
life after another with its inevitable misery and suffering. Though the nature and con-
146
tent of experiences gone through by human beings in their lives is of infinite variety,
Patanjali has classified these under three heads (1) class, (2) length of life, and (3)
pleasant or unpleasant nature of the experiences. These are the principal features
which determine the nature of a life. First, Jati or class. This determines the environ-
ment of the individual and thus his opportunities and the type of life which he will be
able to lead A man born in a slum has not the same opportunities as a man born among
cultured people. So the kind of life a person has is determined in the first place by Jati.
The second important factor is the length of life. This naturally determines the
total number of experiences. A life cut short in childhood contains a comparatively
smaller number of experiences than a long life running its normal course. Of course,
since the successive lives of an individual form one continuous whole, from the larger
point of view, a short life intervening in this manner does not really matter very much.
It is as if a person could not have a full day for work but had to go to bed early. An-
other day dawns when he can continue his work as usual.
The third factor is the nature of the experiences gone through as regards their
pleasant or unpleasant quality. Jati also determines the nature of the experiences but
there we consider the experiences in relation to the opportunities for the growth of the
soul. Under Bhoga we consider experiences in relation to their potentiality to bring
pain or pleasure to the individual. There are some people who are well placed in life
but have a difficult time—nothing but suffering and unbappiness from birth to death.
On the other hand, we may have a life lived in comparatively poor circumstances but
the experiences may be pleasant all along. The pleasures and pains which we have to
bear are not entirely dependent upon our Jati. There is a personal factor involved as
we can ourselves see by observing the lives of people around us.
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14. They have joy or sorrow for their fruit according as their cause is virtue
or vice.
Upon what depends the nature of the experiences we have to go through in life?
Since everything in the universe works according to a hidden and immutable law it
cannot be due to mere chance that some of these experiences are joyful and others are
sorrowful. What determines this pleasurable or painful quality of the experiences? II-
14 gives an answer to this question. The pleasurable or painful quality of experiences
which come in our life is determined by the nature of the causes which have produced
them. The effect is always naturally related to the cause and its nature is determined by
the cause. Now, those thoughts, feelings and actions which are ‘virtuous’ give rise to
experiences which are pleasant while those which are ‘vicious’ give rise to experiences
which are unpleasant. But we must not take the words ‘virtuous’ and ‘vicious’ in their
narrow, orthodox religious sense but in the wider and scientific sense of living in con-
formity with the great Moral Law which is universal in its action and mathematical in
its expression. In Nature the effect is always related to the cause and corresponds ex-
actly to the cause which has set it in motion. If we cause a little purely physical pain to
somebody it is reasonable to suppose that the fruit of our action will be some experi-
ence causing a corresponding physical pain to us. It cannot be a dreadful calamity
causing terrible mental agony. This will be unjust and the Law of Karma is the expres-
sion of the most perfect justice that we can conceive of. Since Karma is a natural law
and natural laws work with mathematical precision we can to a certain extent predict
the Karmic results of our actions and thoughts by imagining their consequences. The
Karmic result, or ‘fruit’ as it is generally called, of an action is related to the action as
a photographic copy is related to its negative, though the compounding of several ef-
fects in one experience may make it difficult to trace the effects to their respective
causes. The orthodox religious conceptions of hell and heaven, in which are provided
rewards and punishments without any regard for the natural relationship of causes and
effects, are sometimes absurd in the extreme though they do, in a general way, relate
virtue to pleasure and vice to pain.
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(on account of) change acute anxiety; suffering impres-
sion; stamping with a tendency pains (three causes mentioned above) (be-
tween the three) Gunas (and) modification (of the mind) on account of
opposition or conflict and is pain; misery only to the enlight-
ened; to the person who has developed discrimination.
15. To the people who have developed discrimination all is misery on ac-
count of the pains resulting from change, arfcriety and tendencies, as also on account
of the conflicts between the functioning of the Gunas and the Vrttis (of the mind).
If virtue and vice beget respectively pleasurable and painful experiences the
question may arise ‘Why not adopt the virtuous life to ensure in time an uninterrupted
series of pleasurable experiences and to eliminate completely all painful experiences?’.
Of course, for some time the results of vicious actions we have done in the past would
continue to appear but if we persist in our efforts and make our life continuously and
strictly moral, eliminating vice of every description, a time must come when the Samskaras
and Karmas created from vicious thoughts and actions in the past would get
exhausted and life thenceforth must become a continuous series of pleasant and happi-
ness-giving experiences. This is a line of thought which will appeal especially to the
aspirant who is having a nice time and is attached to the nice things of the world.
The philosophy of Klesas will appear to him unnecessarily harsh and pessimistic and
the ideal of a completely virtuous life will seem to provide a very happy solution of
the great problem of life. It will satisfy his innate moral and religious sense and ensure
for him the happy and pleasant life that he really wants. The orthodox religious ideal
which requires people to be good and moral so that they may have a happy life here
and hereafter is really a concession to human weakness and the desire to prefer the so-
called happiness in life to Enlightenment.
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This idea of ensuring a happy life by means of virtue, apart from the impracti-
cability of iiving a perfectly virtuous life continuously while still bound by illusion, is
based on a delusion about the very nature of what the ordinary man calls happiness and
II-15 explains why this is so. This is perhaps one of the most important Sutras, if not
the most important, bearing on the philosophy of Klesas and a real grasp of the signifi-
cance of the fundamental idea expounded in it is necessary not only for understanding
the philosophy of Klesas but the Yogic philosophy as a whole. Not until the aspirant
has realized to some extent the illusion underlying the so-called ‘happiness’ which he
pursues in the world can he really give up this futile pursuit and devote himself whole-
heartedly to the task of transcending the Great Illusion and finding that Reality in
which alone can one find true Enlightenment and Peace. Let the serious student, there-
fore, ponder carefully over the profound significance of this Sutra.
The Sutra in general means that all experiences are either actively or potentially
full of misery to the wise person whose spiritual perception has become awakened.
This is so because certain conditions like change, anxiety, habituation and conflicts
between the functioning of the Gunas and Vrttis are inherent in life. Let us take up
each of these conditions and see what it means.
Parinama: means change. It should be obvious to the most unintelligent, man
that lifers we know it,is governed by a relentless law of change which is all-pervasive
and applies to all things at all times. Nothing in life abides right from a Solar system
to a grain of dust, and all things are in a state of flux though the change may be very
slow, so slow that we may not be conscious of it. One effect of Maya is to make us
unconscious of the continuous changes which are taking place within and without us.
People are afraid of death but they do not see the fact that death is merely an incident
in the continuous series of changes in and around us. When the realization of this con-
tinuous, relentless change affecting everything in life dawns upon an individual he
begins to realize what illusion means. This realization is a very definite experience and
is one aspect of Viveka, the faculty of discrimination. The ordinary man is so im-
mersed and completely identified with the life in which he is involved that he cannot
separate himself mentally from this fast moving current. Theoretically he may recog-
nize the law of change but he has no realization.
The first result of this realization when Viveka dawns is fear. The very ground
from under our feet seems to have been cut away; We seem to have no foothold, noth-
ing to which we can hold on in this fast-moving current of time and material changes.
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The whole Universe appears to be a swirling flux of phenomena like water running
under a bridge. People and objects around us which appeared so real become mere
phantoms in the panorama which is passing before us. We seem to be standing in a
void and the horror of loneliness unspeakable engulfs us.
What do we do when this realization comes to us accidentally or as a result of
deep and continuous pondering over the real nature of phenomenal life? We generally
get alarmed, terrified and try to shut it out again by plunging more violently into the
activities and interests of the worldly life, even though we theoretically continue to
believe in the unreality of the things around us. But. if we do not try to smother this
horrible vision, and facing it squarely, take to the self-discipline prescribed in Yoga,
then sooner or later, beneath this fast flowing stream of phenomena, we begin, first to
sense, and later to discern something which is abiding, which transcends change and
gives us an eternal foothold. We begin to realize that the phenomena change but not
That in which the phenomena take place. First only dimly but later in its fullness this
realization of the Eternal grows within us. But we have to pass through the valley of
fear before this realization comes. We must see the whole solid world of men and
things disintegrate and disappear into a flux of mere phenomena before we can see the
Real hidden beneath the unreal.
It is only when we have passed through this kind of experience that we see with
sadness the illusion and the pathos in the life of the world, in the pursuit of little
pleasures and ambitions, in the ephemeral love and happiness to which people desper-
ately cling, in the short-lived glory of the man in power, in the effort to hold tena-
ciously to things which must be given up sooner or later. Viewed in this light even the
most exquisite pleasures and splendid achievements of life pale into insignificance,
nay assume the form of misery. It is the usual practice to ask a man under sentence of
death to name any simple pleasure which he would like to indulge in before he is exe-
cuted, a drink, a dish which he likes. But those who see such a man satisfying his
whim for the last time are conscious of a peculiar pathos in this desire to clutch at
pleasure before death snuffs out the life of the individual. To the man in whom Viveka
has been developed the pathetic pursuit of pleasures, ambitions and the like appears in
a similar light. We are all under sentence of death in a way, only we are not conscious
of this fact and do not know when that sentence will be carried out. If we did, all our
so-called pleasures will cease to be pleasures.
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Tapa: The second affliction which is inherent in human life is Tapa or anxiety.
All pleasures, indulgences and the so-called happiness are associated with anxiety,
conscious or sub-conscious. For indulgence in pleasure, or dependence for our happi-
ness on the uncertain and passing things in the outer world owing to attachment, means
fear of losing those objects which give us pleasure or happiness. If we have money
then there is always the fear that the money may be lost and our security may be
threatened. If we love people then there is the fear that those people may die or may be
taken away from us. Most of us have such fears and anxieties gnawing at our heart
constantly though we may not acknowledge or be even conscious of this fact. It is only
when a crisis comes in our life that these fears emerge into our consciousness but they
are always present in the sub-conscious mind and secretly poison our life. We may be
too dull to notice them or too ‘strong’ mentally to allow them to worry us markedly
but there is hardly any person not following the path of Yoga who is above them.
Samskara: This word means impression but in the present context it can best be
translated by the word ‘habituation’ as we shall see presently. There is a law of Nature
according to which any experience through which we pass produces an impression on
all our vehicles. The impression thus produced makes a channel for the flow of a cor-
responding force and the channel thus becomes deeper and deeper as the experience is
repeated. This results in our acquiring habits of various kinds and getting used to par-
ticular kinds of environment, modes of living and pleasures. But there is at work si-
multaneously, the law of change, referred to already, which is constantly changing our
outer environment and places us among new surroundings, circumstances and people.
The result of this simultaneous action of two natural forces is that we are constantly
acquiring new habits, getting used to new circumstances and also being forced out of
them. No sooner do we settle down in a new habit or a new environment than we are
forced out of it, sometimes easily and gradually, at other times roughly and suddenly.
This continuous necessity for adjustment in life is a source of constant discomfort and
pain to every individual. Nature hardly allows us breathing time and is continuously
driving us into new kinds of experiences, much as we would like to settle down in our
grooves and comfortable positions which we have gained. Of course, the intelligent
man accepts this necessity for adjustment and does what he can to reconcile himself to
it but the fact remains that this is a major affliction of life from which everyone would
like to be free.
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Guna-Vrtti-Virodha: The word Vrtti is sometimes taken to refer to the Gunas
and to mean the modifications or functions of the Gunas. According to this interpreta-
tion Guna-Vrtti-Virodha would be the opposition or conflict between the functioning
of the three Gunas amongst themselves. As this does not make much sense it is much
better to interpret Vrtti as referring to the states of the mind. Guna-Vrtti-Virodha
would then mean the conflict between the natural tendencies caused by the preponder-
ance of one of the Gunas and the states of the mind which are constantly changing.
Such a conflict is very common in human life and is the cause of much dissatisfaction
in the life of the average individual. The following example will illustrate this conflict
and show how it is one of the major causes of human misery.
There is a man who is lazy by temperament owing to the predominance of
Tamas in his nature. He hates activity but is placed in circumstances where he has to
exert himself for his living. So he desires constantly a peaceful and inactive life and
the result of this strong desire entertained persistently is that in his next life his desire
finds fruition in an environment where he is forced to be quite inactive (he may be
born as an Eskimo or be placed in charge of a lighthouse). But in this life there may be
a preponderance of Rajas in his nature and he therefore wants activity in an environ-
ment where not much activity is possible. He, therefore, frets and is as dissatisfied
with his new lot as he was with the old. Sometimes, this conflict between the Gunas
prevailing at the time and the state of the mind or desire is of a temporary nature but it
always has the effect of producing discontentment for the time being.
Thus, Nature, by the natural operation of its laws is bringing about constantly
these oppositions between our tendencies and the states of our mind and this is why we
see everywhere general discontentment. Nobody seems to be satisfied with his lot or
circumstances. Everybody wants what he has not got. That is how Guna-Vrtti-Virodha
becomes one of the causes of human misery in general. The wise man sees the inevita-
bility of all this and therefore renounces desires altogether, taking what comes to him
in life without elation or resentment. What we should remember in this connection is
that every set of circumstances in which we find ourselves is the outcome of our own
desires, although by the time a particular desire finds fruition it may have been re-
placed by another desire of an opposite kind. Our desires cannot by the very nature of
things find immediate fulfilment and there imrt be a certain time lag in their realiza-
tion. During this intervening period our nature, temperament and desires may undergo
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considerable change and when we face the fulfilment of our own desire we may hardly
believe that we ourselves desired what has now come to us.
The existence of the four kinds of afflictions mentioned above which are inher-
ent in human life produces such conditions that nobody who has developed Viveka or
spiritual discrimination can possibly consider the so-called happiness of ordinary life
as real happiness. It is true that to the man of the world immersed in its illusory pur-
suits of pleasure or power life may appear to consist of a mixture of pleasures and
pains, joys and sorrows but to the wise man whose spiritual faculties have become
awakened all life must appear full of misery and its illusory happiness merely a sugar-
coated pill containing only pain and suffering hidden inside. This is a statement which
may appear to give a distorted view of life but let the student ponder deeply over these
facts—these hard facts of life—and it is probable that he will also come to the same
conclusion. Anyway, unless the aspirant for the Yogic life realizes the truth enshrined
in this Sutra he is not really fully qualified to attempt the long and difficult climb
which leads to the mountain-top of Self-realization,
16. The misery which is not yet come can and is to be avoided.
The next question which naturally arises is whether it is possible to avoid this
misery which has been shown to be inherent in human life in the last Sutra. A large
number of thoughtful people who have pondered deeply over this problem will perhaps
concede that life is essentially an unalloyed misery but they will say that one has to
take life as it is and to make the best of it since there is no way of getting out of it ex-
cept through the gateway of death. They may not believe like the ordinary orthodox
religious man that all the sorrows and sufferings will somehow be compensated in the
life after death but they do not see what can be done in the matter except to accept
thankfully the little pleasures and to bear the pains with stoic indifference.
Now, it is in this respect that the philosophy of Yoga differs fundamentally from
most of the orthodox religions of the world which offer nothing better than an uncer-
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tain and nebulous happiness in the life after death. They say in effect ‘Lead a good life
to ensure happiness after death, put your faith in God and hope for the best’. Accord-
ing to Yogic philosophy death no more solves your spiritual problem than night solves
your economic problem. If you are poor you do not expect on going to bed that your
economic problem will be automatically solved next day. You will have to get up next
day and begin where you left off the previous night. If you are poor economically you
do not expect to get rich overnight and if you are poor spiritually, bound by illusions
and limitations of all kinds, you cannot expect to become Enlightened in your next
life, or if you do not believe in reincarnation, in the vague and unending life which is
supposed to follow death.
According to the Yogic philosophy it is possible to rise completely above the il-
lusions and miseries of life and to gain infinite knowledge, bliss and power through
Enlightenment here and now while we are still living in the physical body. And if we
do not attain this Enlightenment while we are still alive we will have to come back
again and again into this world until we have accomplished this appointed task. So it is
not a question of choosing the path of Yoga or rejecting it. It is a question of choosing
it now or in some future life. It is a question of gaining Enlightenment as soon as pos-
sible and avoiding the suffering in the future or postponing the effort and going
through further suffering which is unnecessary and avoidable. This is the meaning of
II-16. No vague promise of an uncertain post-mortem happiness is this, but a definite
scientific assertion of a fact verified by the experience of innumerable Yogis, saints
and sages who have trodden the path of Yoga throughout the ages.
17. The cause of that which is to be avoided is the union of the Seer and the
Seen.
Now we come to the question of means, not the actual technique of Yoga which
has to be employed but the general principle on which the freedom from the Klesas has
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to be worked out. It is to be noted that the objective is not a temporary and partial so-
lution of the problem but a permanent and complete solution, not a palliative but a
remedy which will root out the disease altogether. If the disease is to be rooted out we
must go to the root-cause of the malady and not bother about the mere outward super-
ficial symptoms. What is the root-cause of the misery which is caused by the Klesas
and which is to be avoided? The answer is given in II-17. The nature of the Seer and
Seen and the reason why they are yoked together are explained in the subsequent Sutras
but before dealing with those questions let us try to understand the problem in a
general way.
It has already been pointed out in dealing with the nature of Asmita or the ten-
dency of consciousness to identify itself with its vehicles that this process begins with
the coming together of consciousness and matter as a result of the veil of Maya involv-
ing it in illusion and consequent Avidya. This problem which is linked with the origin
of things and takes us back to the question of the initial involution of the individual
consciousness in matter is really one of the ultimate problems of philosophy about
which philosophers have been speculating since the beginning of time. It is like all
such problems beyond the scope of the limited intellect and it is no use trying to solve
it through the agency of the intellect. It can be solved—or it would perhaps be better to
use the word dissolved—only in the light of the transcendent knowledge we can gain
in Enlightenment. So let us not try to answer the question why the Purusa who is pure
and perfect is yoked to Prakrti. Let us hold our soul in patience and wait till we have
transcended the intellect and its illusions and are face to face with that Reality which
holds within itself the answer to this ultimate question.
But though we cannot know the answer to this fundamental question there is no
difficulty in understanding that such yoking together has taken place and also that this
yoking is the cause of the bondage. Yoking always means bondage even in ordinary
life and that it should be the cause of bondage in the case of the Purusa is quite con-
ceivable. But what is the nature of the bondage it is impossible to conceive beyond
what is given in the philosophy of Klesas. To know that in the real sense of the term
would be to know the ultimate mystery of life and to have reached Enlightenment al-
ready. Surely, that is the end—what the aspirant sets out to achieve through Yoga.
After pointing out the cause of bondage in II-17, namely the yoking together of
the Seer and the Seen or the entanglement of pure consciousness in matter, Patanjali
proceeds to explain the essential nature of the Seer and the Seen. In the two following
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Sutras, II-18 and 19, he has put in a nutshell all the essential facts which concern the
phenomenal world and thus given us a masterly analysis of the Seen.
18. The Seen (objective side of manifestation) consists of the elements and
sense-organs, is of the nature of cognition, activity and stability (Sattva, Rajas and
Tamas) and has for its purpose (providing the Purusa with) experience and liberation.
In II-18 we see how the master minds who developed the science of Yoga had
the capacity to go to the heart of every matter and after separating the essential from
the non-essential could grasp and formulate the essential facts. In one brief Sutra
Patanjali has analysed and placed before us the fundamental facts concerning the es-
sential nature of the phenomenal world and its perception and purpose. First, he gives
the essential nature of all phenomena which are the objects of perception. These ac-
cording to the well-known conception of Hindu philosophy are really made up of the
three Gunas the nature of which will be explained later on. He then points out that the
perception of the phenomenal world is really the result of the interactions of the Bhutas
and Indriyas, the ‘elements’ and the ‘sense-organs’. And lastly, he points out the
purpose and function of the phenomenal world which is twofold. Firstly, to provide
experience for the Purusas who seem to be evolving in it, and secondly, through this
experience to lead them gradually to emancipation and Enlightenment.
It is necessary to note that the word used for the phenomenal world is Drsyam,
that which is ‘seen’ or is capable of being ‘seen’. The contact of Purusa and Prakrti
results in the emergence of a duality which in modern language may be called the sub-
jective and objective sides of Nature. Of these the Purusa is the essence or substratum
of the subjective and Prakrti that of the objective side of this duality. As conscious-
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ness recedes inwards the dividing line between the subjective and objective shifts con-
tinually but the relation between the two remains the same. The Purusa with all the
vehicles which have not been separated off from his consciousness constitutes the sub-
jective part of this dual relationship and is called Drasta or Seer. That portion of Prakrti
which has been separated off in this manner constitutes the objective part and is
called Drsyam or Seen. Both Drasta and Drsyam are thus necessary for the phenome-
nal world.
Let us first consider the essential nature of all phenomena which are the objects
of perception. These, according to the present Sutra, are the result of the play of the
three Gunas which find expression through cognition, activity and stability. The theory
of Gunas forms an integral part of Hindu philosophy and the whole structure of the
manifested Universe, according to this philosophy, is considered to rest on these three
fundamental qualities or attributes of Prakrti. In fact, according to the Samkhya doc-
trine even Prakrti is nothing but a condition of perfect equilibrium of the three
Gunas—Triguna-Samyavastha.
Although the theory of Gunas is one of the fundamental doctrines of Hindu phi-
losophy it is surprising how little it is understood. The Gunas are referred to over and
over again in the Bhagavad-gita; there is hardly any important book in Samskrta deal-
ing with religion or philosophy in which the word Triguna does not occur; and yet,
nobody seems to know what the three Gunas really stand for. There is a vague idea
that they have something to do with properties because the word Guna in Samskrta
generally means a property or attribute. That is also the general impression which the
various contexts in which the word is used seem to produce. But one looks in vain for
any clear exposition of the real significance of the word or what it really stands for in
terms of modern thought.
It is not difficult to understand why the nature of the Gunas is so difficult to
comprehend. They lie at the very basis of the manifested world and even the working
of the mind through which we try to comprehend their nature depends upon their inter-
play. Trying to comprehend the nature of the Gunas with the help of the mind is like
trying to catch the hand with a pair of tongs held by the hand. Not until the Yogi
crosses the boundary of manifestation and transcends the domain of the Gunas as indi-
cated in IV-34 can he realize their true nature. But this does not mean that the student
of Yoga cannot understand their nature at all and should remain satisfied with the
vague and nebulous notions which are generally prevalent with regard to this basic
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doctrine. The advances which have taken place in the field of physical sciences and the
light which this has thrown on the structure of matter and the nature of physical phe-
nomena has now placed us in a position to be able to gain a faint glimpse into the es-
sential nature of the Gunas. It is true that this knowledge is connected with the super-
ficial aspects of the Gunas but the student can, by the exercise of deep thought and
intuition, gain some understanding of the subject, enough to convince him that the
Gunas are not a mere elusive phantom of philosophy but are part of that profound mys-
tery which surrounds the founding of a manifested Universe. This is not the place to
deal exhaustively with this interesting but abstruse subject but a few ideas may be dis-
cussed to enable the student to know in which direction he should seek for more
knowledge if he wants to understand the subject more fully. This discussion will in-
volve some knowledge of modern scientific ideas though an effort will be made to
keep it as free from technicalities as possible. After all, if we want to understand any
problem in terms of modern scientific facts we must have at least a general knowledge
of those facts.
What is the essential nature of the phenomena which we perceive through the
instrumentality of the sense-organs? The first point we should note in arriving at an
answer to this question is that an object of perception will be found on analysis to con-
sist of a number of properties or Dharmas cognized through the sense-organs. That
every object is merely a bundle of properties and our knowledge with regard to that
object is confined to the direct or indirect observation of these properties is a well-
known philosophical conception which every student can understand.
The second question which arises is: What is the nature of these properties or
rather on what does the cognition of these properties depend? If we analyse the flux of
physical phenomena around us in the light of modern scientific knowledge we shall
find three principles of a fundamental character underlying these phenomena. These
three principles which ultimately determine the nature of every phenomenon are all
connected with motion and may be called different aspects of motion. It is very diffi-
cult to express these principles by means of single words, for no words with a suffi-
ciently comprehensive meaning are known, but for want of better words we may call
them: (1) vibration which involves rhythmic motion of particles, (2) mobility which
involves non-rhythmic motion of particles with transference of energy, (3) inertia
which involves relative position of particles. These principles are really the three fun-
damental aspects of motion and may be crudely illustrated respectively by a number of
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soldiers drilling on a parade ground, a number of people walking in a crowd and a
number of prisoners confined in separate cells. Whatever the nature of the phenome-
non, we shall find at the basis of that phenomenon these principles working in various
ways and determining the Dharmas or properties which are manifest.
Let us take for the sake of illustration, one by one, the sensuous phenomena
which are observed through the five sense-organs. The cognition of visual phenomena
depends upon the presence of light vibrations which by their action on the retina of the
eye give the impression of form and colour. Auditory phenomena depend upon sound
vibrations which acting upon the drum of the ear produce the sensation of sound. The
sensation of heat, etc., depends upon the impact of moving atoms and molecules on the
skin. The sensations of taste and smell depend upon the action of chemical substances
on the membranes of the palate and nose, the nature of the chemical substance (which
is determined by the relative position and the nature of the atoms in the molecules)
determining the sensation which is experienced. In every case we find vibration or
rhythmic motion, mobility or irregular motion, inertia or relative position at work and
determining the nature of the sensuous phenomenon.
Up to this time we have assumed the presence of particles which by their mo-
tion determine the phenomenon. But what are these particles? Science tells us that
these particles are also nothing but combinations of protons, neutrons and electrons,
the electrons whirling round the nucleus of protons and neutrons at tremendous speeds
and determining the properties of the atoms. In view of the discovery of the equiva-
lence and interconvertibility of mass and energy it will probably be found ultimately
that the nucleus of the atom is also an expression of energy and that the ultimate basis
of the manifested physical universe is nothing but motion or energy. The day this is
proved conclusively materialism of the orthodox type will be buried for ever and the
philosophy of Yoga will be fully vindicated.
We see, therefore, that all properties can be reduced to their simplest ele-
ments—wave motion (Prakasa), action (Kriya) and position (Sthiti) at least as far as
the physical universe is concerned and since these are also the ideas associated with
the nature of the three Gunas, Science has to a certain extent corroborated the theory
of Gunas. It is true that the Gunas underlie the whole manifested Universe and not
only the physical world, and so we cannot comprehend their true nature by simply tak-
ing into account their physical manifestations. But a study of their interplay in the
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physical world may help the student to gain a faint glimpse into their real nature and
the truth underlying IV-13.
There is one other important point we have to understand in relation to the
Gunas if we would grasp the significance of ideas given in III-56 and IV-34. This
point is connected with the relation of the three Gunas to one another. Every student of
elementary Science knows that wave motion or vibration is a harmonious combination
of mobility and inertia. And if the three Gunas are connected as we have seen with
these three aspects of motion it follows that Sattva is merely a harmonious combina-
tion of Rajas and Tamas and is not anything apart from Rajas and Tamas. So the de-
velopment of Sattva is not really the creation of something new but the harmonization
of the existing Rajas and Tamas. This fact is very important because it serves to throw
some light on the relation of the Purusa and Sattva. When the Purusa comes in contact
with Prakrti at the beginning of the evolutionary cycle his contact disturbs the equilib-
rium of the three Gunas and gradually brings into play the forces of Prakrti. Through
this disturbed atmosphere the Purusa cannot see his Svarupa because this Svarupa can
be expressed or reflected only through a sufficiently purified Sattva Guna. In the early
stages of evolution this question does not arise. The vehicles of consciousness are
slowly being organized and the powers latent in Prakrti are being unfolded. But after
evolution has reached a sufficiently advanced stage and the desire for Self-realization
is born within the soul Rajas and Tamas have to be replaced gradually by Sattva. So
the object in Yoga is to harmonize Rajas and Tamas into Sattva. And as it is the har-
monization of two opposites, a perfect harmonization means really the virtual disap-
pearance of the opposites and the attainment of a condition which is free from the op-
posites.
The question now arises ‘Is the Triguna-Samyavastha before the Purusa came
in contact with Prakrti exactly the same as the condition of pure Sattva developed af-
ter going through the evolutionary cycle and attaining Kaivalya?’ The answer to this
question must be in the negative. Because, if the two conditions were the same the
whole purpose of evolution as outlined in II-23 would be defeated. It would really
amount to supposing that the Purusa descends into matter, goes through the long and
tedious evolutionary cycle and then again lapses into the condition from which he
started.
If the two conditions are not identical, what is the difference between them?
This is not the place to enter into this highly philosophical question but an analogy
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from the field of Science may serve to throw some light on the nature of the differ-
ence. A condition of equilibrium may be of two kinds which we may for the sake of
convenience call static and dynamic. In static equilibrium two equal and opposite
things combine in such a manner that the combination is a dead thing. You cannot get
anything out of the combination because it does not contain potentially any power. If
we mix together equivalent quantities of an acid and a base—two opposites—we get a
neutral salt from which we cannot get anything else. On the other hand it is possible to
produce a harmonious equilibrium of two equal and opposite things which is dynamic
and contains potential power. Take a storage battery. In it lie two opposite kinds of
electricity combined equally and harmoniously. Outwardly, the battery also appears a
dead or inert thing. But only outwardly. We have only to connect the two poles to see
the difference.
Now, the equilibrium of Sattva is something analogous to this equilibrium in a
storage battery. It contains potentially the power to produce any combination of the
Gunas as required and yet reverting instantaneously to the original condition when the
power is not needed. It is in this sense that the recession of the Gunas to their origin in
IV-34 should be understood. The Gunas do not cease to function permanently for the
Self-realized Purusa. They cease to function when he withdraws into himself and
come into play as soon as he projects his consciousness outwards. In short, they lose
their independent activity and become merely his instruments.
This conception of the Gunatita state not only imparts a new significance to the
evolutionary cycle but is also in accordance with facts as known to Occultism. The
mighty Adepts of Yoga who emerge as Jivanmuktas from the evolutionary cycle do not
merge into God and become indistinguishable from Him by losing their identity for
ever. They become free from the domination of the Gunas and the illusion of Prakrti
and yet retain all the knowledge and powers which they have acquired through evolu-
tion. Of all the misconceptions and partially understood truths of Hindu philosophy
perhaps none is more absurd and a travesty of the real facts than this idea of Purusa
merging completely with God and being lost in Him for ever. If a human being were to
erect a house and then demolish it as soon as it was completed we should consider him
mad. But we attribute to God a worse kind of irrationality in believing that on the at-
tainment of Jivanmukti, Jivatma merges with the Paramatma and is lost for ever.
Having considered the nature of the material basis of the phenomenal world let
us now pass on to the second generalization contained in the Sutra which gives the
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modus operandi of the perception of this world. How is this world which is the result
of the interplay of the Gunas perceived? What are the basic elements involved in this
perception? The answer to this question again is contained in a generalization which is
a masterpiece of analytic technique. According to Yogic philosophy there are only two
factors involved in perception—the Bhutas and the Indriyas. What these Bhutas and
Indriyas are and how, by their interaction, they produce an awareness of the external
world in the consciousness of the Purusa has been explained to some extent in discuss-
ing III-45 and III-48. We need not therefore enter into this question here but there is
one important fact which may be pointed out before we pass on to the third generaliza-
tion of the Sutra. The words Bhutas and Indriyas are used in the widest sense of these
terms and have reference to the physical as well as the super-physical planes. The
mechanism through which consciousness becomes aware of objects differs from plane
to plane, but the modus operandi of this mechanism on every plane is essentially the
same, namely the interaction of the Bhutas and the Indriyas. Not only is the modus
operandi the same on all the planes but the five states of the Bhutas and Indriyas re-
ferred to in III-45 and III-48 are also the same on all the planes. Samyama on these
states will therefore lead to the mastery of the Bhutas and the Indriyas on all the
planes.
The third generalization in this Sutra gives the purpose of the phenomenal
world. This is to provide experience and ultimately liberation for the Purusa. It is in
some way, which is not quite comprehensible to the intellect, necessary for the Purusa
to descend into matter and pass through the evolutionary process before he can become
perfect and free from the domination of matter. The phenomenal world provides for
him the necessary experiences through which alone evolution of his vehicles and un-
folding of his consciousness can take place. As the seed after being sown absorbs the
necessary nourishment from its environment and gradually develops into a full-grown
tree after the likeness of its progenitor, in the same way, the germ of Divine Life when
it is put in the phenomenal world is acted upon by all kinds of stimuli and influences
and gradually unfolds the Divine Life and powers which are hidden within it. As this
idea has been discussed fully later, in connection with II-23, we shall not consider it
here.
The Yogic idea that the phenomenal world definitely exists for the growth and
perfection of the individual centres of consciousness is in refreshing contrast to the
bleak and vain speculations of modern Science on the origin and purpose of this mani-
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fested Universe. The idea that this wonderfully and beautifully designed Universe in
which we live has no purpose, is really an insult to human intelligence and yet it is
tacitly accepted by the large majority of modern scientists or the so-called intellectu-
als. If you ask the average scientist what he has to say about the purpose behind the
Universe he will most probably show his impatience and reply that he does not know
and does not care to know. He has very conveniently put aside the question of ‘why’ of
the Universe so that he may be able to devote himself to the ‘how’ without being pes-
tered by any uncomfortable doubts with regard to the utility of what he is doing. The
most convenient way of avoiding your pursuers is to shut your eyes and forget about
them.
19. The stages of the Gunas are the particular, the universal, the differenti-
ated and the undifferentiated.
The nature of the three Gunas which was indicated in the last Sutra is further
elaborated in this Sutra. The Gunas, according to this Sutra, have four states or stages
of development corresponding to the four stages of Samprajnata Samadhi mentioned
in I-17. As consciousness and matter work together in the phenomenal world it is to be
expected that the expression of the deeper layers of consciousness should require a
subtler form of the three Gunas. The essential nature of the Gunas remains the same
but they undergo a kind of subtilization, matching, as it were, each of these deeper or
finer states of consciousness and enabling these to be expressed through matter. An
illustration from the field of Science will perhaps enable the student to understand this
relation between the states of consciousness and the stages of the Gunas. Sound can be
transmitted through a comparatively heavy medium like air but light, which is a much
finer vibration, requires for its transmission a subtler medium like the ether.
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As the states of consciousness which the Yogi has to pass through in Samadhi
before he is released from the domination of the Gunas are four, there should naturally
be four stages of the Gunas. While it is easy to understand why there should be four
stages, still, when we come to the nature of these stages as defined in the present Sutra,
we find some difficulty in grasping the subtle significance of the words used for
these stages. Since these stages correspond to the four stages of the unfoldment of con-
sciousness in Samadhi, let us see whether we can find some help in studying these cor-
respondences.
The characteristics of the four states of consciousness, the stages of the Gunas
and the vehicles through which these states of consciousness find expression are
shown in the following table:
Characteristics of the
states of consciousness
Stages of the Gunas Vehicle for expression in
Vedantic terminology
Vitarka
Vicara
Ananda
Asmita
Visesa
Avisesa
Linga
Alinga
Manomaya Kosa Vijnana-
maya Kosa Anandamaya
Kosa
Atma
The four stages of Samprajnata Samadhi have already been discussed in dealing
with I-17 and it has been shown that these stages correspond to the functioning of con-
sciousness through the four vehicles as shown above. When the stages of the Gunas
are studied in the light of these correspondences the meanings of the words which are
used to denote these stages become clear to some extent though it is impossible to
grasp their full significance on account of the limitations of the intellect and the physi-
cal brain. Let us do the best we can under our present limitations.
The word Visesa means particular and the Visesa stage of the Gunas obviously
refers to the stage of the lower mind which sees all objects only as particular things
with names and forms. To the lower mind every object seems to have a separate and
independent existence and a separate identity. It is isolated, seen apart from its arche-
type and from the Divine consciousness of which it is a part and in which it is embed-
ded, as it were. This stage of the Gunas corresponds to the Vitarka stage of Samadhi
because while consciousness is functioning through the lower mind Vitarka is its most
important and essential function. Vitarka is that activity of the lower mind through
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which it differentiates a particular object from all others. How do we differentiate a
particular dog, for example, from all other objects in the phenomenal world? The men-
tal process may be illustrated by the following line of reasoning. A particular dog, say
Bonzo, is a living animal. This differentiates it from all inanimate objects. Bonzo is an
animal of the canine species. This differentiates it from all other species. Bonzo is a
fox-terrier. This differentiates it from dogs of other breeds. We can in this way narrow
down the range of objects from which Bonzo has still to be differentiated until we
come down to the last stage when the object has been completely isolated in the mind
and stands apart as a particular object in the Universe different and distinguishable
from all other objects. This isolation or differentiation of a particular object which is
illustrated by the crude example given above is called Vitarka and it is through such a
process that the first stage of Samadhi is reached. The student will also see from the
above the significance of the word Visesa, particular, in indicating the first or crudest
stage of the Gunas.
Then we come to the next stage Avisesa which means universal or non-specific.
This corresponds to the activity of the higher mind whose function is to deal with uni-
versals, archetypes and principles which underlie the world of names and forms. The
lower mind deals with particular objects with names and forms, the higher mind with
abstract ideas and archetypes. Reverting to the previous illustration we saw that Bonzo
was a particular dog of a particular breed. But what is this thing ‘dog’ of which Bonzo
is a particular representative? The word ‘dog’ stands for an abstract idea. From obser-
vation of a large number of dogs we isolate all the characteristics which constitute
their ‘doghood’ and combine them in a single concept which we denote by the word
‘dog’. Every common noun is such an abstraction although we are hardly aware of this
fact when we use such words. The mental process whereby these qualities are isolated
from particular objects and combined in a single abstract concept is called Vicara. The
function of the higher mind is to form such universal concepts and to grasp their inner
significance. It should be noted here that while Vitarka isolates a particular object
from all the rest Vicara isolates a particular concept, archetype, law, or universal prin-
ciple from all such Suksma Visayas referred to in I-44. This stage in which conscious-
ness is functioning through the higher mind corresponds to the Vicara stage of Samprajnata
Samadhi and the Avisesa stage of the Gunas. The justification for using the
word Avisesa, universal, for this second stage of the Gunas will be seen, to a certain
extent, from what has been said above.
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It may be pointed out here that the simple mental process of Vitarka or Vicara
which we may engage in during the course of our studies and thinking should not be
considered equivalent to the corresponding mental processes as they take place in the
state of Samadhi. In the state of Samadhi the mind is completely isolated from the
outer world, is fused, as it were, with the object in a state of abstraction. It is in a pe-
culiar and to the ordinary man incomprehensible state. And so, concrete and abstract
thinking are merely faint reflections, qualitative representations of the extremely sub-
tle mental processes which take place in Samadhi. The reason why words like Vitarka
and Vicara are used to indicate these subtle mental processes lies in the fact that the
ordinary reasoning processes are familiar to the student and it is only in this way that
he can get some idea of the subtler processes. From the known to the unknown is al-
ways the right method of advancing in the realm of the mind.
Then we come to the next stage of the Gunas—Linga. This word means a mark
which serves to identify, and in the present context Linga-matra means a state of con-
sciousness in which particular objects and even principles are mere marks or signs
which serve to distinguish them from other objects. This stage of the Gunas corre-
sponds to the supra-mental consciousness which transcends the intellect and is ex-
pressed through Buddhi or intuition. The corresponding stage in Samadhi is accompa-
nied by Ananda which confirms the conclusion that this stage of the Gunas corre-
sponds to the functioning of consciousness through the Buddhic vehicle or Anandamaya
Kosa as it is called in Vedantic terminology.
But why is this stage of the Gunas called Linga? Because in the corresponding
state of consciousness all objects and universal principles become part of a universal
consciousness. They are seen, embedded as it were, in one consciousness, as parts of
an indivisible whole. But they still have their identity, are still distinguishable or rec-
ognizable. Each object is itself and yet part of a whole. It is a condition of unity in
diversity.
The next and the last stage of the Gunas is called Alinga or without mark or dif-
ferentiating characteristic. In this stage the objects and principles lose their separate
identity. Consciousness becomes so predominant that they go out of focus, as it were.
According to the highest conceptions of the Hindu philosophy all objects, archetypes,
everything in the manifested Universe is a modification of consciousness—Brahma-
Vrtti. In the Linga stage awareness of objects exists side by side with the awareness of
consciousness. In the Alinga stage the former go out of focus and only awareness of
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the Divine consciousness of which they are modifications remains. A concrete example
may perhaps help the student to understand the significance of the different stages of
the Gunas. Suppose we have a number of objects made of gold—a ring, a bracelet and
a necklace, placed on a table. We may see them merely as separate objects, as a child
would see them. This corresponds to the Visesa stage. We may see them as ornaments
with a common function of serving to adorn the human body, as a woman would see
them. This is the Avisesa stage. We may see them as objects with a common decorative
function but we may also be interested in the fact that they are made of gold, i.e., we
see their common substratum and their separate identity simultaneously, as a gold-
smith would see them. This corresponds to the Linga stage. And lastly, we may see
only the gold and may hardly be conscious of their separate identities or common
function, as a thief would see them. This is analogous to the Alinga stage. In this stage
the Yogi is conscious, chiefly of the substratum of all phenomenal objects, particular
or universal. He is aware predominantly of the Divine consciousness in which they are
merely Vrttis or modifications. The objects as separate entities do exist but they have
ceased to have any meaning for him. This stage of the Gunas corresponds to the last
stage of Samprajnata Samadhi of which Asmita is the predominant characteristic. The
consciousness of pure existence which is denoted by Asmita swallows up the con-
sciousness of objects.
The progressive expansion of consciousness which takes place when it passes
through the different stages of Samadhi does not mean that these states of conscious-
ness are separated from each other by water-tight compartments and the lower aspects
of objects disappear when the higher come into view. Many students feel confused be-
cause they suffer from a common misconception about the functioning of conscious-
ness in the higher worlds. They think, for example, that when the Yogi passes into the
world of the higher mind he lives solely in a world of abstract ideas, archetypes and
principles with no objects having names and forms with which he has been familiar.
Such a world of pure abstractions would be an impossible world to live in and does not
exist anywhere as the experiences of all mystics and occultists testify. The higher al-
ways includes and enriches the lower though it also enables the lower to be seen in its
correct perspective. What was considered important may now appear unimportant or
what was considered insignificant may now assume tremendous significance, and vice
versa, but everything is there within the expanded consciousness, and the Yogi does
not therefore feel he has entered into a strange and incomprehensible world. On the
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other hand, every expansion of consciousness makes him see greater richness, beauty
and significance in everything which is within the range of his perception. Expansion
of consciousness means inclusion of more and more and exclusion of nothing. This
fact is quite clear from what is stated in III-50, III-55, and IV-31.
It will be seen that the four stages of the Gunas are denoted by the predominant
nature of the mental perception and activity which characterize those stages. We are
told how the changes in the Gunas affect the expression of consciousness through them
but we are not given any indication as to the nature of the changes in the Gunas them-
selves. This kind of classification which is based upon the secondary effects of the
changes in the Gunas does not, therefore, throw much further light on the nature of the
Gunas themselves. Since the Gunas lie at the very basis of the manifested Universe
and their roots are embedded in the deepest layers of consciousness their subtle nature
can be realized only in Samadhi (III-45). The intellect can, at best, enable us to gain
only a general idea with regard to their nature and their gross expressions on the low-
est plane.
20. The Seer is pure consciousness but though pure, appears to see through
the mind.
After dealing with Drsyam or the objective side of the phenomenal world in II-
18 and 19, Patanjali now tries to give us some idea with regard to the Drasta or the
Seer who is the basis of the subjective side of the phenomenal world. This is a com-
paratively more difficult task because the Purusa according to the Yogic philosophy is
the ultimate Reality hidden behind the phenomenal world in its subjective aspect. Al-
though it is through him that the Prakrti is galvanized into life and cognition takes
place, he always eludes us, because he is always behind the veil, the hidden witness of
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the objective through the subjective. If we take a powerful electric light and cover it
up with a number of concentric semi-transparent and coloured globes, one within the
other, the outermost globe will be illuminated in some measure by the light of the elec-
tric lamp. But though this illumination will be derived from the light of the electric
lamp we will not be able to see the light of the electric lamp as it is, but only as it
comes out after being filtered and dimmed by all the intervening globes. If we remove
the outermost globe the next globe comes into view and the light becomes stronger and
purer. But do we now see the light of the electric lamp? No! It is still hidden behind
the remaining globes. As we remove globe after globe, the light becomes stronger and
purer but we never see it in its purity and fullness as long as any globe remains cover-
ing the electric lamp. It is only when the last globe is removed that the pure light of
the electric lamp in its total brilliance comes into view. Can the man who has never
seen an electric lamp know by observing the outermost globe what the light of the
electric lamp is like? Not until he has removed all the globes, one by one.
The relation of the Purusa to the vehicles through which he manifests is similar.
The light of his consciousness comes streaming through the complete set of vehicles,
each vehicle removing, as it were, some of the constituents and decreasing its inten-
sity, until in the physical body it is at its dullest and encumbered with the largest num-
ber of limitations. The only way to see the light of his pure consciousness is to sepa-
rate off all the vehicles and see that light in its purity without the obscuration even of
the subtlest vehicle as pointed out in IV-22. This is the isolation of pure consciousness
(Kaivalya) involved in the attainment of Kaivalya, the ultimate goal of Yogic life.
The first point we should note in this Sutra is that the Seer who is the subjective
element in the phenomenal world is pure consciousness and nothing else. The word
Matrah of course means ‘only’ and is used to emphasize the necessity of not mistaking
the Seer for any partial manifestation of his consciousness through a subtler vehicle.
When consciousness withdraws, step by step, from the lower worlds in Samadhi and
begins to function in the higher realms of the Spirit the change is so tremendous and
the sudden influx of power, knowledge and bliss, on the progressive removal of limita-
tions, is so overwhelming that one is apt to mistake this partial manifestation for the
ultimate Reality. But the fact is that the consciousness is still encumbered by veils of
matter, thin veils it is true, but veils all the same which impose certain limitations and
illusions. Not until the last vehicle has been transcended can consciousness be known
in its purity. That is the Purusa, the real Drasta.
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The second point to be noted is that though the Seer is pure consciousness, and
not consciousness as modified by the vehicles, still, when he manifests through a vehi-
cle he seems to be lost in the Pratyaya which is present at the moment in the mind.
Just as a mirror reflects or assumes the form of anything placed before it and seems to
be that thing, in the same way the pure consciousness assumes, as it were, the form of
the Pratyaya, and appears indistinguishable from the Pratyaya. Or, to take another
example, when the pure light from the electric bulb in a cinematograph falls on the
screen it assumes the form of the picture being projected, though in itself it is pure and
quite distinct from the picture. Pratyaya, of course, as has been explained elsewhere,
is the content of the mind when consciousness comes in contact with any vehicle and
differs from vehicle to vehicle.
Not only is the Pratyaya indistinguishable from consciousness but as a result of
this mixing up of the two, the functions of the vehicles appear to be performed by the
Purusa. Thus when abstract thinking is done through the higher mind is it the Purusa
who does the thinking? No! The thinking is the function of the vehicle. The contact of
consciousness with the vehicle sets it in motion and enables it to perform its respective
function. When a magnet is thrust into a coil of wire a current of electricity is pro-
duced in the wire. To a person who is ignorant of the facts the magnet appears to pro-
duce the current. As a matter of fact the magnet does not directly produce the Current
though it is in a mysterious manner connected with the production of the current. If the
whole mechanism for the production of the current is there and all the necessary condi-
tions are provided then only the insertion of the magnet will make the mechanism
work to produce the current. How the mere contact of Purusa with Prakrti galvanizes
it into life and makes it perform its highly intelligent function is a problem which has
been much debated by philosophers. To the practical student of Yoga this question is
not of much importance. He knows that all such theoretical questions can be solved
only by direct knowledge.
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21. The very being of the Seen is for his sake (i.e. Prakrti exists only for his
sake).
In the previous Sutras the essential natures of the Seer and Seen have been
pointed out, and it has been shown that even when they seem to be blended completely
in their intimate relationship they are really quite distinct and separate from each other
like oil and water in an emulsion. This Sutra points out that in this close association of
Purusa and Prakrti, the latter plays a subordinate role, that of merely serving the Purusa.
The purpose of the Seen has already been given in II-18, namely providing ex-
perience and means of emancipation for the Purusa. The Sutra under discussion fur-
ther clarifies this point and emphasizes that Prakrti exists only for subserving the pur-
poses of the Purusa. It has no purpose of its own. The whole drama of creation is be-
ing played in order to provide experience for the growth and Self-realization of the
Purusas who are involved in the show.
(one) whose purpose has been fulfilled for; to destroyed; non-
existent although not destroyed; existent (than) that to others
on account of being common.
22. Although it becomes non-existent for him whose purpose has been ful-
filled it continues to exist for others on account of being common to others (besides
him).
This Sutra again deals with a purely theoretical problem of philosophy con-
nected with the relationship existing between Purusa and Prakrti. If the purpose of
Prakrti is to enable the Purusa to obtain Self-realization what happens to it when that
purpose has been fulfilled? The answer given is that Prakrti ceases to exist as far as
that Purusa is concerned. But what does this mean? Does Prakrti cease to exist alto-
gether? Obviously not, because the other Purusas who have not attained Kaivalya still
remain under its influence and continue to work for their emancipation.
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If Prakrti ceases to exist only for the Self-realized Purusa, then is it purely sub-
jective in its nature or has it an independent existence of its own? The answer to this
fundamental question differs according to different schools of thought which have
tried to speculate about it. According to Vedanta even Prakrti, the substratum of the
phenomenal world, is a purely subjective things the product of Maya. According to
Samkhya which provides to a great extent the theoretical basis of the Yogic philosophy
Prakrti has an independent existence of its own. Purusa and Prakrti are the two ulti-
mate, eternal and independent principles in existence. Purusas are many, Prakrti is
one. The Purusas get involved in matter, go through the cycle of evolution under the
fostering care of Prakrti, attain Self-realization and then pass out of the illusion and
influence of Prakrti altogether. But Prakrti always remains the same. It will be seen
that there is no real contradiction involved in these two views. Vedanta merely carries
the process of idealization to a further stage which alone can be the ultimate stage. In
it the multiplicity of the Purusas on the One hand, and the duality of the Purusas and
the Prakrti on the other, are integrated into a higher conception of the One Reality.
It may be pointed out here that a system of philosophy however lofty and true it
may be should not be expected to give us an absolutely correct picture of the transcen-
dent truths as they really exist. Because philosophy works through the medium of the
intellect and the intellect has its inherent limitations, it cannot understand or formulate
truths which are beyond its scope. So, in dealing in its own way with these realities of
the spiritual life it can give us only partial and distorted interpretations of those reali-
ties. Contradictions, paradoxes and inconsistencies are inevitable when we try to see
and interpret these realities through the instrumentality of the intellect. We have to
accept these limitations when we use the intellect as an instrument for understanding
and discovering these truths in the initial stages. It is no use throwing away this in-
strument, poor and imperfect though it is, because it gives us at least some help in or-
ganizing our effort to know the truth in the only way in which it can be known—by
Self-realization. If we want to know any country the only way to do it is to go and see
it with our own eyes. But that does not mean that we should throw away the maps and
plans which are meant to give us a rough idea with regard to the country. These do not
give us true knowledge with regard to the country but they do help us in finding the
country and seeing it directly with our own eyes. Philosophy, at its best, serves only
this kind of purpose. Those who are content to take it as a substitute for the real truth
blunder. Those who ignore it completely also make a mistake because they throw away
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a thing which might be usefully utilized in the attainment of their objective. The wise
student of Yoga takes the various doctrines of philosophy and religion lightly, as tenta-
tive explanations and interpretations of truths beyond the realm of the intellect, but
uses them as best as he can in his direct discovery of those truths. Yoga is an essen-
tially practical science and the truths and experiences which it deals with are not de-
pendent upon the particular philosophy or philosophies which are put forward to pro-
vide a rational picture of the objective and the various processes which lead to it. We
do not know really the nature of electricity. There are many theories. But that does not
prevent us from utilizing this force for gaming our physical ends in thousand and one
ways. In the same way the philosophy which provides the theoretical background of
Yoga and its inadequacies does not affect materially the results which can be obtained
by the practice of Yoga. Let us give philosophy its proper place in the study of Yoga
and not mix it up with the practical and scientific part of the subject.
23. The purpose of the coming together of the Purusa and Prakrti is gaining
by the Purusa of the awareness of his true nature and the unfoldment of powers inher-
ent in him and Prakrti.
It is generally thought that the idea of evolution is an entirely new contribution
made by Science to modern civilization, and Darwin is considered to be the father of
this idea. But as we often say there is nothing new under the Sun and the idea of evolu-
tion has come down to us in one form or another from the earliest times. It would be
really surprising if the master minds who lived in the past and who had such a wonder-
ful grasp of the essential realities of life had missed this important and all-pervading
Law underlying the manifestation of life. It is perhaps true that this Law was not stud-
ied and presented in the detailed form as we have it now but then nothing pertaining to
the phenomenal world which was not essential for real human happiness was studied
174
by them in great detail. It was thought sufficient to have a general idea of the funda-
mental principles. They never lost sight of the limitations of the intellect and probably
did not consider it worthwhile wasting their time and energy on the accumulation of
unnecessary details with regard to the general principles which at best could be under-
stood very imperfectly through the medium of the illusion-bound intellect. It was
thought that the energy which would be needed for gaining knowledge of the non-
essential details had better be employed in unravelling the Great Mystery of Life itself,
for when that mystery was unravelled all the problems of life were understood auto-
matically and simultaneously and in a way they could never be understood by a proc-
ess of intellectual analysis and reasoning.
But while these adepts in the Science of Life did not think it worth their while
descending to non-essential details with regard to the facts of the phenomenal worlds
they tried and managed to get a wonderfully complete and true picture of the funda-
mental principles. It is this clear and firm grasp of the fundamental principles and laws
which enabled them to put these principles and generalizations in the form of Sutras.
What a modern writer would take a chapter or book to convey was condensed in a
masterly manner in a single Sutra. There are many examples of such condensed
knowledge in the Yoga-Sutras, and II-23 which we shall now consider is a striking
instance of this nature. In one Sutra Patanjali has put the essential and fundamental
idea underlying the theory of Evolution and also managed to bring into his generaliza-
tion the most important aspect of evolution which unfortunately is missing in the mod-
ern scientific theory. So absorbed are most of our modern scientists with details, so
full of their own achievements, so obsessed by their materialistic outlook that they
often miss the most important aspects of their researches, aspects which are under their
very noses and which they could not fail to recognize if they were at all open-minded.
The theory of Evolution which we are now considering is a case in point.
According to the modern theory, considered in a very general way, there is an
evolutionary trend discernible in the bodies of plants and animals, and the bodies in
their effort to adapt themselves to their environment develop new powers and capaci-
ties. Putting the idea in a different way we may say that the study of the form side of
living creatures shows that these forms are steadily, though slowly, becoming more
and more complex and capable of expressing the powers which are inherent in life.
Life and form are always found together. The forms are found to evolve. What about
the life? Modern Science does not know and what is more surprising does not care to
175
know. For the idea that life evolves side by side with form is well known and is really
complementary to the idea of the evolution of forms, which has been developed by
Science. It is by combining this idea of the evolution of life with that of the evolution
of forms that the theory of evolution becomes intelligible and its beauty and signifi-
cance are revealed. The forms evolve to provide better vehicles for the evolving life.
The mere evolution of forms would be a meaningless process in a Universe in which
all natural phenomena appear to be guided by intelligence and design. And yet modern
Science is pursuing this idea of the evolution of forms and refusing to combine it with
its complementary idea. No wonder it got bogged in a plethora of details in this field
and missed the discovery of some basic facts of general and vital interest to humanity.
II-23 answers the question ‘Why is Purusa brought into contact with Prakrti?’
The answer is: To unfold the powers latent in Prakrti and himself and to enable him to
gain Self-realization. That is the complete idea of evolution in a nutshell. But it is nec-
essary to elaborate this idea to understand its full implications. Let us first see what
are the powers of Purusa and Prakrti referred to in this Sutra. In order to understand
this we have only to recall how total evolution leads to the gradual unfoldment of con-
sciousness on the one hand and pari passu to the increase in the efficiency of the vehi-
cles on the other. Leaving out of account the mineral kingdom in which the unfoldment
of consciousness is so rudimentary as to be hardly perceptible; we find on studying the
vegetable, animal and human kingdoms that consciousnesr in these kingdoms shows a
remarkable increase in the degree of unfoldment as we pass from one kingdom to an-
other. And side by side with the unfoldment of consciousness we find that the vehicle
also becomes more and more complex and efficient for the expression of the unfolding
consciousness. Not only do we find a remarkable increase in this dual evolution of life
and form as we pass from one kingdom to another but taking any one kingdom by it-
self we can trace the steady evolution from one step to another, so that we can see the
whole ladder of life as far as it can be seen with our limitations, stretching from the
mineral kingdom to the civilized stage of the human kingdom with hardly any rungs
missing.
What do we mean by the powers of Prakrti referred to in this Sutra? Obviously,
these are not the general powers which are inherent in Nature and which are independ-
ent, as it were, of the dual evolution of life and form which is taking place around us.
The powers of Prakrti to which reference is made here are undoubtedly the capacities
which develop in the vehicles as they evolve in association with consciousness. Com-
176
pare the brain of a snail with that of a monkey and this again with that of a highly civi-
lized mam and you see the tremendous change which has taken place as regards the
capacity of the vehicle to express the powers which are latent in consciousness. And
the mental and spiritual powers which are exhibited by the highly civilized and intel-
lectual men and women of today are as nothing compared to the powers which are de-
veloped by the advanced Yogi and which are in store for every child of man when he
jundertakes his higher evolution. A study of the various Siddhis or occult powers
which are dealt with in Section III of the Yoga-sutras will give the student some idea
of the latent capacities which are lying hidden within each one of us, capacities which
can be developed by the technique outlined in this book.
It is necessary to distinguish between the powers of Prakrti and Purusa al-
though the two are generally exercised in conjunction. The power of Prakrti is obvi-
ously the capacity of the vehicle to respond to the demands of consciousness. A par-
ticular vehicle of consciousness is a certain combination of matter on a particular plihe
integrated and held together by various forces and its efficiency depends upon how far
it can respond to the powers of consciousness. The brain of an idiot is made of the
same substance as the brain of a highly intellectual man but there is a world of differ-
ence between the capacities of the two to respond to thought vibrations. It is in the
increasing peculiarity and complexity of the vehicle that the secret of its greater re-
sponsiveness and efficiency lies and this is what evolution of the vehicle really means.
If the response to consciousness determines the evolution of the vehicle what is
meant by the unfoldment of the powers of consciousness or Purusa? According to
Yogic philosophy consciousness itself does not evolve. It is in some way which is in-
comprehensible to the intellect perfect, complete, eternal. When we refer to the powers
of the Purusa in this joint development of the powers of the two what is meant is the
power of consciousness to function through and in collaboration with the vehicle. As
Purusa is pure consciousness and consciousness is eternal, there cannot be an evolu-
tion of his powers in the sense in which we take the word evolution. But we may sup-
pose that he has to acquire the capacity to use those in association with the matter of
the different planes. So that, as evolution proceeds his consciousness is able to express
itself more and more fully on these planes and to manipulate and control his vehicles
with increasing freedom and efficiency. What a tremendous task this is can be grasped
only when we study in detail the long process of evolution through the different king-
doms of Nature and the total constitution of man which is involved in the process. As
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long as we confine ourselves to the phenomena of the physical plane we can never
have an adequate idea of the magnitude and nature of the task, even though on the
physical plane also the different phases of this long process present a stupendous spec-
tacle. It is in the invisible realms of the mind and the Spirit that evolution produces its
most magnificent results and the powers of the Purusa find their chief expression.
Perhaps some idea of the necessity and manner of this development may be ob-
tained from a simile. The music which a great musician can produce depends upon the
quality and the efficiency of his instrument. Place an instrument in his hand which he
has never used and he will feel helpless till he has mastered that instrument. The poor
quality of the instrument will handicap him enormously. The quality of the music
which can be produced depends upon three factors, the capacity of the musician, the
efficiency of the instrument and the co-ordination of the two. Even though the Purusa
has all the powers potentially unless he is provided with an efficient set of vehicles
and learns to control and use these vehicles he may remain a helpless spectator of the
world drama which is being played around him. It is in some such way that we can
visualize through the intellect the gradual unfoldment of the powers of the Purusa
along with the powers of Prakrti, though fundamentally, this question is an ultimate
question connected with the ‘why’ of manifestation and thus beyond the scope of the
intellect.
The simultaneous development of the vehicles on all the planes of manifestation
and the capacity to use them is not the only purpose of bringing together Purusa and
Prakrti. The Purusa has not only to master these vehicles but has also to transcend
them. For, until and unless he can do this he will remain under the limitations of the
planes to which he is confined and be subject to their illusions. He is destined to be
above the limitations and illusions of those planes as well as to be a master of those
planes. This is what Self-realization or Svarupopalabdhi means to accomplish. These
are not to be considered as two independent objectives. The complete mastery of the
lower planes and their transcendence are really two aspects of the same problem be-
cause complete mastery on these planes is not possible until the Purusa passes out of
the control of Prakrti. The last step in the mastery of anything generally consists in
transcending it or going beyond its influence and control. Then only we can know it
fully and control it completely.
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24. Its cause is the lack of awareness of his Real nature.
After giving the purpose of the union of Purusa and Prakrti in the last Sutra
Patanjali gives in this Sutra the effective cause of the union or the means whereby the
union is brought about. It should be noted that the word Hetuh is used both in the
sense of object as well as effective cause and it is used in the latter sense in this Sutra.
The Purusa by his very nature is eternal, omniscient and free and his involution in
matter which involves tremendous limitations is brought about by his being made to
lose the awareness of his Real nature. The power which deprives him of this knowl-
edge or rather awareness of his Real nature is called Maya or Illusion in Hindu phi-
losophy and the result of this privation of knowledge is called Avidya or ignorance. It
is obvious that the words illusion and ignorance are used in their highest philosophical
sense and we can barely get a glimpse into the real significance of these words. To
understand Maya and Avidya in the real sense is to solve the Great Mystery of Life and
to be free from their domination. This is the end and not the starting point of the
search.
How Avidya brings about in its train the other Klesas and lies at the root of all
miseries to which embodied life is subject has been dealt with already in explaining
the nature of Klesas, but there is one aspect of this union of Purusa and Prakrti which
must be pointed out if we are to understand the meaning of this travail and suffering
which evolution undoubtedly involves. We have seen already that there appears to be a
mighty purpose hidden behind the working of the Universe though the nature of this
purpose may be beyond our comprehension. One part of this purpose which we can see
and understand is the gradual evolution of life culminating in the perfection and eman-
cipation of the individual units of consciousness who are called Purusas. We have
been sent down into the lower worlds in order that we may attain perfection through
the experiences of these worlds. It is a tremendously long and tedious discipline but it
is worthwhile as anybody will see who understands what this perfection means and
knows those in whom this perfection is embodied. Anyway, whether we like this proc-
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ess or not we are in it and have to go through it and it is no use behaving like children
who try to avoid going to school and have to be sent there against their will. The best
way of freeing ourselves from this necessity is to acquire perfection as quickly as we
can. Then there will be no necessity of our being forced to remain in this school and
our freedom will come automatically.
It is very necessary to point out this aspect of our bondage because there are a
large number of aspirants, especially in India, who have a rather strange notion with
regard to the cause and nature of the bondage in which they find themselves. They do
not take life on the lower planes as a kind of school in which they have to learn certain
things but rather as a prison from which they have to escape as soon as possible. They
hardly realize the implications of this attitude which really means that they consider
God as a heartless Being who sends His children into the lower worlds just for the fun
of seeing them go through all this pain and suffering. If life in the lower worlds is
taken as a school then we shall not only feel no resentment against the severe disci-
pline to which we are subjected but will also adopt the right means for getting out of
the miseries and sufferings which are incidental to this life. The right means obviously
is that we should learn the necessary lessons as thoroughly and as quickly as possible
instead of merely devising means of escape which are bound to prove ineffective in the
long run. Seen in this light Yogic discipline is merely the last phase of our training
whereby our education is completed and rounded off before we are allowed to lead a
free and independent life.
25. The dissociation of Purusa and Prakrti brought about by the dispersion
of Avidya is the real remedy and that is the Liberation of the Seer.
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If the union of Purusa and Prakrti has been brought about by Maya or Avidya
and leads through the development of the Klesas to the misery and sufferings of em-
bodied existence it follows logically that the removal of these latter is possible only
when the union is dissolved by the destruction of Avidya. The union is the sole cause
of bondage. Its dissolution must therefore be the only means available for Emancipa-
tion or Kaivalya of the Seer. The bondage is maintained by the Purusa identifying
himself with his vehicles right from the Atmic to the physical plane. The release is
brought about by his disentangling himself in consciousness from his vehicles one af-
ter another until he stands free from them, even though using them merely as instru-
ments.
It should be clearly understood that the dissociation of consciousness from a
particular vehicle is not merely a matter of understanding brought about by a process
of reasoning and intellectual analysis; though such efforts can help us to a certain ex-
tent in relation to our lower vehicles. The illusion is destroyed completely and in the
real sense only when the Yogi is able to leave the vehicle at will in Samadhi and to
look down upon it, as it were, from a higher plane. Then he realizes definitely that he
is different from that particular vehicle and can never, after such an experience, iden-
tify himself with that vehicle as has been explained in dealing with II-6. The process
of separating off the vehicle and disentangling consciousness from it is repeated over
and over again on the superphysical planes until the last vehicle—the Atmic—is tran-
scended in Nirbija Samadhi and the Purusa stands free (Svarupe ‘vasthanam) ‘in his
own-form’. It will be seen, therefore, that the discarding of the successive vehicles of
consciousness on the subtler planes, which can be done through the practice of
Samadhi, is the only way of destroying Asmita and Avidya and people who think that
by merely repeating mentally formulas like Aham Brahmasmi (I am Brahman) or by
trying to imagine themselves separate from their vehicles they can gain Self-
realization do not really know the nature of the task which they are trying to accom-
plish. It is really amazing to what extent people can over-simplify problems and hyp-
notize themselves into believing that their generally trivial experiences mean realiza-
tion of the Ultimate Truth.
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26. The uninterrupted practice of the awareness of the Real is the means of
dispersion (of Avidya).
Having given in the previous Sutra the general principle underlying the destruc-
tion of Avidya the author gives in this Sutra the practical method which has to be
adopted to bring this about. The method prescribed is the practice of uninterrupted
Viveka-Khyati. What is this Viveka-Khyati? Viveka means, of course, discrimination
between the Real and the unreal and the general idea underlying this word is familiar
to students of Yogic philosophy. Khyati is usually translated as knowledge or con-
sciousness. So Viveka-Khyati means knowledge of the discrimination between the Real
and the unreal. As this does not make much sense let us examine the two words Viveka
and Khyati more fully.
Viveka is generally used for that state of the mind in which it is aware of the
great problems of life and the illusions which are inherent in ordinary human life. In
the state of Aviveka we take everything as a matter of course. The great problems of
life do not exist for us, or if they do, they are of mere academic interest. There is no
desire to question life, to see beyond its ordinary illusions, to discriminate between the
things of real and permanent value and those of passing interest. When the light of
Viveka dawns on the mind all this changes. We become very much alive to the funda-
mental problems of life, begin to question life's values and detach ourselves from the
current of ordinary thoughts and desires, and above all, we want to find that Reality
which is hidden behind the flux of phenomena. This is not a mere process of thinking
but an illuminated state of the mind. It may come temporarily as a result of some
shock in life or may grow naturally and become a permanent feature of our outlook on
life.
When it is a normal feature of our life it is really the harbinger of the spiritual
development which is to follow. The soul is awakening from its long spiritual sleep
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and now wants to find itself. It has reached maturity and wants to come into its Divine
heritage. Ordinary Viveka is merely a symptom of these changes which are taking
place in the recesses of the soul.
Now, the point to be noted here is that this kind of Viveka is only a reflection of
the spiritual consciousness into the lower mind, a sensing, as it were, of the Reality
hidden within us. It is not an actual awareness of Reality. Viveka-Khyati is an actual
awareness of Reality, a direct, immediate contact with the innermost spiritual con-
sciousness, Pratyaksa knowledge of Reality. What the sense of touch is to the sense of
sight that is Viveka to Viveka-Khyati. In the case of the former we merely sense the
Reality within us more or less dimly. In the case of the latter we are in direct contact
with it though in different degrees.
The awareness of Reality or Viveka-Khyati is the opposite of Avidya—lack of
awareness of Reality, the two being related to each other as light and darkness. When
the Purusa is fully aware of Reality he is out of the dominion of Avidya. When he
loses this awareness he relapses into Avidya and the other Klesas. It will be seen that
real discrimination between the Real and the unreal is possible only when we have ex-
perienced Reality and know both the Real and the unreal. When a beginner is asked to
discriminate between the Real and the unreal what is really meant is that he should
learn to discriminate between the things of permanent value in life and those which are
transitory.
In the light of what has been said above the meaning of the Sutra we are dealing
with should become clear. Since Avidya can be overcome only by the awareness of
Reality the cultivation of the latter obviously is the only means whereby release from
bondage can be achieved. The significance of the word Aviplava is, of course, appar-
ent. The awareness must be continuous, undisturbed. It is only then that Kaivalya may
be considered to be attained. A mere glimpse of Reality does not constitute Kaivalya
although it certainly shows that the goal is near. The Purusa must have reached the
stage where this awareness can no longer be obscured even temporarily by Avidya.
This point is developed more fully in the last Section.
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27. In his case the highest stage of Enlightenment is reached by seven stages.
This Sutra merely points out that the state of uninterrupted awareness of Reality
is attained through seven stages. After the Yogi has obtained his first glimpse of Real-
ity he has to pass through seven stages of increasing awareness before he reaches the
final goal of Kaivalya, The word Pranta-bhumih is used to indicate that progress
through these stages does not take place by sudden jumps, as it were, but by gradual
transition from one stage to another like traversing a country divided into seven adja-
cent provinces.
A good deal of rigmarole has been written in explaining this Sutra by some
commentators. It is quite natural that the process of attaining full Enlightenment
should be gradual and should be attained by stages. But to identify these transcendent
changes in consciousness with ordinary processes of thinking as has been done by
some commentators is really absurd. It is better to leave the problem as it is, as a mat-
ter of transcendent experiences which cannot be interpreted in terms of the thinking
processes.
28. From the practice of the component exercises of Yoga, on the destruction
of impurity, arises spiritual illumination which develops into awareness of Reality.
II-28 deals with the problem of guidance needed on the path of Yoga. It has
been said already that ordinary Viveka, is an expression of the spiritual consciousness
hidden behind the mind. If it is real it gives a sufficiently strong urge to the aspirant to
take to the path of Yoga and adopt its discipline. But it is not sufficiently definite to
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lead him on the path of Yoga and to provide him with the necessary guidance in the
mysterious realm of the Unknown. Where is this guidance to come from? According to
this Sutra guidance on the path of Yoga comes from within in the form of spiritual il-
lumination. This light of spiritual consciousness which is akin to intuition but more
definite in its working appears only when the impurities of the mind have been de-
stroyed to a great extent as a result of practising Yogic discipline. This inner light of
wisdom has been given many beautiful and suggestive names such as ‘The Voice of
the Silence’, ‘Light on the Path’ and perhaps the most graphic and illuminative de-
scription of its nature and mode of expression is found in the little book Light on the
Path by Mabel Collins.
There are two points which the Sadhaka must note with regard to this Jnanadipti.
The first is that this light comes from within and makes him, to a great extent,
independent of external guidance. The more we penetrate into the deeper recesses of
our consciousness the more we have to rely upon our own inner resources since noth-
ing outside can help us. In a way, a Sadhaka becomes really qualified to tread the path
of Yoga only after this inner light appears within his mind. All preliminary training in
Yoga is meant to provide him with this inner source of illumination. All teachers who
help him in the early stages have this as their main objective so that he may be able to
stand on his own legs.
The second point to note in this connection is that this inner light of wisdom
continues to grow and provide guidance until the stage of Viveka-Khyati is reached.
That is the significance of the word A preceding the word Viveka-Khyati in the Sutra.
The light grows stronger and stronger as the Sadhaka makes progress on the Path and
draws near to his goal, until he gains his first experience of Reality. Then, of course,
the light of spiritual wisdom becomes unnecessary as far as he is concerned because he
is now in the primary source of inner Illumination, the Enlightenment of Reality itself.
It will be seen that ordinary Viveka, Jnana-dipti, Viveka-Khyati are manifestations in
different degrees of the same Light which shines in its fullest and uninterrupted splen-
dour in Kaivalya. Viveka enables the Sadhaka to enter the path of Yoga, Jnana-dipti
enables him to tread it safely and steadily, Viveka-Khyati gives him the experience of
Reality and Kaivalya sees him established in that Reality permanently.
The philosophy of Klesas which has been expounded by Patanjali in such a
masterly manner in the first portion of Section II deals with the great problem of hu-
man life completely and effectively. It goes to the root-cause of human bondage and
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suffering and prescribes a remedy which is not only effective but brings about a per-
manent cure. This philosophy should therefore be considered not as a mere accessory
but an integral part of Yogic philosophy, upon which alone a stable structure of Yogic
life can be built. Those who come to Yoga out of curiosity drop out sooner or later un-
able to bear its ceaseless strain and the ruthless stripping of the personality which is
involved. Some come driven by vulgar ambition and a spirit of self-aggrandizement.
Their career, if it is not cut short in some way, generally ends in disaster or leads them
to the Left-hand path, which is worse. A few come to Yoga because they find that it is
the only means of securing release from the limitations and illusions of human life and
its miseries. They have understood thoroughly the philosophy of Klesas and even Siddhis
or other attractions of the Yogic life have no power to hold them back or make
them tarry in the illusions of the higher realms. They are the only people who are
really qualified to tread this path.
29. Self-restraints, fixed observances, posture, regulation of breath, abstrac-
tion, concentration, contemplation, trance are the eight parts (of the self-discipline of
Yoga).
186
The system of Yoga put forward by Patanjali has eight parts and is therefore
called Astanga Yoga. Other systems which are based on a different technique naturally
adopt other classifications and have therefore a different number of Angas. This Sutra
merely enumerates the eight constituent parts of this system of Yoga.
The only point which is worth considering in this Sutra is whether the eight Angas
in this system are to be taken as independent parts or as stages which follow each
other in natural sequence. The use of the word Angas which means limbs implies that
they are lo be taken as related but non-sequential parts, but the manner in which Patan-
jali has dealt with them in the text shows that they have a certain sequential relation-
ship. Anyone who examines carefully the nature of these parts cannot fail to see that
they are related to one another in a definite manner and follow one another in a natural
manner in the order in which they are given above. In systematic practice of higher
Yoga, therefore, they have to be taken in the sense of stages and the order in which
they are given has to be adhered to, as far as possible. But, as a Sadhaka can take up
for practice any of the Angas without adhering to this sequence these parts may be
considered independent also to some extent.
30. Vows of self-restraint comprise abstention from violence, falsehood,
theft, incontinence and acquisitiveness.
Yama and Niyama the first two Angas of Yoga are meant to provide an adequate
moral foundation for the Yogic training. The very fact that they are placed before the
other Angas shows their basic character. Before dealing with the moral qualities and
general mode of life which are implied in Yama-Niyama it is necessary to explain a
few things about the place of morality in the Yogic life.
187
Incredible as it may sound, morality of a high order is not always necessary for
the practice of Yoga. There are two kinds of Yoga—lower and higher. The lower has
for its object the development of certain psychic faculties and supernormal powers and
for this the transcendent morality implied in Yama-Niyama is not at all necessary; in
fact, it acts as a hindrance because it causes inner conflict and prevents the Yogi from
going ahead with his pursuit of personal power and ambitions. There are a large num-
ber of Yogis scattered throughout India, Tibet and other countries who undoubtedly
possess supernormal powers and faculties but who are not distinguishable from the
ordinary man of the world by any special moral or spiritual traits of character. Some of
these men are good people, self-centred or vain but harmless. Others, of another class,
cannot be considered innocent and haimless. They are prone to take part in question-
able activities and under provocation can cause injury to those who cross their path.
There is a third class of Yogis who definitely tread the Left-hand path and are called
Brothers of the Shadow. They have powers of various kinds developed to a high de-
gree, are unscrupulous and dangerous, though outwardly they may adopt a mode of life
which makes them appear religious. But anyone in whom intuition is developed can
spot these people and distinguish them from the followers of the Right-hand path by
their tendency to cruelty, unscrupulousness and conceit.
The higher Yoga which is expounded in the Yoga-sutras should be distinguished
very carefully from the lower Yoga referred to above. It has for its objective not the
development of powers which can be used for self-aggrandizement or satisfaction of
conceit but Enlightenment and consequent freedom from the illusions and limitations
of the lower life. Since in gaining this Enlightenment the Sadhaka has to undergo cer-
tain physical and mental disciplines which are the same as those adopted by the fol-
lowers of the Left-hand path, the two paths seem to run parallel for some distance. But
the time comes at an early stage when the paths begin to diverge rapidly. One leads to
an ever-increasing concentration of power in the individual and his isolation from the
One Life, the other to the progressive merging of the individual consciousness in the
One Consciousness and freedom from bondage and illusion. The hope of the former is
naturally very limited and confined to the realm of the intellect while there is no limit
to the achievement of the Yogi on the other.
On the path of higher Yoga morality of a high order is essential and it is a mo-
rality not of the conventional type, not even of ordinary religious type. It is a transcen-
dent morality based on the higher laws of Nature and organized with a view to bring
188
about the liberation of the individual from the bonds of illusion and ignorance. Its ob-
ject is not to achieve limited happiness within the illusions of the lower life but to gain
true and lasting happiness or Peace by transcending those illusions. This is a point
which must be clearly understood because to many students of Yogic philosophy Yogic
morality appears to be unnecessarily harsh and forbidding. They cannot understand
why it should not be possible to practise a morality which will allow us to have rea-
sonable enjoyments of the worldly life as well as the peace and knowledge of the
higher, the best of both the worlds as we say. According to some, Brahmacarya should
be compatible with moderate sexual indulgence. Ahimsa should allow one to defend
oneself against attacks from others. Such compromises with the demands of Yogic mo-
rality seem quite reasonable from the worldly standpoint, but anyone who studies the
philosophy of Yoga carefully will see the utter futility of trying to keep a hold on this
world while trying to conquer the Great Illusion. Not that it is not possible to practise
Yoga at all without giving up these things entirely but the progress of the Sadhaka is
bound to stop at one stage or another if he tries to make these compromises.
Another important point to understand with regard to Yogic morality is that the
virtues which are prescribed have a much wider scope and deeper significance than
what appears on the surface. Each virtue included in Yama, for example, is a typical
representative of a class of virtues which have to be practised to a high degree of per-
fection. The injunction against killing, stealing, lying, etc., under Yama does not seem
to represent a very high standard of morality even from ordinary standards. Any decent
and good individual is expected to abstain from such anti-social conduct. Where is
then the high standard of morality which is demanded by higher Yoga? In order to re-
move this doubt it is necessary to remember, as has been pointed out above, that each
virtue is more comprehensive in its meaning than what it is generally considered to
be. Thus Ahimsa does not mean merely abstaining from murder but not wilfully inflict-
ing any injury, suffering or pain on any living creature, by word, thought or action.
Ahimsa thus stands for the highest degree of harmlessness which is found only among
saints and sages and any ordinary person trying to practise it seriously in his life will
soon begin to feel that perfect harmlessness is an unrealizable ideal. The same holds
true in the case of the other virtues comprised in Yama. To what degree of perfection
these virtues can be developed is shown in the eleven Sutras, II (35-45).
It should thus be clear that the morality enjoined in Yama-Niyama, though ap-
parently simple, represents a very drastic ethical code and is designed to serve as a
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sufficiently strong foundation for the life of higher Yoga. It does not deal with the su-
perficial aberrations and failings of human nature nor is its purpose to make a good
social, law-abiding individual. It goes to the very bedrock of human nature and lays
the foundation of the Yogic life there, so that it may be able to bear the enormous
weight of the sky-scraper which Yogic life really is.
The main object of this relentless ethical code is to eliminate completely all
mental and emotional disturbances which characterize the life of an ordinary human
being. Anyone who is familiar with the working of the human mind should not find it
difficult to understand that no freedom from emotional and mental disturbances is pos-
sible until the tendencies dealt with under Yama-Niyama have been rooted out or, at
least, mastered to a sufficient degree. Hatred, dishonesty, deception, sensuality, poses-
siveness are some of the common and ingrained vices of the human race and as long as
a human being is subject to these vices in their crude or subtle forms so long will his
mind remain a prey to violent or hardly perceptible emotional disturbances which have
their ultimate source in these vices. And, as long as these disturbances continue to af-
fect the mind it is useless to undertake the more systematic and advanced practice of
Yoga.
After this general consideration of Yama-Niyama let us discuss briefly the sig-
nificance of the five moral qualities given in II-30 under Yama. Since this is a matter
which is of the greatest importance to the beginner it may be discussed in some detail.
Ahimsa: Ahimsa really denotes an attitude and mode of behaviour towards all
living creatures based on the recognition of the underlying unity of life. As Yogic phi-
losophy is based on the doctrine of the One Life it is easy to see why our outer behav-
iour should be made to conform to this all-embracing Law of Life. If we understand
this principle thoroughly the application of the ideal in our life will become much eas-
ier.
There are many people who, without making any earnest effort to practise
Ahimsa, start raising imaginary problems and enter into academic discussions as to
what Ahimsa really is and how far it is practicable in life. This is essentially a wrong
approach to the problem because no hard and fast rules can be laid down in this as in
other matters related to our conduct. Each situation in life is unique and requires a
fresh and vital approach. What is right under a particular set of circumstances cannot
be determined in a mechanical fashion by weighing all the facts and striking a balance.
The correct insight into right action under every set of circumstances is the result of a
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developed and purified Buddhi or discriminative faculty and this function of Buddhi,
unhindered by the complexes in our mind, is possible only after prolonged training in
doing the right thing at all costs. It is only by doing the right that we get added
strength to do right in the future and also acquire the capacity to see what is right.
There is no other way. So the Sadhaka who wishes to perfect himself in the practice of
Ahimsa leaves all academic considerations aside, keeps a strict watch over his mind,
emotions, words and actions and starts regulating them in accordance with his ideal.
Slowly, as he succeeds in putting his ideal into practice, the cruelties and injustices
involved in his thoughts, actions and words will gradually reveal themselves, his vi-
sion will clear tip and the right course of conduct under every set of circumstances will
become known intuitively. And gradually, this seemingly negative idea of harm-
lessness will transform itself into the positive and dynamic life of love both in its as-
pect of tender compassion towards all living creatures and its practical form, service.
Satya: The second moral quality denoted by the word Satya has also to be taken
in a far more comprehensive sense than mere truthfulness. It means strict avoidance
of all exaggerations, equivocation, pretence and similar faults which are involved in
saying or doing things which are not in strict accordance with what we know as true.
Downright lying is considered bad in civilized society but there are many variants of
untruthfulness in speech and action which are not regarded as reprehensible in our
conventional life. But all these must be completely eliminated from the life of the Sadhaka.
Why is truthfulness essential for the Yogic life? Firstly because untruthfulness
in all its various forms creates all kinds of unnecessary complications in our life and so
is a constant source of disturbance to the mind. To the foolish man whose intuition has
become clouded lying is one of the simplest and easiest means of getting out of an un-
desirable situation or difficulty. He is unable to see that in avoiding one difficulty in
this manner he creates many others of a more serious nature. Anyone who decides to
keep a watchful eye on his thoughts and actions will notice that usually one lie re-
quires a number of other lies for its support and in spite of all his efforts, in most
cases, circumstances take ouch an unexpected turn that the lie is exposed sooner or
later. This effort to keep up falsehoods and false appearances causes a peculiar strain
in our subconscious mind and provides a congenial soil for all kinds of emotional dis-
turbances. Of course, these things are not noticed by the ordinary man living a life of
conventional falsehoods. It is only when he begins to practise truthfulness that the sub-
191
tler forms of untruthfulness begin to reveal themselves to his eye. It is a law of Nature
that we become aware of the subtler forms of any vice when we have eliminated its
grosser forms.
Apart from the considerations given above, truthfulness has to be practised by
the Sadhaka because it is absolutely necessary for the unfoldment of Buddhi or intui-
tion. The Yogi has to face many problems, the solution of which cannot be found either
in reference books or conclusions based on correct thinking. The only means at his
disposal to solve such problems is an unclouded or pure Buddhi or intuition. Now,
there is nothing which clouds the intuition and practically stops its functioning in this
manner as untruthfulness in all its forms. A person who starts practising Yoga without
first acquiring the virtue of utter truthfulness is like a man going for exploration into a
jungle at night without any light. He has nothing to guide him in his difficulties and
the illusions created by the Brothers of the Shadow are sure to lead him astray. That is
why the Yogi must first put on the armour of perfect truthfulness in thought, word and
deed, for no illusions can pierce such an armour.
Leaving these utilitarian considerations aside the absolute necessity of leading a
perfectly straightforward life for the Yogi follows from the very nature of the Reality
upon which the Universe and our life are based. This Reality in its essential nature is
Love and Truth and expresses itself through the great fundamental laws of Love and
Truth which ultimately conquer everything. The outer and inner life of the Yogi who is
seeking this Reality must, therefore, conform strictly to these basic laws of Nature if
his efforts are to be crowned with success. Anything which is against the law of Love
puts us out of harmony with this law and we are pulled back sooner or later at the cost
of much suffering to ourselves—that is why Ahimsa is enjoined. Similarly, untruthful-
ness in any form puts us out of harmony with the fundamental law of Truth and creates
a kind of mental and emotional strain which prevents us from harmonizing and tran-
quillizing our mind.
Asteya: Asteya literally means abstaining from stealing. Here also we have to
take the word in a very comprehensive sense and not merely interpret it in terms of the
penal code. Few people who have developed some moral sense will go to the length of
actual stealing but there are very few who can be considered quite guiltless from the
strictly moral point of view. This is so because many indirect and subtle forms of mis-
appropriation are connived at in our conventional life and our rather insensitive con-
science does not feel appreciably disturbed when we take part in these shady transac-
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tions. The so-called civilized man will not allow himself to put a silver spoon in his
pocket when he goes out to a public dinner but his conscience may not prick him ade-
quately when he gives or receives gratification for doing his duty.
Asteya should really not be interpreted as abstaining from stealing but abstain-
ing from misappropriation of all kinds. The would-be Yogi cannot allow himself to
take anything which does not properly belong to him, not only in the way of money or
goods but even such intangible and yet highly prized things as credit for things he has
not done or privileges which do not properly belong to him. It is only when a person
succeeds in eliminating to a certain extent this tendency towards misappropriation in
its cruder forms that he begins to discover the subtler forms of dishonesty which are
woven in our life and of which we are hardly conscious. The aspirant who intends to
tread the path of higher Yoga has to proceed systematically in the gradual elimination
of these undesirable tendencies until their last traces have been removed and the mind
rendered pure and in consequence tranquil. He should practise these prescribed virtues
as a fine art aiming at greater and greater refinement in the application of the moral
principles to the problems of his daily life.
Brahmacarya: Of all the virtues enjoined in Yama-Niyama this appears to be the
most forbidding and many earnest students who are deeply interested in Yogic philoso-
phy fight shy of its practical application in their life because they are afraid they will
have to give up the pleasures of sex-indulgence. Many Western writers have tried to
solve the problem by suggesting a liberal interpretation of Brahmacarya and taking it
to mean not complete abstinence but regulated moderate indulgence within lawful
wedlock. The Eastern student who is more familiar with the traditions and actual con-
ditions of Yogic practice does not make this mistake. He knows that the real Yogic life
cannot be combined with the self-indulgence and waste of vital force which is in-
volved in the pleasures of sex life and he has to choose between the two. He may not
be required to give up sex life all at once but he has to give it up completely before he
can start the serious practice of higher Yoga as distinguished from mere theoretical
study or even Yogic practices of a preparatory nature.
To the serious and advanced student this desire to combine the enjoyments of
tne worldly life with the peace and transcendent knowledge of the higher life seems
rather pathetic and shows the absence of a true sense of values with regard to the reali-
ties of the Yogic life and therefore unfitness for leading this life. Those who can equate
or even consider comparable sensual enjoyments with the peace and bliss of the higher
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life for which the Yogi strives and can consequently hesitate in giving up the former,
have yet to develop the strong intuition which tells them unequivocally that they have
to sacrifice a mere shadow for the real thing, a passing sensation for life's greatest gift.
Let the student who feels hesitation in giving up such enjoyments of the senses or
seeks a compromise, honestly ask himself whether he believes that a person who is a
slave of his passions is really fit to embark on this divine adventure and the answer
that he will get from within will be clear and unequivocal.
So this is the first thing which must be clearly understood with regard to Brahmacarya.
The practice of higher Yoga requires complete abstinence from sex life and
no compromise on this point is possible. Of course, there are many Angas of Yoga
which the would-be Yogi can practise, to some extent, by way of preparation, but he
must definitely and systematically prepare to give up completely not only physical
indulgence but even thoughts and emotions connected with the pleasures of sex.
The second point to note in this connection is that Brahmacarya in its wider
sense stands not only for abstinence from sexual indulgence but freedom from craving
for all kinds of sensual enjoyments. The pursuit of sensual pleasures is so much a part
of our life and we depend to such an extent on these for our happiness that it is consid-
ered quite natural and blameless for anybody to indulge in these enjoyments within the
limits of moderation and social obligations. The use of scents, indulgence in the pleas-
ures of the palate, wearing furs and similar pleasures of the senses are so common that
no blame attaches to the pursuit of such enjoyments even where they involve terrible
suffering to countless living creatures. It is all taken as a matter of course and very few
people ever give even a passing thought to these things. And for the man who is lead-
ing the ordinary life in the world moderate enjoyments of a kind which do not involve
any suffering to other creatures do not really matter. They are a part of the normal life
at his stage of evolution. But for the would-be Yogi these seemingly innocent enjoy-
ments are harmful, not because there is anything ‘sinful’ about them, but because they
carry with them the potentiality for constant mental and emotional disturbances. No
one who allows himself to be attracted by the ‘objects of the senses’ can hope to be
free from the worries and anxieties which characterize the life of the worldly man. Be-
sides being a source of constant mental disturbance the pursuit of sensual enjoyments
tends to undermine the will and to keep up an attitude of mind which militates against
a whole-hearted pursuit of the Yogic ideal.
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It is, however, necessary to understand what is really to be aimed at in giving
up sensual enjoyments. As long as we are living in the world and moving among all
kinds of objects which affect the sense-organs we cannot avoid feeling sensuous
pleasures of various kinds. When we eat tasty food we cannot help feeling a certain
amount of sensuous pleasure—it is the natural result of the food coming in contact
with the taste-buds and arousing particular sensations. Has the Yogi then to attempt the
impossible task of shutting out all pleasurable sensations? No! not at all. The trouble
lies not in feeling the sensation which is quite natural and in itself harmless but in the
craving for the repetition of the experiences which involve pleasurable sensations. It is
that which has to be guarded against and rooted out because it is the desire (Kama)
which disturbs the mind and creates Samskaras and not the actual sensation. The Yogi
moves among all kinds of objects as anybody else but his mind is not attached to ob-
jects which give pleasure or repelled from objects which give pain. He is, therefore,
unaffected by the presence or absence of different kinds of objects. The contact with
an object produces a particular sensation but the matter ends there.
But this condition of non-attachment can be attained only after a very prolonged
and severe self-discipline and renunciation of all kinds of objects which give pleasure,
though in the case of some exceptional Sadhakas who bring powerful Samskaras from
past lives it comes naturally and easily. There are some people who allow themselves
to remain under the self-deception that they are unattached to enjoyments of the senses
even though they continue outwardly to indulge in them. It will help these people to
destroy this self-deception if they ask themselves seriously why they continue to in-
dulge in those pleasures if they have really outgrown them. The fact is that for the or-
dinary Sadhaka it is only by renouncing pleasures of the senses that indifference to-
wards them can be developed and tested. Austerity is thus a necessary part of the Yogic
discipline. Those who allow themselves to lead the soft life of sensual pleasures under
the illusion that ‘these things do not touch them’ are merely postponing the effort for
the earnest pursuit of the Yogic ideal. To the worldly-minded this austerity appears
forbidding if not meaningless and they frequently wonder what the Yogi really lives
for. But to the Yogi this freedom from attachment brings an undefinable peace of mind
and inner strength beside which the enjoyments of the senses appear intolerable.
Aparigraha: Aparigraha is sometimes translated as absence of greediness but
non-possessiveness perhaps gives the underlying idea better. In order to understand
why it is essential for the would-be Yogi to eliminate this tendency in his life we have
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only to consider the tremendous bias which it gives to our life. The tendency to accu-
mulate worldly goods is so strong that it may be considered almost a basic instinct in
human life. Of course, as long as we live in the physical world we have to have a few
things which are essential for the maintenance of the body, although essential and non-
essential are relative terms nd there seems to be no limit to the cutting down of even
what are considered the necessities of life. But we are not satisfied with the necessities
of life. We must have things which may be classed as luxuries. These are not necessary
for keeping body and soul together but are meant to increase our comforts and enjoy-
ments. We do not, however, stop even at luxuries. When we have at our disposal all
the means that can ensure all possible comforts and enjoyments for the rest of our life
we are still not satisfied and continue to amass wealth and things. One would think
that a palace should suffice for the real needs of a human being but one who has a pal-
ace is not satisfied and wants to build a few more. Of course, these extra things do not
serve any purpose except that of satisfying our childish vanity and desire to appear
superior to our fellow men. There is no limit to our desire for wealth and the material
things which we like to have around us and obviously, therefore, we are dealing here
with an instinct which has no relation with reason or commonsense.
Apart from the complications which this human instinct causes in the world
in the social and economic fields which we need not discuss here, its effect on the life
of the individual is of a nature which makes its elimination for the would-be Yogi an
absolute necessity. Let us consider a few of the factors which are involved. First, you
have to spend time and energy in the accumulation of things which you do not really
need. Then you have to spend time and energy in maintaining and guarding the things
which you have accumulated, the worries and anxieties of life increasing proportion-
ately with the increase in the accumulations. Then consider the constant fear of losing
the things, the pain and anguish of actually losing some of them every now and then
and the regret of leaving them behind when you ultimately bid goodbye to this world.
Now add up all these things and see what a colossal waste of time, energy and mental
force all this involves. No one who is at all serious about the solution of the deeper
problems of life can afford to squander his limited resources in this manner. So the
would-be Yogi cuts down his possessions and requirements to the minimum and elimi-
nates from his life all these unnecessary accumulations and activities which fritter
away his energies and are a source of constant disturbance to the mind. He remains
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satisfied with what comes to him in the natural course of the working of the law of
Karma.
It may be pointed out, however, that it is really not the quantity of things by
which we are surrounded but our attitude towards them which matters. For there may
be only a few things in our possession and yet the instinct of possessiveness may be
very strong. On the other hand, we may be rolling in wealth and yet be free from any
sense of possession. Many interesting stories are told in the Hindu scriptures to illus-
trate this point, the story of Janaka who lived in a palace and the hermit who lived in a
hut being well known. It is possible to live in the most luxurious circumstances with
no feeling of possession and readiness to part with everything without the slightest
hesitation. But though this is possible it is not easy and the would-be Yogi would do
well to cut out all unnecessary things, for it is only in this way he can learn to live the
simple and austere life. Even if he is not attached to his possessions he will have to
spend time and energy in maintaining the paraphernalia and this he cannot afford to
do.
But it must be clearly understood that the necessity for cultivating this virtue
lies chiefly in ensuring a state of mind which is free from attachments. The additional
advantages which have been referred to above, though important, are of a subsidiary
nature.
31. These (the five vows), not conditioned by class, place, time or occasion
and extending to all stages constitute the Great Vow.
After giving the five basic virtues which have to be practised by the would-be
Yogi in II-30, Patanjali lays down another principle in the next Sutra the importance of
which is not generally realized. In the practising of any virtue there are occasions
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when doubts arise whether it is feasible or advisable to practise that particular virtue in
the particular situation which has arisen. Considerations of class, place, time or occa-
sion may be involved in these situations and the Sadhaka may find it difficult to decide
what should be done under those circumstances. Take for illustration the following
hypothetical situations. A friend of yours whom you know to be innocent is going to
be hanged but can be saved if you tell a lie. Should you tell that lie? (occasion). Ac-
cumulation of wealth and its proper distribution is the Dharma of a Vaisya according
to Hindu Varnasrama Dharma. Should a Vaisya who aspires to be a Yogi, therefore,
relax his vow with regard to Aparigraha, and continue to amass wealth? (class). Your
country is at war with another. Should you join the army and agree to kill the nationals
of the enemy as you are required to do? (time). You have to go to the Arctic region
where it is necessary to kill animals for food. Are you free to modify your vow with
regard to Ahimsa in the peculiar circumstances in which you are placed? (place). Hun-
dreds of such questions are bound to arise in the life of the would-be Yogi and he may
sometimes be in doubt whether the five vows are to be practised strictly or exceptions
can be made under special circumstances. This Sutra sets at rest all such doubts by
making it absolutely clear that no exceptions can be allowed in the practice of the
Great Vow as the five vows are called collectively. He may be put to great inconven-
ience, he may have to pay great penalties in the observance of these vows—even the
extreme penalty of death—but none of these vows may be broken under any condi-
tions. Even if life has to be sacrificed in the observance of his vow he should go
through the ordeal cheerfully in the firm conviction that the tremendous influx of spiri-
tual power which is bound to take place under these conditions will far outweigh the
loss of a single life. He who is out to unravel the Ultimate Mystery of life has to risk
his life in doing the right on many occasions, and considering the tremendous nature of
the achievement which is at stake the loss of one or two lives does not matter. Besides,
he should know that in a Universe governed by Law and based on Justice no real harm
can come to a person who tries to do the right. When he has to suffer under these cir-
cumstances it is usually due to past Karma and it is therefore better to go through the
unpleasant experience and have done with the Karmic obligation for good. Usually, the
problems which arise are meant only to test us to the utmost and when we show our
determination to do the right thing at any cost they are resolved in the most unexpected
manner.
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While, in one way, this uncompromising adherence to one's principles makes
the observance of the Great Vow not an easy matter and may involve great hardships
on occasions, in another way, it simplifies the problem of our life and conduct to a
very great extent. It eliminates completely the difficulty of deciding what has to be
done under all kinds of situations in which the Sadhaka may find himself. The univer-
sality of the Vow leaves no loop-holes through which his mind may tempt him to es-
cape and his course of action on most occasions will be quite clear. He can follow the
right path unhesitatingly, knowing that there is no other path open to him.
It should be noted, however, that though there is insistence on doing the right,
the interpretation of what is right is always left to his discretion. He has to do what he
thinks to be right, not what others tell him. If he does wrong, thinking it to be right,
nature will teach him through suffering but the will to do the right at any cost will pro-
gressively clear his vision and lead him to the stage where he can see the right unerr-
ingly. Seeing the right depends upon doing the right. Hence the tremendous impor-
tance of righteousness in the life of the Yogi.
32. Purity, contentment, austerity, self-study and self-surrender constitute
observances.
We now come to Niyama, the second Anga of Yogic discipline which serves to
lay the foundation of the Yogic life. Before we deal with the five elements of Niyama
enumerated in this Sutra it is necessary to consider the distinction between Yama and
Niyama. Superficially examined, Yama and Niyama both seem to have a common pur-
pose—the transmutation of the lower nature so that it may serve properly as a vehicle
of the Yogic life. But a closer study of the elements included under the two heads will
reveal at once the difference in the general nature of the practices enjoined for bring-
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ing about the necessary changes in the character of the Sadhaka. The practices in-
cluded in Yama are, in a general way, moral and prohibitive while those in Niyama are
disciplinal and constructive. The former aim at laying the ethical foundation of the
Yogic life and the latter at organizing the life of the Sadhaka for the highly strenuous
Yogic discipline which is to follow.
This difference in the general purpose of Yama and Niyama involves a corre-
sponding difference in the nature of the practices themselves. In the observance of the
Great Vow connected with Yama the Sadhaka is not required to do anything. Day after
day, he is required to react to the incidents and events in his life in a well-defined
manner, but the number and character of the occasions which will arise in his life re-
quiring the exercise of the five virtues will naturally depend upon his circumstances.
If, for example, he goes and lives alone in a jungle as an ascetic there will hardly arise
any occasion for putting the virtues into practice. The Great Vow will be binding on
him always, but if we may say so, will remain inoperative for want of opportunities for
its practice.
Not so in the case of Niyama which involves practices which have to be gone
through regularly, day after day, whatever the circumstances in which the Sadhaka is
placed. Even if he is living alone completely isolated from all social relationships the
necessity for going through these practices will remain as great as when he was living
in the busy haunts of men.
Sauca: The first element of Niyama is Sauca or purity. Before we can under-
stand how the problem of purifying our nature is to be tackled we should clarify our
ideas with regard to purity. What is purity? According to the Yogic philosophy the
whole of the Universe, seen or unseen, is a manifestation of the Divine Life and per-
vaded by the Divine Consciousness. To the Enlightened sage or saint who has had the
Divine vision everything from an atom to the Isvara of a Brahmanda is a vehicle of
the Divine Life and therefore pure and sacred. From this higher point of view nothing
can therefore be considered impure in the absolute sense. So, when we use the words
pure and impure in relation to our life we obviously use them in a relative sense. The
word purity is used in relation to our vehicles, not only the body which we can cognize
with our physical senses but also the superphysical vehicles which serve as the instru-
ments of emotion, thought and other spiritual faculties. A thing is pure in relation to a
vehicle if it enables or helps the vehicle to serve efficiently as an instrument of the
Divine Life expressing through it at the particular stage of evolution. It is impure if it
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hinders the full expression of that life or offers impediments in the exercise of the ve-
hicle's functions. Purity is, therefore, nothing absolute, only functional and related to
the next stage of evolution which life is seeking to attain. Purification, therefore,
means elimination from the vehicles belonging to an individual of all those elements
and conditions which prevent them from exercising their proper functions and attain-
ing the goal in view. For the Yogi this goal is Self-realization through the merging of
his individual consciousness with the Consciousness of the Supreme or the attainment
of Kaivalya in terms of the Yoga-sutra. Purification for the Yogi, therefore, means spe-
cifically the maintenance and transformation of the vehicle in such a manner that they
can serve increasingly to bring about this unification.
Purity, though it is functional, depends to a great extent upon the quality of the
material of which a particular vehicle of consciousness is composed. The functional
efficiency of the vehicle depends not only upon its structural organization but also
upon the nature of the material incorporated in it. The expression of consciousness
through a vehicle may be compared to the production of different kinds of sounds by a
piece of stretched metallic wire. We know that the sound which is produced depends
upon three factors, the nature of the metal, the structure (diameter and length) of the
wire and the tension to which it is subjected. In the same way the capacity of a vehicle
to respond to different states of consciousness depends upon its material, its structural
complexity which increases as a result of evolution, and its sensitiveness.
The reason why the material of the vehicle determines to a certain extent its vi-
brational capacity lies in the fact that quality of material and vibrational capacity are
indissolubly linked in nature, each kind of material responding to a limited range of
vibrations. So, if we want to bring down into the lower vehicles the high and subtle
vibrations corresponding to the deeper layers of human consciousness we must provide
in them the right and corresponding type of material.
All the lower vehicles of a Jivatma are constantly changing and purification
consists in gradually and systematically replacing the comparatively coarse material of
the bodies by a more refined type of material. In the case of the physical body purifi-
cation is a comparatively simple matter and may be brought about by supplying to the
body the right kind of material in the form of food and drink. According to the Hindu
system of Yogic culture foods and drinks are divided into three classes—Tamasic, Rajasic
and Sattvic and only those which are considered Sattvic are allowed to the Yogi
who is building a pure and refined physical vehicle. Meat, alcohol and so many other
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accessories of a modern diet make the physical body utterly useless for the Yogic life
and if the aspirant has been coarsening the body through the use of these he will have
to go through a prolonged period of careful dieting to get rid of the undesirable mate-
rial and make the body sufficiently refined.
The purification of the subtler vehicles which serve as instruments for the ex-
pression of thoughts and emotions is brought about by a different and more difficult
process. In their case the vibrational tendencies are gradually changed by excluding all
undesirable thoughts and emotions from the mind and replacing these constantly and
persistently by thoughts and emotions of a higher and subtler nature. As the vibrational
tendencies of these bodies change the matter of the bodies also changes pari passu and
after some time, if the effort is continued long enough, the vehicles are adequately pu-
rified. The test of real purification is provided by the normal vibrational tendencies
which one finds in the vehicle. A pure mind easily and naturally thinks pure thoughts
and feels pure emotions and it becomes difficult for it to entertain undesirable thoughts
and emotions in the same way as it is difficult for an impure mind to entertain high and
noble thoughts and emotions.
Another device recommended in the Hindu system of spiritual culture for the
purification of the subtler vehicles is the constant use of Mantras and prayers. These
make the vehicles vibrate frequently at very high rates of frequency, bring about an
influx of spiritual forces from the planes above and the agitation thus set in motion,
day after day, gradually washes out, as it were, all the undesirable elements from the
different vehicles. It will be seen, therefore, that purification or Sauca is a positive
practice. It does not take place of itself. One has to go through purificatory exercises,
day after day, for long periods of time. That is why it has been included in Niyama.
Samtosa: The second element of Niyama is Samtosa which is generally trans-
lated as contentment. It is necessary for the aspirant for the Yogic life to cultivate con-
tentment of the highest order because without it there is no possibility of keeping the
mind in a condition of equilibrium. The ordinary man living in the world is subjected
all day long to all kinds of impacts, and he reacts to these impacts according to his
habits, prejudices, training or mood of the moment, according to his nature as we say.
These reactions involve in most cases greater or lesser disturbances of the mind, there
being hardly any reaction which is not accompanied by a ruffling of the feeling or the
mind. The disturbance from one impact has hardly had time to subside before another
impact throws it out of equilibrium again. The mind seems to be apparently calm
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sometimes but this calmness is only superficial. Beneath the surface there is an under-
current of disturbance like the swell in a superficially calm sea.
This condition of mind which need not necessarily be unpleasant and which is
taken as natural by most people is not at all conducive to one-pointedness and as long
as it lasts must result in Viksepa, the strong tendency of the mind to be outward-
turned. So the Sadhaka has to change this state of constant disturbance into a state of
constant equilibrium and stillness by a deliberate exercise of the will, meditation and
other means that may be available. He aims at attaining a condition in which he re-
mains perfectly calm and serene whatever may happen in the outer world or even in
the inner world of his mind. His aim is not merely to acquire the power to quell a men-
tal disturbance if and when it arises but the more rare power to prevent any disturbance
taking place at all. He knows that once a disturbance has been allowed to occur it takes
far more energy to overcome it completely and, even though outwardly it may disap-
pear quickly, the inner sub-conscious disturbance persists for a long time.
This kind of equanimity can be built only on the foundations of perfect con-
tentment, the capacity to remain satisfied whatever may happen to the Sadhaka. It is an
extremely positive and dynamic condition of the mind which has nothing in common
with that negative mentality which is based on laziness and lack of initiative and
which is rightly held in profound contempt by people in the world. It is based on per-
fect indifference to all those personal enjoyments, comforts and other considerations
which sway mankind. Its object is the attainment of that Peace which takes one com-
pletely beyond the realm of illusion and misery.
The cultivation of this supreme contentment and consequent tranquillity of the
mind is the result of prolonged self-discipline and going through many experiences
which involve pain and suffering. It cannot be acquired by a mere assertion of the will
once for all. Habits stronger than nature and habits developed through innumerable
lives cannot be changed all at once. That is why constant alertness and training of the
mind in maintaining the right attitude is necessary and that is also why this virtue is
placed under Niyama.
Tapas and the next two elements of Niyama have already been referred to in II-
1 and the reason why they together are called Kriya-Yoga has been given in dealing
with that Sutra. Tapas is a very comprehensive term and has really no exact English
equivalent. It combines in itself the significations of a number of English words: puri-
fication, self-discipline, austerity. The word stands for a class of various practices the
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object of which is to purify and discipline the lower nature and to bring the vehicles of
the Jivatma under the control of an iron will. The meaning of the word is probably de-
rived from the process of subjecting alloyed gold to strong ‘heating’ whereby all the
dross is burnt off and pure gold is left behind. In a way the whole science of character-
building whereby we purify and bring under control our lower vehicles may be consid-
ered as a practice of Tapas but in the orthodox sense the word Tapas is used particu-
larly for some specific exercises adopted for the purification and control of the physi-
cal body and the development of will-power. These include such practices as fasting,
observing vows of various kinds, Pranayama etc. Some misguided people take the
most extraordinary vows in practising Tapas such as holding up the hand and keeping
it in that position for a number of years even though it withers. But such foolish prac-
tices are considered highly reprehensible in the enlightened schools of Yoga and are
called Asuric, demoniacal.
The systematic practice of Tapas generally begins with simple and easy exer-
cises which require the exertion of will-power and is continued by progressive stages
with more difficult exercises, the object of which is to bring about the dissociation of
the vehicle from consciousness. In the case of the ordinary man the consciousness is to
a great extent identified with the vehicle through which it works. The practice of
Tapas gradually loosens up this association, enables the consciousness to be partially
separated from the vehicle and this progressive awareness of the vehicle as part of the
‘not-Self’ means attenuation of ‘Asmita’ or ‘I am this’ consciousness. It is only when
this power to dissociate consciousness from the vehicles has been acquired to some
extent that the Sadhaka can effectively purify and control the vehicles and use them
for the purposes of Yoga.
Svadhyaya: The word Svadhyaya is sometimes used in a limited sense for the
study of the sacred scriptures. But this is only a part of the work which has to be
done—the first step. The student has naturally first to make himself thoroughly famil-
iar with all the essential literature bearing on the different aspects of Yoga just as he
does in the study of any science. In this way he acquires the necessary knowledge of
the theoretical principles and practices which are involved in the pursuit of the Yogic
ideal. He also gets an idea of the relative values of the different methods and a correct
perspective with regard to all matters connected with Yogic practices.
While this study is only theoretical and does not take him very far on the road
to Self-realization it is none the less of great value to the student. Many people who set
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out on this quest have a very vague and confused intellectual background and lack that
clear and broad grasp of the subject which is so necessary for steady progress. Being
insufficiently equipped with the necessary knowledge concerning the various problems
which are involved they are apt to over-simplify these problems and to expect impos-
sible results. Sooner or later they become disheartened and frustrated or fall a prey to
those unscrupulous people who pose as great Yogis and promise all kinds of fantastic
things to entice people into their fold. A broad and general intellectual background is
necessary for achieving success in any sphere of scientific endeavour and since Yoga
is a science par excellence it is true of this science also.
But though a thorough and detailed study of Yogic literature is a necessary part
of Svadhyaya it is only the first step. The next is constant brooding and reflection over
the deeper problems which have been studied in their intellectual aspect through
books, etc. This constant reflection prepares the mind for the reception of real knowl-
edge from within. It produces a sort of suctorial action and draws the breath of intui-
tion into the mind. The student thus begins to get a deeper insight into the problems of
Yogic life. The clearer the insight into these problems the keener becomes the desire
for the real solution, for gaining that transcendent knowledge in the light of which all
doubts are completely resolved and the Peace of the Eternal is attained. This brooding
and reflection on the great and fundamental truths of life gradually and imperceptibly
begins to take the form of meditation in the ordinary sense of the term, that is, the
mind becomes increasingly engrossed in the object of the search. This object need not
necessarily be an abstract truth of a philosophical nature. It may be an object of devo-
tion with whom the Sadhaka wants to commune and become united. The nature of the
object will differ according to the temperament of the individual but the condition of
the mind—a state of deep absorption and intense desire to know—will be the same,
more or less.
In bringing about this one-pointed state of absorption the use of Mantras is very
helpful. The Sadhaka may use the Mantra of his Ista-Devata or any of the well-known
Mantras like Gayatri or Pranava. These Mantras, as has been shown already, harmo-
nize the lower vehicles of consciousness, make them sensitive to the subtler vibrations
and ultimately bring about a partial fusion of the lower and higher consciousness. So,
it will be seen that though Svadhyaya begins with intellectual study it must be carried
through the progressive stages of reflection, meditation, Tapas etc. to the point where
the Sadhaka is able to gain all knowledge or devotion from within, by his own efforts.
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That is the significance of the prefix Sva in Svadhyaya. He leaves all external aids
such as books, discourses, etc. and dives into his own mind for everything he needs in
his quest.
Isvara-Pranidhana: This is usually translated as resignation to Isvara or God
but in view of the fact that the advanced practice of Isvara-Pranidhana is able to bring
about Samadhi, it is obvious that the word is used in a far deeper sense than the super-
ficial mental effort of the ordinary religious man to resign himself to the will of God.
When such a man makes a mental assertion of this kind what he really means is that
the will of God is supreme in the world over which He rules and he submits to that will
gladly, although the experience which has evoked that assertion may not be a pleasant
one. This attitude is not unlike the attitude of a loyal subject to the fiat of his king.
It is clear, however, that though this attitude of the pious individual is superior
to the common attitude of resentment towards the inevitable calamities and sufferings
of life and conduces to a peaceful state of mind, it cannot by itself take him very far
along the path of spiritual unfoldment and realization which culminates in Samadhi.
The fact that the progressive practice of Isvara-Pranidhana can ultimately lead to
Samadhi shows definitely that it signifies a much deeper process of transformation in
the Sadhaka than a mere acceptance of whatever experiences and ordeals come to him
in the course of his life.
To understand the significance and technique of Isvara-Pranidhana it is neces-
sary to recall how the Purusa gets involved in Prakrti through Avidya which results in
his becoming subject to illusion and consequent sufferings and miseries of life. As this
question has been discussed thoroughly in dealing with the theory of Klesas it is not
necessary to go into its details here, but there is one central idea bearing on the prob-
lem under consideration which may be briefly referred to in this connection. Accord-
ing to the philosophy upon which the Science of Yoga is based, the Reality within us is
free from the fundamental illusion which is responsible for the limitations and miseries
of our life. The individual consciousness or Purusa is a manifestation of that Reality.
How does he then become subject to the Great Illusion and the consequent sufferings
of the lower life? By the imposition of the ‘I’ consciousness which makes him identify
himself with his vehicles and with the environment in which his consciousness is im-
mersed. As long as this veil of Asmita or ‘I’-ness covers his true nature—Svarupa—he
remains bound by the limitations and illusions of life and the only way in which he can
regain his freedom from them is by removing this covering of ‘I’ consciousness. This
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is the basic idea underlying the whole philosophy of Yoga and all systems of Yoga aim
at the destruction of this ‘I’ consciousness directly or indirectly, by one means or an-
other. The practice of Isvara-Pranidhana is one of such means. It has for its object the
dissolution of Asmita by the systematic and progressive merging of the individual will
with the Will of Isvara and thus destroying the very root of the Klesas.
The practice of Isvara-Pranidhana therefore begins with the mental assertion
‘Not my will but Thy Will be done’, but it does not end there. There is a steady effort
to bring about a continuous recession of consciousness from the level of the personal-
ity which is the seat of ‘I’ consciousness into the consciousness of the Supreme whose
will is working out in the manifested world. This effort may take many forms accord-
ing to the temperament and previous Samskaras of the Sadhaka. There may be an ear-
nest desire to become a conscious instrument of the Supreme Will which is finding
expression in the unfolding of the manifested Universe. This Will finds obstruction in
its expression at the human level owing to the limitations of the personality, the
greater the egoism the greater the obscuration and the consequent obstruction. Such a
Sadhaka who is trying to practise Isvara-Pranidhana tries to remove this obstruction
of the personality by doing Niskama-Karma, so that his personality may become a
willing and conscious instrument of the Divine Will. It is needless to say that this is a
gradual process and for a long time the Sadhaka has to work, as it were, in the dark,
trying to do scrupulously what he thinks to be right without having any conscious
knowledge of the Divine Will. It is, however, not necessary to know the Divine Will
until the personality has been brought under control, for even if that Will were known
the wayward and uncontrolled personality will not allow it to be expressed freely and
fully. But as in all processes of this nature the effort to realize an ideal gradually re-
moves the obstructions in the way of realization and if the Sadhaka pursues his ideal
with perseverance he succeeds in becoming a conscious agent of the Divine. His false
lower ‘I’ disappears and the Divine Will can work freely through the ‘I’-less centre of
his consciousness. This is real Karma-Yoga.
The practice of Isvara-Pranidhana takes a different form if the Sadhaka is a
person with a highly emotional temperament and is treading the path of Bhakti. Here
the emphasis is not on the merging of the individual will in the Divine Will but on the
union with the Beloved through love. But as love naturally expresses itself in self-
abnegation and subordination of personal desires to the Will of the Beloved the path of
Bhakti also leads indirectly to the dissolution of the ‘I’ or Asmita. Here it is love which
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is the driving force and which brings about the destruction of egoism and fusion of
consciousness and Samadhi is the result.
The careful student will be able to see in Isvara-Pranidhana the essence of
Bhakti-Yoga. It is thought by many students of the system of Yoga outlined in the
Yoga-Sutras that there is not much of a place for a Bhakta in this system, and Bhakti
has not been given the weight it deserves considering its importance in spiritual cul-
ture. It is true that the manner in which the subject has been dealt with by Patanjali
does give that impression, but does not Isvara-Pranidhana contain in a nutshell the
whole essential technique of Bhakti-Yoga? Navadha-Bhakti which comprises the prac-
tical side of Bhakti-Yoga is merely of a preparatory nature and it is meant to lead the
Sadhaka to the stage where he is able to renounce all external aids and to surrender
himself completely to the Will of the Lord and depend upon Him completely for every-
thing. Surely, this advanced technique of spiritual culture and ultimate union with the
Beloved in Samadhi is nothing but Isvara-Pranidhana.
33. When the mind is disturbed by improper thoughts constant pondering
over the opposites (is the remedy).
In dealing with the subject of Yama-Niyama, Patanjali has given two Sutras
which are of great help to the practical student of Yoga. The first of these which is be-
ing considered gives an effective method of dealing with the habits and tendencies
which interfere with the practice of Yama-Niyama. The student who tries to practise
Yama-Niyama brings with him the momentum of all kinds of tendencies from previous
lives, and in spite of his resolve, the undesirable habits and tendencies in which he has
indulged assert themselves strongly and force him to act, feel and think in ways which
go against his ideals. What is he to do under these circumstances? He should ponder
constantly over the opposites of the undesirable tendencies when these latter trouble
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him. In this Sutra the author has given one of the most important laws of character-
building, a law which modern psychology recognizes and recommends in dealing with
problems of self-culture.
The rationale of this technique for overcoming bad habits and undesirable ten-
dencies, whether they relate to action, feeling or thinking lies in the fact that all evil
tendencies are rooted in wrong habits of thought and attitudes and, therefore, the only
effective means of removing them completely and permanently is to attack the trouble
at its source and alter the thoughts and attitudes which underlie the undesirable mani-
festations.
As is well known, an undesirable mental habit can be changed only by replacing
it by a mental habit of an exactly opposite kind—hatred by love, dishonesty by up-
rightness. New and desirable mental channels are created by the new thoughts in which
mental energy begins to flow in ever increasing measure, starving and gradually re-
placing the undesirable habits of thoughts and the wrong attitudes which are de-
rived from them. The amount of mental energy required and the time taken will depend
naturally upon the strength of the undesirable habit and the willpower of the Sadhaka,
but if he puts his heart into the work and perseveres the thing can be done.
34. As improper thoughts, emotions (and actions) such as those of violence
etc., whether they are done (indulged in), caused to be done or abetted, whether caused
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by greed, anger or delusion, whether present in mild, medium or intense degree, result
in endless pain and ignorance; so there is the necessity of pondering over the oppo-
sites.
In this Sutra Patanjali has given a brilliant analysis of the factors which are in-
volved in this gradual transformation of undesirable into desirable tendencies and
modern psychology should incorporate the many valuable ideas given in this Sutra in
its system of ethics. This Sutra is a typical example of the vast and varied information
which can be condensed in the few words of a Sutra and made readily available to the
practical student. The first factor we have to deal with in relation to the evil tendencies
which are sought to be overcome by Yama-Niyama, is the question of instrumentality.
Instrumentality: Evil action may be (a) done directly, (b) caused to be done
through the agency of another, (c) be connived at or approved. Common law takes
cognizance of and recognizes responsibility in case of (a) and (b) but not in(c). But
according to the ethics of Yoga, blame attaches to all three types of evil actions, there
being only a question of degree. The man who sees a thief breaking into a house but
does not do anything to prevent the crime is partly responsible for the crime and will
to that extent have to bear the Karmic result and degradation of character.
It is desirable to have clear ideas with regard to this question because a very
large number of people—good, honest people— manage to deceive themselves and
ease their conscience by supposing that if they have not taken a direct part in an evil
action they are quite free from blame. Thus, for example, in India many people would
shrink with horror if they were asked to slaughter a goat and yet they allow themselves
to believe that they incur no Karmic responsibility in taking meat because it is the
butcher Who kills the goat. This illustrates incidentally the enormous capacity for self-
deception in the case of human beings where their prejudices come in or where their
self-indulgences are at stake.
But more noteworthy than this doing of evil action indirectly is perhaps the
third way of participating in it. We some times witness a crime but owing to callous-
ness or desire to avoid getting into trouble do nothing about it or may even silently
approve of it. We assume that because we have not taken any part—direct or indi-
rect—in the crime we are quite free from blame. But it is not so according to the Yogic
ethics embodied in Yama-Niyama. According to the more stringent rules of Yogic mo-
rality a man who connives at or is indifferent to a crime being done in his presence in
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which, from common humaneness he should have interfered is partly guilty of the
crime. ‘Inaction in a deed of mercy is action in a deadly sin’ as the Buddha warned. If,
for example, we see a person being lynched or a child or animal being treated very
cruelly it is our duty to interfere whatever the consequences to ourselves. And if we
save our skin by remaining indifferent or inactive we incur responsibility and invite
Karmic retribution. Of course, this does not mean that we have to become a nuisance
and like a busy-body interfere constantly in the lives of other people with the object of
getting wrongs redressed. Yogic life does not mean bidding good-bye to reason and
commonsense.
Cause: The next factor we have to consider is the cause of the evil tendencies
which hinder us in the practice of Yama-Niyama. Patanjali has given three causes—
agreed, anger and delusion. It should be noted that these three are conditions of mind
which precede wrong thoughts, feelings and actions. This is indicated by the word
Purvaka. Lobha is the condition of the mind which produces the desire to grasp things
for ourselves. Krodha is the agitation of the mind produced when any person or thing
stands in the way of fulfilment of our desire. Moha is the conditioning of the mind
which results when we are attached to any person or thing. All these conditions of the
mind bring about a clouding of Buddhi which renders a person incapable of judging
right and wrong. It is this confused and unenlightened state of the mind which pro-
vides the necessary soil for wrong thoughts, feelings and actions. That is why ponder-
ing over the opposites and thus clearing up the confusion has been prescribed as the
remedy in the previous Sutra. What has to be remembered is that we have to go to the
root of the evil and tackle it there.
Degree: The next question to be considered in regard to Vitarka is that of de-
gree. In the Hindu philosophical systems the usual method of classifying a number of
things which differ in degree or intensity is to consider them under three broad sub-
heads—mild, medium and intense. This method of sub-division is simple and elastic
though naturally it suffers from lack of definiteness. But as the Sadhaka has to free
himself completely from these evil tendencies this lack of definiteness in the division
is not of any practical importance.
The importance of sub-dividing the degree or intensity of Vitarka does not lie in
providing a scientific method of classification. Its real object is to bring home to the
Sadhaka the importance of attending to the minor faults in his thinking and conduct
which he is likely to overlook or ignore. The Sadhaka has to develop a high degree of
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scrupulousness with regard to his thoughts, feelings and actions which is generally
lacking in people who strive to lead a moral life. It is, in fact, this meticulous attention
to our inner and outer life which produces moral perfection and brings about those re-
sults which are mentioned in the eleven Sutras beginning with II-35.
It should be borne in mind that the subtler forms of an evil tendency do not re-
veal themselves to us unless and until the grosser ones have been eliminated. So, this
complete elimination of any particular kind of Vitarka will seem to be continually re-
ceding and it may appear to the aspirant that he can never acquire the perfection for
which he is striving. But far better this never-get-done feeling than the easy compla-
cence which is fatal for the man who is treading the path of Yoga. The results in which
the practice of different elements of Yama-Niyama culminate (II-35-45), can always
enable the Sadhaka to check his progress and to know definitely whether he has com-
pleted the task of developing any particular trait.
Result: The last point dealt with in this Sutra is the result of the tendencies
which are sought to be eradicated by practising Yama-Niyama. The two inevitable con-
sequences of an undisciplined and unrighteous life are Duhkha and Ajnana, pain and
ignorance—both words being used not only in their ordinary sense but also in their
more comprehensive philosophical sense. The word Duhkha is used in Yogic philoso-
phy not only for the ordinary pains and sufferings which are the Karmic results of evil
thoughts and deeds but also for that general unhappiness which pervades all human life
and which really poisons even the best and happiest periods of our existence. This
point has been discussed thoroughly in II-15 and we need not go into it again here. In
the same way Ajnana means not only the confusion of mind and lack of wisdom which
result from our evil tendencies but also the lack of that fundamental knowledge of our
true Divine nature which is responsible for our bondage and suffering in human life.
Dahkha and Ajnana are thus the two general and inevitable results of a life
which is not fashioned according to the ideals embodied in Yama-Niyama. All the un-
desirable tendencies in our character produce an endless (Ananta) series of causes and
effects which keep the soul in bondage and consequently in misery. The only method
of escape from this vicious circle of causes and effects which is available to a human
being is, first to discipline his lower nature according to the ideals of Yama-Niyama
and then, treading the further stages of the path of Yoga, to gain Enlightenment. That
is the real reason why Yama-Niyama should be practised to perfection and all Vitarka
should be removed by ‘pondering over the opposites’.
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It may be worth while mentioning here that although the ten elements included
in Yama-Niyama have been mentioned specifically and have to be practised separately
we should not forget the unity underlying human nature. Our nature, though it seems
to have different facets, is essentially one. We cannot, therefore, divide life in water-
tight compartments and practise the different elements of Yama-Niyama one by one as
if each had an independent existence and could be isolated from the others. The fact is
that all these elements are closely inter-related and the qualities which they are meant
to develop are the different aspects of our inner life. How far we are able to develop
one of the qualities will depend to a great extent upon the general tone of our life. No
one can practise Ahimsa, for example, even if he tries his best, if he neglects the other
elements of Yama-Niyama, so closely is one part of our nature bound up with the other
parts. All parts of our nature hang together and we rise and fall as a whole, to a very
great extent. So, it is the general quality of our life and moral nature which has to be
improved, step by step, though we may concentrate on different qualities for some
time. The value of a diamond depends upon the quality of the stone as a whole and not
upon the polish of one facet. But in order to produce a finished gem we have to take up
the different facets one by one.
It may also be interesting to enquire why the word Vitarka is used for those im-
proper thoughts which are sought to be excluded from the mind in the practice of
Yama-Niyama. The word Vitarka is used to indicate a state of mind in which it passes
from one alternative to another as shown in dealing with I-42. This state is also present
in the earlier stages when a person tries to live according to an ideal. There is always
vacillation and struggle and the mind hovers between two alternative courses. It is
only when the Sadhaka is well established in righteousness by doing the right under all
circumstances that this Vitarka ceases and he invariably does the right thing unhesitat-
ingly. The student will thus see the appropriateness of the use of the word Vitarka in
the present context.
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35. On being firmly established in non-violence there is abandonment of hos-
tility in (his) presence.
In this and the subsequent ten Sutras Patanjali gives the specific results of prac-
tising the ten elements of Yama-Niyama. The purpose of pointing out these accom-
plishments which mark the culmination of the practice of Yama-Niyama, is two-fold.
In the first place, it serves to emphasize that the virtue has to be developed or the prac-
tice has to be carried on to a high degree of perfection. Too many people begin to
imagine they have acquired perfection in the development of a particular virtue while
they are still at the initial stage. In the second place, by indicating the nature of the
developments which take place when the virtue has been acquired in perfection, the
author provides a measuring rod for the Sadhaka by which he can judge his progress
anct know definitely when he has succeeded in accomplishing that particular task. It
need hardly be pointed out that these extraordinary developments are not based on pi-
ous hopes but strict, scientific laws verified by innumerable Yogis and saints. The re-
sults follow as surely though not so easily as the production of fruit from a sapling
planted in the ground and nurtured carefully. But, of course, as in all scientific ex-
periments, the correct conditions must be provided if the desired results are to be ob-
tained. Whether it is necessary for the Sadhaka to develop each quality to the degree
indicated in the Sutras is another question, but there should be no doubt that the thing
can be done.
The student of Yogic philosophy will see in these unusual developments which
take place on practising Yama-Niyama the tremendous possibilities which lie hidden in
the apparently simple things of life. It appears that one has only to penetrate deeply
into any manifestation of life to encounter the most fascinating mysteries and sources
of power. Physical science which deals with the crudest manifestation of life touches
the mere fringe of these mysteries and the results which it has achieved are little short
of miraculous. There is, therefore, nothing, to be surprised at in the fact that the Yogi
who dives into the far subtler phenomena of mind and consciousness finds still deeper
mysteries and extraordinary powers. This point will be made clearer when we deal
with the question of Siddhis.
II-35 gives the specific result of developing Ahimsa. This is what should be ex-
pected if Ahimsa is a positive and dynamic quality of universal love and not a mere
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negative attitude to harmlessness. An individual who has developed Ahimsa carries
about him an invisible aura surcharged with love and compassion even though these
may not be expressed at the emotional level. Also, because love is the power which
binds together in a spiritual union all the separated fragments of the One Life, any in-
dividual who is imbued with such love is inwardly attuned to all living creatures and
automatically inspires confidence and love in them. That is how the violent and hateful
vibrations of those who come near the Yogi are for the time being over-powered by the
much stronger vibrations of love and kindness emanating from him and even beasts of
prey become harmless and docile for the time being. Of course, when a creature goes
out of the immediate influence of such a Yogi its normal nature is bound to assert itself
but even this brief contact is likely to leave a permanent mark on it and uplift it a little.
36. On being firmly established in truthfulness fruit (of action) rests on ac-
tion (of the Yogi) only.
This Sutra, giving the result of acquiring perfect truthfulness, requires some ex-
planation. The apparent meaning of the Sutra is that in the case of a Yogi who has ac-
quired this virtue in perfection the fruit of any action that he may do follows unfail-
ingly. For example, if he says something, concerning the future then the event pre-
dicted must take place according to his prediction. This has been interpreted by many
commentators in a rather absurd manner and all the laws of Nature are supposed to be
capable of being violated to uphold the fiats of such a person. For example, if he says
that the Sun will not set in the evening then the movement of the earth will stop to
make his words effective. Stories in the Puranas which in most cases are mere allego-
ries are taken in a literal sense in support of such a view.
It is, however, not necessary to push the meaning of this Sutra to the logical and
absurd conclusion in this manner provided we understand its underlying significance.
Let us see.
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When an ordinary man says or does anything with the object of achieving any
definite result, the thing aimed at may or may not materialize. Of course, any intelli-
gent person with full-knowledge of all the relevant conditions can predict the result to
a great extent, but no one can be quite sure because there are many unforeseen circum-
stances in the future which may affect the course of events. Only he can predict the
result with certainty whose Buddhi is developed and purified sufficiently to reflect the
Universal Mind in which the past, present and future can be seen to a great extent.
Now, as has been said already the practice of truthfulness develops and purifies Buddhi
in a remarkable manner and the mind of a person who has acquired perfection in
this virtue becomes like a mirror reflecting the Divine Mind to some extent. He has
become, as it were, a mirror of Truth and whatever he says or does reflects at least par-
tially that Truth. Naturally, whatever such a person says will come true; whatever he
attempts to accomplish will be accomplished. But why ‘the fruit rests on action’ in the
case of such a person is not due to the fact that God changes the course of events and
allows violation of natural laws in order to fulfil his words and resolutions, but be-
cause the words and actions of such a man merely reflect God's will and anticipate
what is to happen in the future. Taken in this light the meaning of the Sutra becomes
quite intelligible and it is possible to avoid the absurd assumption that the Divine Or-
der in the Cosmos can be upset by the whims and decisions of a perfectly truthful per-
son. It is contended that if such a person says something even by mistake that thing
must materialize at any cost. This idea is based upon the assumption that such a person
can be careless and irresponsible like ordinary people of the world. One who has de-
veloped truthfulness to such a high degree must have acquired previously the capacity
to weigh every word that comes out of his mouth and to say whatever he has to say
deliberately and of set purpose.
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37. On being firmly established in honesty all kinds of gems present them-
selves (before the Yogi).
‘All kinds of gems present themselves’ does not mean that precious stones be-
gin to fly through the air and fall at his feet. It is a way of saying that he becomes
aware of all kinds of treasures in his vicinity. For example, if he is passing through a
jungle he becomes cognizant of any treasure buried in the neighbourhood or any mine
of precious gems which may be present underground. This cognizance may be of the
nature of clairvoyance or mere intuitional awareness like the one possessed by water-
diviners.
As long as we have in us the tendency to misappropriate or grasp things which
do not belong to us we are governed by the ordinary laws of Nature. When we have
risen above this tendency completely and would not even think of taking anything even
if a treasure were to fall within our grasp, then we rise, as it were, above the law which
confines us strictly to the limited means allotted to us by our Karma. Then people
around us offer their wealth at our feet, we become mysteriously aware of all kinds of
hidden treasures and mines of precious stones hidden within the bowels of the earth.
But all this is useless now, for us. We can take nothing for ourselves. When we are
bound by the ordinary desires for wealth etc. we have to earn everything by adopting
the ordinary means. When we have conquered those desires the ordinary laws are no
longer binding on us.
38. On being firmly established in sexual continence vigour (is) gained.
Virya which is translated as vigour does not mean merely physical vigour which
no doubt results from the conservation of sexual energy. Virya is connected with our
whole constitution and refers to that vitality which makes all its parts vibrant, so that
all weakness, laxity and inadequacy disappear and are replaced by extraordinary resil-
217
ience, strength and energy. It appears as if there is an influx of tremendous vitality
from the higher planes imparting vigour and strength to every vehicle which it touches.
It is worth while referring here to one interesting fact in connection with the
conservation of sexual energy which is involved in Brahmacarya. It is a well-known
doctrine of Yogic philosophy that there is a very intimate relation between sexual en-
ergy and the energy which is required for bringing about the mental, moral and spiri-
tual regeneration aimed at in Yogic discipline. In fact the sexual energy may be con-
sidered to be only a gross form of this subtler energy which is called Ojas. As long as
the sex life continues much of this special kind of available energy in the body is used
up in this manner. But after Brahmacarya has been well established the possibility
opens for the utilization of the conserved energy for the various changes which the
Sadhaka is trying to bring about in his body and mind. The current of energy which
had previously been kept directed to the sexual regions and was being exhausted in
sexual indulgence can now be utilized for the purposes mentioned above. But this sub-
limation and diversion of this energy is possible only for those who have obtained a
complete mastery of their sexual instincts and not merely abstained from indulgence
for some time. Such people who are able to conserve, transmute and direct this energy
continuously towards the cerebrum are called Urdhva-retas, Urdhva meaning upwards
and Retas meaning sexual energy.
This complete control of sexual energy is acquired not merely by abstention
from the sex act but also by a very strict and rigid control of thoughts and desires so
that not the slightest thought or desire connected with sex or suggesting sex ever enters
the mind of the Sadhaka. For this current of energy referred to above is extremely sus-
ceptible to thought and the slightest thoughts connected with sexual desires immedi-
ately stir up and direct the current to the sex organs. Brahmacarya, therefore, is not so
much a matter of abstention from the sex act as a control of thoughts so complete that
not the slightest stirring of our sex instincts is possible at any time. It is only under
such conditions that the grosser energies of the body can be sublimated to serve the
higher purposes of the soul. And the earlier in life we begin this self-discipline the
easier it is to acquire this control.
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39. Non-possessiveness being confirmed there arises knowledge of the ‘how’
and ‘wherefore’ of existence.
When perfection in Aparigraha is attained the Yogi acquires the capacity to
know the ‘how’ and ‘wherefore’ of birth and death. Though there is no ambiguity with
regard to the literal meaning of the Sutra and Janma-Kathamta is taken to mean
knowledge of our previous births it is difficult to understand the underlying signifi-
cance of this Sutra. Why should knowledge of his previous births arise in the case of a
Yogi who has conquered the instinct of possessiveness? To understand this enigma we
have to recall the relation between the transitory personality which is formed anew
with every incarnation and the permanent individuality which is the root of every per-
sonality and which persists through the succession of incarnations. Now, the personal-
ity works in the lowest three worlds with a new set of bodies which are formed with
each successive incarnation. Since these bodies perish one after another at the end of
each incarnation and have not passed through the experiences of previous lives, there
are no impressions (Samskaras) in them relating to these experiences. And since mem-
ory depends upon the existence of impressions relating to an experience, naturally,
there is no memory of those experiences and the whole of the long past stretching
through hundreds of lives is a perfect blank to the personality. But, as has been pointed
out already, the individuality wears ‘immortal’ bodies which have passed through all
those experiences and carry with them their corresponding impressions. So the Jivatma
or individuality having a permanent record of experiences in the subtler vehicles has a
detailed memory of all the experiences.
It should be easy to understand that if somehow these impressions can be con-
tacted and the corresponding memories brought down in the lower vehicles of the pre-
sent personality, knowledge of experiences gone through in previous lives should be-
come available to the personality. This is what happens when Aparigraha is developed
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to a high degree of perfection. The essence of the personality is the ‘I’ consciousness
which in its turn is the result of the identification by consciousness with the things in
our environment and with our lower vehicles including the physical body. The devel-
opment of non-possessiveness frees us to a very great extent from this habit of identi-
fying ourselves with our bodies and the things with which they are surrounded and
thus loosens the bonds of the personality. The natural result of this loosening is that
the centre of consciousness gradually shifts into the higher vehicles of the Jivatma and
the knowledge present in those vehicles is reflected more and more into the lower ve-
hicles. So, although the lower vehicles have not gone through the experiences of the
previous lives, this gradual fusion of the personality and the individuality results in the
filtering down of some of this knowledge into the lower vehicles and thus enables the
personality to share all this knowledge. This is how the practice of Aparigraha enables
the Yogi to have knowledge of previous births.
The development of such an extraordinary power from the intensive practice of
Aparigraha shows the importance of doing things with intensity. The secret of discov-
ering the hidden and mysterious facts of life seems to lie in intensity of effort. We
meet the phenomena of life superficially and so naturally do not get from them any-
thing more than ordinary experiences. But the moment we do anything with great in-
tensity and try to penetrate into the deeper recesses of life we come across the most
extraordinary results and experiences. The extraordinary results achieved by Science
in the field of atomic research should have brought home to us this great truth but we
believe only in matter and consider the phenomena connected with the mind and con-
sciousness as something intangible and therefore unreal. The truth of the matter, how-
ever, is that the mysteries, which are hidden in the realm of matter, are as nothing
compared to the mysteries which are related to mind and consciousness. This is what
the Science of Yoga has proved. To the Yogi who has obtained even a faint glimpse of
these mysteries the remarkable achievements of Science in the realm of matter and
force pale into insignificance and seem hardly worth bothering about.
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40. From physical purity (arises) disgust for one's own body and disinclina-
tion to come in physical contact with others.
The results of developing purity are given in two Sutras, one relating to the pu-
rity of the physical body, the other to the purity of the mind. The two results which
follow when the physical body is made quite pure are such as can hardly be expected.
The physical body is essentially a dirty object as a little knowledge of physiol-
ogy will convince anyone. Physical beauty is proverbially skin deep and beneath this
skin there is nothing but a mass of flesh, bones and all kinds of secretions and waste
products which arouse disgust in our mind when they come out of the body. It requires
only a little effort of the imagination to see the body as it really is inside, but so com-
plete is our identification with it that in spite of our detailed knowledge of its contents
we not only feel no disgust for it but regard it as our most loved possession. And most
of us go even to the length of thinking that we are the physical body!
With the ordinary purification of the physical body we become more sensitive
and begin to see things in their true light. Cleanliness is mostly a matter of sensitive-
ness. What is intolerably disgusting to a person of refined nature and habits is hardly
noticed by another person whose nature is coarse and insensitive. So this feeling of
disgust towards one's own body which develops on its purification means nothing
more than that we have become sensitive enough to see things as they really are. Of
course, the purity meant here is of the more superficial character which is brought
about by ordinary external processes such as bathing and Yogic Kriyas such as Neti,
Dhauti etc. Purity of a different and more fundamental character is developed by
Tapas as pointed out in II-43.
The second result which follows on attaining purity of the physical body is
naturally related to the first. A person who feels disgust for his own body is not likely
to feel any attraction towards the bodies of others which are likely to be comparatively
less clean. The disinclination to come in physical contact with others is thus natural
and to be expected and this is perhaps one of the reasons why highly advanced Yogis
seek seclusion and avoid external contact with the world. But it should be noted that
this does not mean any feeling of repulsion towards others, for that would be posi-
tively reprehensible and against the fundamental law of Love. A positive love towards
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the owner of the vehicle is quite compatible with a lack of desire to come in contact
with the vehicle itself when a person has the capacity to distinguish between the two.
41. From mental purity (arises) purity of Sattva, cheerful-mindedness, one-
pointedness, control of the senses and fitness for the vision of the Self.
The above Sutra gives the results of inner or mental purity. While the other
three results which follow from mental purity are easily understandable, some explana-
tion is necessary with regard to Sattva-Suddhi. It has already been shown that the
Hindu conception of the manifested world with all its multifarious phenomena is based
on the three underlying Gunas—Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. It has also been pointed out
that Sattva, the Guna corresponding to equilibrium alone can enable the mind to reflect
consciousness. In fact, it is clear from the many Sutras bearing on the subject that the
aim of the Yogi, as far as his vehicles are concerned, is to eliminate Rajas and Tamas
and make Sattva as predominant as possible in order that his Citta may mirror the Purusa
to the maximum degree. So that, from the highest point of view purification is the
fundamental problem involved in Self-realization and this purification consists essen-
tially in the gradual elimination of the Rajasic and Tamasic elements from Citta work-
ing at different levels. Of course, this elimination is only comparative. To reduce Rajas
and Tamas to zero would be to reduce the Gunas to a state of perfect equilibrium
and to take consciousness completely out of manifestation as indicated in IV-34.
Sattva-Suddhi is, therefore, the interpretation of purification in terms of the Gunas as
both change pari passu.
It will also be seen that Sattva-Suddhi is the fundamental change involved in in-
ner purification and the other three results which are brought about are the natural con-
sequences of this change. For, all those conditions mentioned in I-31 which are the
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accompaniments of Viksepa are the result of the predominance of Rajasic and Tamasic
elements in our nature. A disturbed and disharmonized mind is certainly not fit for the
vision of the Self.
42. Superlative happiness from contentment.
The result of developing perfect contentment is superlative happiness. This is
quite natural. The chief cause of our constant unhappiness is the perpetual disturbance
of the mind caused by all kinds of desires. When a particular desire is satisfied there is
a temporary cessation of this unhappiness which by comparison we feel as happiness
but the other latent desires soon assert themselves and we lapse again into the normal
condition of unhappiness. We sometimes feel that we are quite desireless. This feeling
is illusory. The absence of desire in the conscious mind at any time does not necessar-
ily mean that we have become desire-less. There may be innumerable desires, and
some of them very strong, hidden within our sub-conscious mind. These in their total-
ity produce a general feeling of discontentment even when there is no strong desire
present in the conscious mind. Real and perfect contentment follows the elimination of
our personal desires which are the source of unhappiness.
It may be objected that the absence of unhappiness does not necessarily mean
the presence of happiness which is a positive state of the mind. There is a definite rea-
son why superlative happiness abides in a perfectly calm and contented mind. A calm
mind is able to reflect within itself the bliss which is inherent in our real Divine na-
ture. The constant surging of desires prevents this bliss from manifesting itself in the
mind. It is only when these desires are eliminated and the mind becomes perfectly
calm that we know what true happiness is. This subtle and constant joy which is called
Sukha and which comes from within is independent of external circumstances and is
really a reflection of Ananda, one of the three fundamental aspects of the Self.
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43. Perfection of the sense-organs and body after destruction of impurity by
austerities.
The word Siddhi is used in two senses. It means both occult power and perfec-
tion. Here, obviously, the word has been used chiefly in the latter sense. The develop-
ment of Siddhis connected with the body takes place on Bhuta-Jaya or mastery of Bhutas
as shown in III-46. Since Bhuta-Jaya also leads to the perfection of the body—
Kaya-Sampat—as defined in III-47, the perfection of the body implied in II-43 is of a
different and lower kind than that in III-47. The perfection meant here is obviously
functional i.e., it enables the Yogi to use the body for the purposes of Yoga without any
kind of resistance or hindrance from it.
Since the essential purpose of Tapas is to purify the body anil bring it under the
control of the will as explained in II-32 it will be easily seen why it should culminate
in the functional perfection of the body. It is the presence of impurity in the body and
lack of control which stands in the way of its being used as a perfect instrument of
consciousness. The function of the sense-organs also becomes perfect because this
function is really dependent upon the currents of Prana which are brought under the
control of the Yogi by practices like those of Pranayama, Pranayama is considered to
be Tapas par excellence. As the practice of austerities does sometimes lead to the de-
velopment of some of the lower Siddhis in the case of people who are especially sensi-
tive the word Siddhi may be considered to be used in both the senses given above.
The significance of the phrase Asuddhi-ksayat should be kept in mind. It shows
conclusively that the removal of impurity is the main purpose of performing Tapas and
also that it is only when the body has been completely purified that it can function per-
fectly as an instrument of consciousness.
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44. By (or from) self-study union with the desired deity.
Svadhyaya attains its acme in communion with the Ista-Devata because that is
its ultimate purpose. As has been shown in II-32 although Svadhyaya begins with the
study of problems relating to spiritual life its main purpose is to open up a channel
between the Sadhaka and the object of his search. The nature of this communion will
differ according to the temperament and capacity of the Sadhaka and the nature of the
Ista-Devata. The essential element in such a communion is the free flow of knowledge,
power and guidance from the higher to the lower consciousness.
45. Accomplishment of Samadhi from resignation to God.
The fact that Isvara-Pranidhana can lead ultimately to Samadhi is a startling
revelation. This fact has already been referred to in I-23 where Patanjali not only
points out the possibility of attaining Samadhi through Isvara-Pranidhana but also in
subsequent Sutras shows that the path of Isvara-Pranidhana is practically an alternate
and independent path of achieving the goal which is attained by following the Astanga-
Yoga with its eight stages or parts. We have seen previously in other cases that
extraordinary results can be achieved by pushing the development of a virtue or qual-
ity to the extreme limit, but perhaps the attainment of Samadhi through Isvara-
Pranidhana alone is the most remarkable instance of such an achievement. That, by
refining and intensifying progressively and systematically an attitude of self-surrender
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to God, we can by stages attain the supreme Enlightenment is something which should
make us pause and marvel at the wonderful mysteries hidden beneath the common
things of life. The rationale of this unique accomplishment has been explained to a
certain extent in II-32 but it may be worthwhile summarizing here the main points in
the chain of reasoning.
The bondage of the Purusa in matter is maintained through the obscuring power
of the Citta-Vrttis which prevent his seeing the fundamental truth of his existence and
knowing himself as he truly is in his Divine nature. These Citta-Vrttis are caused and
maintained by the ‘I’ consciousness which gives rise to innumerable desires and keeps
the mind in a state of constant agitation in order to satisfy those desires. If, somehow,
this driving force which keeps the mind in a state of perpetual motion and change can
be annihilated the mind will come automatically to a state of rest (Citta-Vrtti-Nirodha)
just as a car comes to a stop gradually when the gas is shut off. It is not even necessary
to apply the brakes though this will no doubt hasten the process of coming to a halt.
How can this driving force which keeps the mind in a state of constant agitation and is
ultimately responsible for the Citta-Vrttis be annihilated? Obviously, by destroying the
desires of the personality which provide the driving force for the mind, or to put it in
other words, by dissolving the ‘I’. This, as we have seen already, is exactly what is
sought to be accomplished through the practice of Isvara-Pranidhana. Isvara-
Pranidhana develops Para-Vairagya, breaks the bonds of the heart, eliminates the de-
sires of the personality and thus naturally and inevitably reduces the mind to a state of
Citta-Vrtti-Nirodha which is nothing but Samadhi.
It was mentioned in dealing with II-43 that the word Siddhi is used in two
senses, that of perfection and occult power. It is also used in the sense of accomplish-
ment. In the Sutra under discussion it is used in two senses, that of accomplishment
and perfection. Not only can Samadhi be attained through the practice of Isvarapranidhana
but also perfected by the same technique. This will also be clear from IV-
29 in which the technique of Dharma-Megha Samadhi is given. This condition will be
seen by the student as the highest stage of Isvara-Pranidhana.
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46. Posture (should be) steady and comfortable.
The students of Yoga are generally familiar with the practices which are de-
noted by the word Asana. In fact, many people who do not know anything about Yoga
confuse it with these physical exercises. It is, however, necessary even for the student
of Yogic philosophy to understand clearly the place and purpose of Asanas in Raja-
Yoga, for in Hatha-Yoga and certain systems of physical culture their purpose is very
different. In Hatha-Yoga the subject of Asanas is treated at great length and there are
at least 84 Asanas which are described in detail, very specific and sometimes exagger-
ated results being attributed to many of them. There is no doubt that many of these
Asanas, by affecting the endocrine glands and Pranic currents, tend to bring about
very marked changes in the body and if practised correctly and for a sufficiently long
time, promote health in a remarkable manner. Hatha-Yoga is based on the principle
that changes in consciousness can be brought about by setting in motion currents of
certain kinds of subtler forces (Prana, Kundalini) in the physical body. The first step
in contacting the deeper levels of consciousness is, therefore, to make the physical
body perfectly healthy and fit for the influx and manipulation of these forces. That is
why such a strong emphasis is laid on the preparation of the physical body and the
Sadhaka is required to go through different kinds of physical exercises which are dealt
with in treatises on Hatha-Yoga.
In Raja-Yoga, however, the method adopted for bringing about changes in con-
sciousness is, based essentially on the control of the mind by the Will and the gradual
suppression of the Citta-Vrttis. The technique of Raja-Yoga is, therefore, directed to-
wards the elimination of all sources of disturbance to the mind, whether these sources
are external or internal. Now, one of the important sources of disturbance to the mind
is the physical body. Even modern psychology recognizes the close connection be-
tween the mind and the body and how they act and react on each other all the time. So
the Yogi must eliminate completely the disturbances which arise from the physical
body before he tries to tackle the problem of the mind itself. This is achieved through
the practice of Asana. The physical body is fixed in one particular posture and it is
found that when it can be kept like this for a long time it ceases to be a source of dis-
turbance to the mind.
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Patanjali gives only three Sutras regarding the technique of Asanas but in these
he has condensed all the essential knowledge concerning the subject. The first of these
given above points out the two essential requirements in the practice of Asana. It
should be steady and comfortable. The Yogi has to choose any one of the well-known
Asanas suitable for the practice of meditation such as Padmasana or Siddhasana and
then practise remaining in that posture until he can maintain it for long periods of time
without the slightest inclination to make any movement. Sitting in any Asana becomes
uncomfortable after a few minutes and the beginner will find that he cannot maintain it
for any considerable time without feeling minor discomforts in various parts of the
body. If, however, the Asana is correctly chosen and practised in the right way, steady
and persistent practice will gradually eliminate all these minor discomforts which
cause constant distractions to the mind. The Yogi is then able to maintain his body in
the correct posture indefinitely and to forget it altogether. If, in spite of prolonged
practice and good health, one always feels discomfort in maintaining the posture for
long periods there is something wrong either with one's choice of the Asana or method
of practising it and it is advisable to seek expert advice.
It is also necessary to understand thoroughly the implication of the word
‘steady’. Steadiness does not mean merely the capacity to remain more or less in the
same position with freedom to make minor movements and adjustments from time to
time. It means a certain degree of immovability which practically amounts to fixing
the body in one position and eliminating all movements of any kind. In trying to main-
tain this immovable position the beginner is apt to introduce a certain amount of rigid-
ity which makes the body tense. This is definitely wrong and will react adversely on
the health of the body. What should be aimed at is the ideal combination of immov-
ability with relaxation. It is only then that it is possible to forget the body altogether.
A particular Asana is considered to be mastered when the Sadhaka can maintain
it steadily and easily for four hours and twenty minutes. This period of time as given
in some books on Hatha-Yoga has really no important significance and gives merely
an approximate idea of the length of time for which practice may be undertaken for
gaining mastery. Once the habit has been acquired the posture can be maintained for.
any length of time while the Yogi’s attention is focussed on his mind.
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47. By relaxation of effort and meditation on the ‘Endless’ (posture is mas-
tered).
For acquiring mastery of an Asana Patanjali gives two helpful suggestions. One
is the gradual slackening of effort. The keeping of the physical body in an immovable
position for long periods of time requires great effort of the will and the mind has to be
directed constantly to the body in order to maintain it in the fixed position. But it is
quite obvious that this state of the mind is the opposite of what is aimed at. The mind
has to be freed from the consciousness of the body, not tied down to it in the effort to
keep it in a particular posture. So the Sadhaka is advised to slacken the effort gradu-
ally and transfer the control of the body from the conscious to the subconscious mind.
The conscious mind can thus be withdrawn from the body without affecting the fixed
condition of the body in any manner. This is a gradual process but a definite effort has
to be made to break this connection between the mind and the body, so that the latter
can remain in the prescribed position without requiring any attention from the former.
The other means recommended for acquiring this steadiness is meditation on
Ananta, the great Serpent which, according to Hindu mythology, upholds the earth. To
the modern educated man this direction will appear quite meaningless but if he under-
stands the underlying significance he will see that it is quite reasonable. What is this
Serpent which is called Ananta? It is the symbolic representation of the force which
maintains the equilibrium of the earth and keeps it in its orbit round the Sun. This
force, we can see at once, must be similar to the one which works in a gyroscope, a
well-known instrument which is utilized in many ways for maintaining an object in a
position of equilibrium. Whenever we have to deal with a body which is liable to move
from side to side or in some other manner and has to be brought back and kept in a
position of equilibrium automatically the principle of the gyroscope is utilized invaria-
bly in devising the necessary machinery. Now, the problem of the person who is sitting
in a particular Asana for the purpose of meditation is very similar. The body tends to
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deviate from a fixed position and it has to acquire the tendency to come back to its
position of stability automatically. So meditation on Anarta the Serpent which symbol-
izes this particular kind of force is prescribed. The reason why this force is symbolized
by a serpent will be apparent to anyone who has seen a gyroscope which reminds one
of a coiled snake with its head raised as shown below:
Fig. 7
In Hindu symbolism a thing is generally symbolized by an object or animal which it
resembles most closely in outer appearance.
How does meditation on this force help the Sadhaka to acquire the stability of
the physical posture which he wants to maintain? It is not necessary here to do more
than refer to the well-known law of Nature according to which meditation or deep
pondering over any idea or principle tends to bring down the corresponding force
gradually in our life. In fact, the whole science of acquiring Siddhis or occult powers
as expounded in Section III of the Yoga-Sutras is based on this axiomatic truth of
Yogic philosophy. It should be noted that the word used is Samapattibhyam which
means ‘fusing the mind with’. This is really what happens when we ponder deeply or
meditate on an idea and open up a channel for the influx of its corresponding power.
48. From that no assaults from the pairs of opposites.
The third Sutra hints at the most important result of attaining perfection in the
practice of Asana—resistance to the pairs of opposites. These pairs of opposites or
Dvandvas as they are called in Samskrta are the well-known opposite conditions in our
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outer or inner environment between which our life continually oscillates. These
Dvandvas are of many kinds, some related to our physical nature, others to our mind.
Thus heat and cold are a pair of opposites which affect primarily the physical body.
Joy and sorrow are a pair which affect the mind. Now, all these conditions, related to
the mind or body which are constantly changing keep the consciousness drawn to the
external environment and hinder the mind in going within. They produce Viksepa or
distraction and the Sadhaka has to acquire the capacity of rising above them if his
mind is to be freed to pursue the more difficult task of suppressing its own internal
disturbances and modifications. One important result of gaining perfection in the prac-
tice of Asana is freedom from these disturbing reactions to changes in the external
world. It is obvious that the Dvandvas referred to in this Sutra are those which affect
the physical body, such as heat and cold, humidity and dryness and not others which
are related to the mind.
Patanjali has given in this Sutra only one result of practising Asana, a result
with which the Sadhaka is directly concerned in the practice of Yoga. But there are
also other important benefits which accrue from this practice. Some of these subsidiary
results of practising Asana are:
(1) Making the body perfectly healthy and resistant to fatigue and strain.
(2) Acquiring fitness for the practice of Pranayama as a result of proper
regulation of Pranic currents in the body. In fact, those who become proficient in the
practice of Asana find that the movements of the breath begin naturally to conform to
the requirements of Pranayama and it becomes possible to take to the practice of
Pranayama with the greatest ease.
(3) Development of will-power. The physical body is directly and in some
mysterious manner related to the Atma, the source of spiritual power. Gaining control
over the physical body which mastery of Asana implies brings about an extraordinary
influx of that spiritual force which expresses itself in outer life as will-power.
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49. This having been (accomplished) Pranayama which is cessation of inspi-
ration and expiration (follows).
The reason why Pranayama plays such an important part in the technique of
Yoga lies in the close relation existing between Prana and mind. Prana which exists
on all the planes of manifestation is the connecting link between matter and energy on
the one hand and consciousness and mind on the other. Consciousness expressing itself
through the mind cannot come into touch with matter and function through it without
the intermediate presence of Prana. Matter in association with energy cannot affect
consciousness except through the agency of Prana. That is why Prana is found on all
the planes. It is necessary for the vitalization and functioning of all vehicles of con-
sciousness, physical or superphysical. This capacity to act as intermediary depends
upon its peculiar constitution. It combines in itself in some mysterious manner the es-
sential qualities of both matter and consciousness and is thus able to serve as an in-
strument for their actions and reactions on each other.
This intimate relation existing between Prana and mind is utilized in different
schools of Yoga in different ways. In Hatha-Yoga manipulation of Pranic currents is
utilized for bringing about control of Citta-Vrttis and changes in consciousness. In
Raja-Yoga, Citta-Vrttis are controlled by consciousness through the will and Prana
thus comes under the control of the mind. Patanjali has included both the techniques in
his system in order to make it as comprehensive and effective as possible. Thus
Pranayama is utilized for preparing the mind for Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi on
the one hand and Samyama on various objects or principles used for acquiring Siddhis
on the other.
Although students of Yogic philosophy are generally familiar with the theory of
Pranayama and a fairly extensive literature exists on the subject it would be worth-
232
while discussing here very briefly some fundamental facts in this connection. This will
clear the ground for understanding the inner significance of the five Sutras in which
Patanjali has dealt with the subject.
Many people who have not studied the subject or studied it very superficially
have the notion that Pranayama is merely a regulation of breathing. How it is possible
by merely regulating breathing which is a normal physiological process in the body, to
bring about the extraordinary results attributed to Pranayama does not occur to them.
The nature of Pranayama is indicated by the two words which constitute the com-
pound word, namely Prana and Ayama (restraint). It is the regulation of Prana. But
what is Prana? It is not the breath but the vital force which keeps up the activities of
the physical body. This vital force is not something vague and mysterious which medi-
cal science believes exists within the body maintaining its equilibrium and guarding it
against disease and death. It is a real, highly specialized kind of composite energy with
a material basis which is entirely different from the other kinds of energies working in
the body. The vehicle of this Prana is not the dense physical body with which physi-
ologists are familiar but the Pranamaya Kosa, a somewhat subtler vehicle interpene-
trating the dense physical body and working in conjunction with it. In this subtler ve-
hicle which is practically a counterpart of the dense physical body run currents of
Prana, flowing along well-marked channels into every organ and part of the body and
vitalizing them in different ways. For, Prana though it is a general vitalizing force, has
also specific functions to perform in different organs and parts of the body and is then
called by different names which are well known. It is the control of this Prana which
is aimed at in Pranayama and not breathing which is only one of the many manifesta-
tions of its action in the physical body.
But though Prana is different from breath as the electric current is different
from the movement of the blades in an electric fan, still, there is a close connection
between the two, a connection which enables us to manipulate the currents of Prana by
manipulating breathing. This close connection between breathing and Prana is, no
doubt, responsible for the confusion between the two but it is necessary for the student
to keep this distinction clearly in his mind.
The methods adopted in controlling and manipulating Prana by regulation of
the breath are a closely guarded secret which can be obtained only from a competent
teacher. Those who take up these practices after merely reading books are sure to ruin
their health and even risk insanity or death. So, no one should dabble in Pranayama
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for the sake of fun or for gaining supernormal powers of various kinds or even for has-
tening his spiritual progress. These forces are very real though not known as yet to
modern Science, and many people have ruined their lives by rashly starting practices
given in spurious Yogic literature or undef the advice of immature and over-confident
‘Yogis’. The practice of Pranayama can be taken up safely and profitably only as a
part of the full Yogic discipline and when adequately prepared for by the practice of
the other accessories of Yoga such as Yama-Niyama, Asana etc. and under the supervi-
sion of a competent Guru.
But while abstaining strictly from, the ill-advised practice of Pranayama proper
there is no harm in trying to understand its rationale and the limit to which one can go
with safety in the manipulation of breathing for the sake of promoting physical and
mental health. The essential knowledge with regard to this aspect of the subject may
be summarized as follows:
(1) Deep breathing has nothing to do with Pranayama and may be practised
as an exercise for promoting health to any reasonable extent. Its beneficial effects de-
pend chiefly upon the increased intake of oxygen and a somewhat greater influx of
Prana into the body. As it does not affect the Pranic currents in the body its practice is
not attended by any risks.
(2) Breathing alternately through the two nostrils begins at once to affect the
Pranic currents to a certain extent and tends to remove the congestion from the chan-
nels in which Prana flows normally. It has been pointed out already that there is a
close relation between breathing and the flow of Pranic currents in the Pranamaya
Kosa. When we breathe normally the Pranic currents follow their natural course.
When we breathe alternately through the two nostrils their normal flow is disturbed in
some way. The effect may be likened to the flow of water in a pipe. When the water is
flowing in one direction placidly, silt and other things may be deposited at the bottom
and are not disturbed to any marked extent by the water. But try to force the water in
opposite directions alternately and you at once disturb the deposit and if the process is
continued long enough the pipe gets cleaned ultimately. This is how breathing alter-
nately through the two nostrils may be supposed to clean the Pranic channels or to
‘purify the Nadis’ as we say. Now, this purification of the Nadis is a preparatory exer-
cise and all those who intend to practise Pranayama have to go through a long course
extending over several months or years. It is similar to the preliminary exercise sug-
gested by Patanjali in I-34 and produces the same condition in the nervous system,
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namely absence of irritation and tranquillity. This exercise is not attended with any
risk and can be adopted with caution by those who live a well-regulated and clean life
and are not given to excesses of any kind. But since the Pranic currents are affected in
the process, caution and moderation are necessary and it is advisable to work under the
supervision of an expert.
(3) Real Pranayama begins when the breath is stopped for some time be-
tween inhalation and exhalation. While breathing alternately through the two nostrils
the breath may be stopped for some time, the period being increased gradually and
cautiously. The retention of breath, called technically Kumbhaka, affects the flow of
Pranic currents in a very marked and fundamental manner and enables the Yogi to gain
increasing control over these currents so that they can be directed in any manner de-
sired.
(4) Pranayama has to be practised with Puraka and Recaka (inspiration and
expiration) for a long time, the period of Kumbhaka being slowly increased over long
periods of time. Such a Kumbhaka which is accompanied by Puraka and Recaka is
called Sahita Kumbhaka. But after prolonged practice it is possible to dispense with
Puraka and Recaka and practise Kumbhaka alone. Such Pranayama, called Kevala
Kumbhaka, gives complete control over Prana and enables the Yogi to perform not
only all kinds of physical feats but also to arouse and direct Kundalini towards differ-
ent centres in the body. This science is a strictly guarded secret and can be learnt only
by a properly qualified Cela from a properly qualified Guru.
The important point to keep in mind is this. Not only is Kumbhaka the essential
element of real Pranayama but it is also the source of danger in the practice of
Pranayama. The moment one starts retaining the breath, especially inside, in any ab-
normal manner the danger begins and one can never know what it will lead to, unless
there is a practical and competent teacher at hand to guide and correct the flow of
these forces if necessary. If all the requisite conditions are present and Kumbhaka is
practised under the guidance of a competent teacher it unlocks the doors of unexpected
experiences and powers. If it is taken up without the necessary preparation and guid-
ance it is sure to lead to disaster and may be death, as many rash and foolish people
have found to their cost.
The significance of the words Tasmin Sati in the beginning of the Sutra should
be kept in mind. As this Sutra comes after the three Sutras dealing with Asanas these
words obviously mean that the practice of Pranayama involving Kumbhaka cannot be
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undertaken until and unless one of the Asanas has been mastered. The practice of Asana
definitely but slowly prepares the body for Pranayama. It is the common experi-
ence of practical students of Yoga that the body begins naturally to assume more and
more the condition necessary for the practice of Pranayama as perfection in the prac-
tice of Asana is gained. The breath begins to move slowly and rhythmically and even
Kumbhaka occurs for short periods in a natural way.
In fact, it is not only necessary to master Asana but also to acquire some profi-
ciency in the practice of Yama-Niyama before beginning the practice of Pranayama.
The advanced practice of Pranayama arouses the Kundalini sooner or later. This can
be done safely only after the desire for sex gratification has been completely mastered
and eliminated. Unless, therefore, the Sadhaka has practised Brahmacarya and other
elements of Yama-Niyama for a long time and has acquired conscious and real mastery
over his desires and propensities it would be disastrous for him to engage in the prac-
tice of Pranayama. It must be clearly understood that these things are not meant for
people who are leading the ordinary life of the world with all its desires and indul-
gences and who naively want the peace and bliss of the inner life as an addition to
their multitudinous enjoyments in the outer world. The door on the enjoyments and
comforts of the lower life has to be shut completely and once for all before one can
hope to make any real progress on the path of Yoga.
The different elements of Astanga Yoga are not merely eight essential but quite
independent parts of Yoga which can be practised irrespective of one another. They
should be taken in the light of progressive stages, each stage preparing for the suc-
ceeding ones and requiring an adequate degree of perfection in the preceding ones. The
whole treatment of Astanga Yoga by Patanjali and the experience of Sadhakas lends
support to this view.
It is also necessary to note the difference in the words used in I-34 and II-49 in
relation to breathing. In the former Sutra the words used are ‘expiration and retention’
while in the latter the words are ‘cessation of inspiration and expiration’. It is not due
to any looseness of expression that different words are used to describe the regulation
of breathing at different places. Not a word in the Yoga-Sutras is without its signifi-
cance and necessity although we may not be able to see these clearly. The obvious in-
tention of the author is to indicate that the practice of Pranayama which comes after
Yama-Niyama and Asana and which prepares the mind for the further stages of Dharana,
Dhyana and Samadhi is essentially the practice of Kumbhaka even though this
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practice must be preceded by a long course of Pranayama in which Puraka and Recaka
also play a part.
50. (It is in) external, internal or suppressed modification; is regulated by
place, time and number, (and becomes progressively) prolonged and subtle.
In the Sutra given above the various factors involved in the practice of
Pranayama have been dealt with in a very terse manner. The first factor is the position
in which the breath is held. There can be three modes of performing Kumbhaka and the
three kinds of Pranayama referred to in this Sutra depend upon these. Either the breath
is held outside after expiration, or held inside after inspiration or just stopped wher-
ever it is at the moment. It is the position or manner in which the breath is held or
stopped which determines the kind of Pranayama. The second factor is the place
where Pranayama is performed. This will obviously have to be taken into account in
determining the period for which Pranayama is performed, the food which is taken and
other things. A Sadhaka who is practising Pranayama in the tropics will have to adopt
a different regimen from the one which is suited for another practising high up in the
Himalayas. The third factor is the time. Time here means not only the relative duration
of Puraka, Recaka and Kumbhaka but also the time of the year in which Pranayama is
being practised. Diet etc. has to be changed according to the season. Number, obvi-
ously, refers to the number of rounds at each sitting and the number of sittings in one
day. The Sadhaka generally starts with a small number of rounds at each sitting and
gradually and cautiously increases the number according to the instructions of his
teacher.
After pointing out the factors which are involved in regulating the practice of
Pranayama the author gives two words which indicate the nature of the objective to-
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wards which the efforts of the Sadhaka should be directed. In the first place, the period
of Kumbhaka has to be very gradually and cautiously prolonged. The fourth kind of
Pranayama referred to in the next Sutra cannot be practised until the Sadhaka has ac-
quired the capacity to practise Kumbhaka for fairly long periods of time. Not only has
he to prolong the period of Kumbhaka but he has also to work in the direction of
gradually transferring the process from the outer to the inner invisible plane. This
means that the Pranayama from being merely a control and manipulation of the visible
process of breathing becomes a process of controlling and manipulating the Pranic
currents flowing in the Pranamaya Kosa. This transference of activity from the outer
to the inner plane can come only after Kumbhaka can be practised easily without any
strain for fairly long periods, but it must come if Pranayama is to be used for its real
purpose in Yogic discipline.
51. That Pranayama which goes beyond the sphere of internal and external is
the fourth (variety).
The fourth and the highest kind of Pranayama referred to in this Sutra tran-
scends the movements of the breath altogether. The external breath is kept suspended
in any position, external or internal, and there is nothing to show that any kind of ac-
tivity is going on. And yet the Pranic currents in the Pranamaya Kosa which are now
under the complete control of the Sadhaka are being manipulated and directed with a
view to bring about the desired changes in the vehicle.
For conducting operations of such delicacy and importance it is necessary that
the Sadhaka should be able to see clearly the mechanism of the Pranamaya Kosa and
direct the currents of Prana deliberately and unerringly. Such direct vision which
means clairvoyance of the lowest kind, develops naturally and automatically during the
course of Pranayama practice.
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The fourth kind of Pranayama referred to in the Sutra under discussion is the
real Pranayama for which all the previous practices are merely a preparation. What
takes place during the course of these practices, how the Pranic currents are used to
arouse Kundalini how the Kundalini activates the Cakras in the Susumna is not men-
tioned by Patanjali because all these things of a practical nature which are fraught with
dangerous possibilities are taught by the Guru personally to the Cela. Patanjali has
throughout dealt with general principles and left out instructions with regard to practi-
cal details.
52. From that is dissolved the covering of light.
In this Sutra and the next are given two results of Pranayama practice which
are of great importance to the Yogi. The first is the disappearance of the covering of
light. Many commentators have gone completely off the track in the interpretation of
the Sutra under discussion mistaking this light to be the light of the soul. They thus
attribute to Pranayama practice accomplishment of results which appear after consid-
erable success has been gained in the subsequent practices of Dharana, Dhyana and
Samadhi. This misinterpretation is all the more surprising in view of the Sutra which
follows. If Pranayama prepares the mind for the practice of Dharana, which is the
first step in mental control how can it bring about the removal of the covering of light
of the soul which is the culmination of mental control?
The covering of light referred to in this Sutra is obviously not used in reference
to the light of the soul but to the light or luminosity associated with the subtler vehi-
cles associated with and interpenetrating the physical vehicle. The distribution of
Prana in the Pranamaya Kosa and the development of the psychic centres in the ordi-
nary individual is such that he is quite insensitive to these subtler planes. When,
through the practice of Pranayama, the necessary changes in the distribution of Prana
have been made and the psychic centres have been activated the mechanism of the sub-
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tler bodies comes into close and more intimate touch with the physical brain and it is
possible to become aware of the subtler vehicles and the luminosity which is associ-
ated with them.
An additional advantage to the Sadhaka of this ‘contact’ with the subtler vehi-
cles is that the mental images which he has to work with in Dharana and Dhyana be-
come very precise and almost tangible. The cloudy and blurred mental images which
an ordinary person is able to form in his brain are replaced by clear-cut and sharp im-
ages in the subtler vehicles. These are manipulated and controlled with far greater
ease.
53. And the fitness of the mind for concentration.
The second result of Pranayama practice is that it prepares the mind for the
practice of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi—Antaranga Yoga. The capacity to form
vivid and sharp mental images and to be able to see them clearly is necessary for prac-
tising Dharana effectively. As long as our mental images are blurred and confused it is
not easy to concentrate on them or manipulate them, as all people who try to meditate
know from practical experience. The mind does not seem to get a good hold on them
and they tend to slip away easily. Pranayama by removing this difficulty facilitates
concentration to a great extent. To say that Pranayama is absolutely necessary for
Dharana will perhaps not be justifiable in view of the success attained by followers of
other schools of Yoga also. But that it helps enormously in the practice of Dharana
there can be no doubt. That is why Patanjali has made it an integral part of his Yogic
technique.
240
54. Pratyahara or abstraction is, as it were, the imitation by the senses of the
mind by withdrawing themselves from their objects.
Pratyahara is the next Anga or component part of Yoga after Pranayama. There
seems to exist a good deal of uncertainty in the mind of the average student with re-
gard to the nature of this Yogic practice. Patanjali has disposed of the subject in two
Sutras and the commentaries are not very illuminative. In order to understand what
Pratyahara really means let us recall how mental perception of objects in the outer
world takes place. We perceive an object when different kinds of vibrations which
emanate from it strike our sense-organs and the mind is then joined to the sense-organs
thus activated. As a matter of fact, from the physiological and psychological points of
view there are many stages intervening between the reception of the vibration by the
sense-organs and the perception by the mind but let us, for the sake of simplicity, con-
fine ourselves to the simple representation of the mechanism of sense-perception as
generally understood. This may be represented diagrammatically as follows:
Now, it is a matter of common experience that the corresponding vibrations may
be striking against any particular sense-organ but if the mind is not joined, as it were,
to that sense-organ the vibrations remain unperceived. The clock in our room keeps
ticking constantly but we rarely hear the ticking. Although the vibrations of sound are
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striking the ear constantly the conscious mind is not joined to the organ of hearing as
far as those vibrations are concerned. When we pass down a road vibrations from hun-
dreds of objects strike our eye but we notice only a few, the rest not entering our con-
sciousness at all because of this lack of contact between the mind and those vibrations.
Innumerable vibrations from all kinds of objects are thus constanly impinging upon
our sense-organs but most of these remain unnoticed. Still, a few do manage to catch
our attention and these in their, totality constitute the content of our awareness of the
external world.
A very interesting fact about this process of sense-perception is that although
the mind is automatically ignoring the vast majority of vibrations bombarding its
sense-organs it cannot shut out all of them voluntarily if it wants to. A few vibrations
always manage to catch the attention and the mind is generally helpless against the
inroads of these unwanted intruders. In fact, the more it tries to shut them out the more
numerous and insistent they become as anyone can find out for himself by making a
few efforts in this direction.
But, for the practice of Raja Yoga the outer world has to be shut out completely,
whenever necessary, in order that the Yogi may have his mind alone to grapple with.
Let us go into this question a little more in detail. If we examine the contents of our
mind at any time when we are not making any particular mental effort we shall find
that the mental images which are present and changing constantly may be divided into
the following three categories: (1) Ever-changing impressions produced by the outer
world through the vibrations impinging upon the sense-organs. (2) Memories of past
experiences floating in the mind. (3) Mental images connected with anticipations of
the future. (2) and (3) are wholly mental, not depending upon any objective reality
outside the mind while (1) are the direct result of contact with the outer world. The
object of Pratyahara is to eliminate (1) completely from the mind, thus leaving only
(2) and (3) which are then mastered through Dharana and Dhyana. Pratyahara inter-
poses, as it were, a shutter between the sense-organs and the mind and isolates the lat-
ter completely from the external world.
In the light of what has been said above it should be easy to understand the
meaning of the rather enigmatic Sutra we are discussing. It will help us to appreciate
the manner in which the idea has been expressed if we remember that according to
Yogic psychology the senses are really a part of the lower mind. They are, as it were,
the outposts of the mind in the external world and should follow the lead of the mind.
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When the mind wants to put itself in touch with the external world they should begin
to function. When it decides to withdraw they should be able to withdraw with it, thus
breaking all connection with the world outside. This relation between the mind and the
senses has been likened very aptly to the relation existing between the bees in a hive
and the queen bee. The bees follow the queen in a body as it flies from one place to
another, and do not function independently of the queen.
Is this complete severance of connection with the world outside in the manner
indicated possible? It is not only possible but absolutely necessary if the higher stages
of the Yogic path are to be trodden. But in order that success may be attained the Yogic
life has to be adopted as a whole. All the different steps or component parts of Yogic
discipline are linked with one another and success in tackling any particular problem
depends to a great extent upon how far the other related problems, especially those
going before, have been mastered. If Yama and Niyama have not been practised suffi-
ciently and all emotional disturbances eliminated, if Asana and Pranayama have not
been mastered and the physical body brought under complete control, then surely, the
practice of Pratyahara is bound to end in failure. But if the whole of the Sadhaka's life
conforms to the Yogic ideal and all his energies are bent on achieving-his ultimate goal
then success must come sooner or later.
It should also be mentioned here that though Pratyahara appears to be a control
of the senses by the mind, the essential technique is really the withdrawal of the mind
into itself. It is a kind of abstraction so complete that the sense-organs cease to func-
tion. Any school boy who is intensely interested in a novel cuts himself off from the
outer world. Any inventor like Edison who is absorbed in a problem can forget the ex-
ternal world completely. But in all such cases, although a high degree of abstraction is
attained the abstraction is involuntary and there is something in the external world on
which the mind is concentrated. In Pratyahara the abstraction is voluntary and the
mind has no object of attraction in the external world. Its field of activity is entirely
within itself and the external world is kept out by the sheer force of will, as in Raja
Yoga, or by the supreme attractive power of an object of love within, as in Bhakti
Yoga.
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55. Then follows the greatest mastery over the senses.
The successful practice of Pratyahara as we have seen in the previous Sutra
gives complete control over the Indriyas in the sense that we no longer remain their
slaves but become their master, switching them off and on as we switch off and on the
electric light in bur room. What such a power will mean to an ordinary man can be
easily imagined, but for a Raja Yogi it is a sine qua non.
It is interesting to note how the first five Angas of Yoga eliminate one after an-
other different sources of disturbance to the mind and prepare it for the final struggle
with its own Vrttis. First to be eliminated by Yama-Niyama are the emotional distur-
bances due to moral defects in one's nature. Next to be eliminated by the practice of
Asana are the disturbances which arise in the physical body. Then come the distur-
bances caused by the irregular or insufficient flow of vital forces in the Pranic sheath.
All these are removed completely by the practice of Pranayama. And lastly, through
Pratyahara is removed the major source of disturbances coming through the sense-
organs. Thus is accomplished Bahiranga or external Yoga and the Sadhaka becomes
capable of treading the further stages of Antaranga or internal Yoga.
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SECTION III
VIBHUTI PADA
VIBHUTI PADA
245
1. Concentration is the confining of the mind within a limited mental area
(object of concentration).
As has been pointed out already, the first five Angas of Yoga eliminate, step by
step, the external causes of mental distraction. Yama and Niyama eliminate the distur-
bances which are caused by uncontrolled emotions and desires. Asana and Pranayama
eliminate the disturbances arising from the physical body. Pratyahara, by detaching
the sense-organs from the mind, cuts off the external world and the impressions which
it produces on the mind. The mind is thus completely isolated from the external world
and the Sadhaka is thus in a position to grapple with it without any interference from
outside. It is only under these conditions that the successful practice of Dharana, Dhyana
and Samadhi is possible.
Although the different Angas of Yoga appear to be independent of each other
and it may be possible to a certain extent to practise Asana, Dhyana etc. independently
of other Angas, still, we have to keep in mind that they have also a sequential relation-
ship and the effective practice of one Anga required at least a partial mastery of those
which precede it. The main reason why the vast majority of aspirants for the Yogic life
keep struggling with the mind year after year and then generally give up the effort as a
hopeless task lies in the lack of systematic preparation without which even the elemen-
tary practice of Dharana is very difficult, to say nothing of the further stages of Dhyana
and Samadhi. Theoretically, it is possible for the student to start right away with
the mind and he may succeed in practising meditation to a certain extent but he cannot
go very far in this manner and his progress is bound to come to a stop sooner or later.
It is only when he has prepared himself in the manner indicated above that he can go
on steadily right up to the end. In the rare cases where people have practised medita-
tion successfully without any other kind of preparation it will be found that they had
already developed the necessary qualifications, even though they did not go through
all the practices in this life. It is the possession of the qualifications and not gbing
246
through the prescribed practices which determines the fitness of the Sadhaka for taking
up the practice of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. These qualifications for the Yogic
life are the cumulative result of several lives of effort in this direction and one need
not go through every practice in a particular life. Some people are born, for example,
with a high degree of Vairagya and show even in their childhood a remarkable capac-
ity for controlling their vehicles. They have not to go through the long and tedious dis-
cipline which is essential for the ordinary man. Anyway, Patanjali has pointed out un-
ambiguously the necessity of going through the first five Angas of Yoga before taking
up the practice of Dharana, as for example in II-53.
Before dealing with the question of Dharana it is necessary to point out that
though the word concentration has to be used for translating there is a great deal of
difference between what an ordinary man means by concentration of mind and what
this phrase means in Yogic psychology. Without going into details it may be stated that
the main difference, and a very fundamental difference, is that according to modern
psychology the mind cannot be made to remain fixed on any object for any consider-
able time. It must remain moving even when concentration of the highest degree has
been attained. Concentration according to this view is the controlled movement of the
mind within a limited sphere and by keeping the mind confined in this manner all the
remarkable results of concentrated mental effort can be obtained. But according to
Eastern psychology upon which the Science of Yoga is based, though concentration
begins with the controlled movement of the mind it can reach a state in which all
movement or change stops. In this ultimate stage the mind becomes one with the es-
sential nature of the object concentrated upon and can thus move no further.
Eastern psychology recognizes the uses of the ordinary type of concentration
but it holds that there are two limitations in this kind of concentration. One is that the
mind can never fully realize the essential nature of the object concentrated upon. How-
ever deep it may penetrate, it still touches only the fringe or superficial aspects of its
nature and can never reach the core. The second limitation is that with this kind of
concentration consciousness always remains confined within the prison-house of the
intellect. It cannot be released from the limitations of the intellect to be able to func-
tion at the deeper levels through the subtler vehicles. For, to be able to jump from one
plane to another the mind must be brought first to that condition in which it is without
movement though ‘shining’ with the object which holds the field of consciousness.
This point has been elaborated elsewhere and we need not go further into it here.
247
Let us now come to the particular stage of concentration dealt with in this Sutra.
In Dharana as this first stage is called, the mind is confined within a limited
sphere defined by the object which is being concentrated upon. The phrase Desa-
Bandha means confinement within a territory which allows a limited freedom of
movement. The mind is interned, as it were, within the limited mental territory and has
to be brought back immediately if it strays out. The reason why a limited freedom of
movement is possible when the mind is being concentrated upon a particular object
will be seen if we remember that every object has innumerable aspects and the mind
can consider these aspects only one by one. So that, while it takes up one aspect after
another it is moving and yet really fixed on the object of concentration. Or it may be
that the object may involve a process of reasoning consisting of many steps connected
logically with each other and forming an integrated whole. Here also there can be
movement without really leaving the object of concentration. It is only when the mind
gets out of touch with the object and an unconnected and irrelevant object enters it that
Dharana may be considered to be broken. The main work in Dharana therefore con-
sists in keeping the mind continuously engaged in the consideration of the object and
to bring it back immediately as soon as the connection is broken. The objective which
the Sadhaka should place before himself is to reduce progressively the frequency of
such interruptions and to eliminate them completely ultimately. But it is not only the
elimination of interruptions which has to be aimed at but complete focussing of the
mind on the object. Vague and blurred impressions should be replaced by sharply de-
fined mental images by increasing the degree of alertness and power of attention. So,
the condition of the mind during the period when it is engaged with the object is as
important as the frequency of the interruptions which break the connection. But as the
nature of this stage of concentration is generally understood we need not elaborate this
point further.
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2. Uninterrupted flow (of the mind) towards the object (chosen for medita-
tion) is contemplation.
It was pointed out in the previous Sutra that the Sadhaka should aim at elimi-
nating the intruding thoughts which are called distractions and should see that such
interruptions are reduced in frequency in a progressive manner. When he succeeds in
eliminating the distractions completely and can continue the concentration on the ob-
ject without any interruptions for as long as he decides to do so he reaches the stage of
Dhyana. It will be seen, therefore, that it is the occasional appearance of distractions
in the mind which constitutes the essential difference between Dharana and Dhyana.
Since this Sutra is very important from the practical point of view let us first examine
the significance of the various Samskrta words used in defining Dhyana.
Let us first take the word Pratyaya which is used frequently in the Yoga-Sutras.
This word covers a wide range of notions such as concept, idea, cause etc., but in
Yogic terminology it is generally used for the total content of the mind which occupies
the field of consciousness at a particular time. As the mind is capable of holding a
large variety of objects simultaneously a word has to be used to denote all these ob-
jects taken together irrespective of their nature. Pratyaya is a technical word for this
total content of the mind. In view of what has been said above about Dharana, it will
be seen that this Pratyaya with which the mind remains in continuous contact in Dhyana
is fixed and yet a variable thing. It is fixed in the sense that the area within which
the mind moves is defined and remains the same. It is variable because within that lim-
ited area or sphere there is movement. A few illustrations will make this point clear.
When a scientist focusses his microscope on a drop of dirty water the field of vision is
defined and limited within a circle and he cannot see anything outside it. But within
that circular patch of light there are constant movements of all kinds. Or, take a river
which is flowing within well-defined banks. There is constant movement of the water
and yet this movement is confined within the banks of the river. A person who looks at
a river from an aeroplane sees a thing which is fixed and moving at the same time.
These illustrations help us to understand the dual nature of the Pratyaya in Dhyana
and the possibility of keeping the mind moving within the limits defined by the object
of meditation.
The Samskrta word Tatra means ‘in that place’ and obviously refers to the Desa
or place or mental territory within which the mind is confined. The mind has to remain
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united with the Pratyaya within the limits defined in Dharana. The mind of any person
remains united with the Pratyaya while he is in waking consciousness. But not only is
the Pratyaya changing all the time but the mental territory is also changing because
the mind is flitting from one subject to another.
Ekatanata which means ‘extending continuously or unbrokenly’ refers to the
absence of interruptions from distractions which are present in Dharana. In fact, as
pointed out above, continuity of the Pratyaya is the only thing which distinguishes
Dharana from Dhyana from the technical point of view. This continuity may be com-
pared to the continuity of the flow of water in a river or that of oil being poured from
one vessel into another. Why is it essential to achieve this kind of continuity before
Samadhi can be practised? Because every break in the continuity means distraction and
distraction means lack of adequate concentration and grip over the mind. If the mind is
diverted from the chosen object it means that some other object has taken its place, for
there must be continuity in the movement of the mind. It is only in Nirodha that the
continuity of the movement can be broken without any other object occupying the
mind. Now, if a distraction breaks the continuity, apparently, there is not much harm
done, for the mind can take up the thread immediately and continue with its work of
diving deep into the subject. But actually, the appearance of the distraction is not as
innocuous as it appears. It shows the absence of sufficient grip over the mind and a
corresponding lack in the depth of concentration. In practising Dharana it is found that
as the depth of abstraction increases and the grip over the mind becomes stronger, the
frequency with which the distractions appear becomes smaller. So, continuity should
be regarded as a gauge for measuring the necessary control over the mind and intensity
of concentration. The attainment of Dhyana Avastha shows that the mind is getting
ready for the last stage and the real practice of Yoga. Unless and until this condition is
fulfilled the practice of Samadhi cannot be begun and the real secrets of Yoga will re-
main hidden from the Sadhaka.
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3. The same (contemplation) when there is consciousness only of the object
of meditation and not of itself (the mind) is Samadhi.
Now we come to the last stage of the concentration of the mind. This marks the
culmination of the previous preparation to make it fit to dive into the realm of realities
which lie hidden behind the phenomenal world. The subject of Samadhi has been dealt
with thoroughly in Section I. But in that Section its more general and deeper aspects
were considered. In the present context it is therefore necessary to deal only with its
introductory aspects especially with its relation to Dharana and Dhyana. On account
of the unusual manner in which the subject of Samadhi has been dealt with by Patan-
jali it will be necessary for the student to study carefully its various aspects several
times before he can grasp its essential nature and technique. But the time and mental
energy which he spends will be worth while for he will acquire in this manner an un-
derstanding of the essential technique of Yoga, the only technique which can unlock
the gates of the world of Reality.
When the state of Dhyana has been well established and the mind can hold the
object of meditation without any distractions it is possible to know the object much
more intimately than in ordinary thinking, but even then a direct knowledge of its very
essence is not obtained and the reality hidden within the object seems to elude the
Yogi. He is like a general who has reached the very gates of the fort which he has to
conquer but the gates are closed and he is unable to enter the fort. What is standing
between him and the reality of the object which he wants to know? III-3 gives an an-
swer to this question. The mind itself is preventing the realization of the very essence
of the object of meditation. All the distractions have been completely eliminated and
the consciousness is fully focussed on the object of meditation. How does the mind
interfere with the realization of the very essence of the object? By interposing con-
sciousness of itself between the reality hidden behind the object and the consciousness
of the Yogi. It is this self-consciousness or subjectivity, pure and simple, which serves
as a veil to keep it separated from the object and to hide the reality he is seeking.
To understand how consciousness of the mind of itself can become a bar to fur-
ther progress, let us recall how this self-consciousness interferes with intellectual work
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of the highest order. A great musician is able to create his best productions when he
loses himself completely in his work. An inventor solves his greatest problems when
he is not conscious of solving any problem. It is at such moments that these people get
their inspirations and contact with what they are seeking, provided, of course, they
have mastered the technique and their mind is fully concentrated. It is the disappear-
ance of self-consciousness which somehow opens the door to a new world which they
cannot eriter normally.
Something similar though at a much higher level takes place when Dhyana
passes into Samadhi and the gate which leads into the world of realities opens. Patan-
jali calls this disappearance of the mind's awareness of itself as Svarupa sunyam iva.
The mind's “own-form” or essential nature disappears, as it were. Let us examine this
phrase carefully because each word in it is significant. What is Svarupa? Everything in
manifestation has, two forms. An external form expressing its superficial and non-
essential nature which is called Rupa and an internal form which constitutes the very
essence or substance of its true nature which is called its Svarupa. In the case of the
mind in the state of Dhyana the Rupa is the Pratyaya or the object of meditation. It is
through this that the mind finds expression. The Svarupa is the residual consciousness
of its own action or role in the process of Dhyana and is essentially the subjective na-
ture of the mind. This consciousness steadily becomes weaker as Dharana passes into
Dhyana and the concentration of the mind in Dhyana increases. But still it is present,
even though in a weak form, in all stages of Dhyana, and it is only when it disappears
completely that Dhyana passes into Samadhi.
The word Sunyam means a void or cipher and here it must be interpreted as ci-
pher, because it is a question of reducing the residual self-awareness to the vanishing
point and not of emptying anything to the utmost limit. In feet, as the objects of medi-
tation continue to fill the mind completely there can be no question of emptying the
mind. Svarupa Sunyam therefore means reducing the self-awareness or the subjective
role of the mind to the utmost limit. Lest the student may imagine that the Svarupa
really disappears when the Samadhi takes the place of Dhyana the author adds the
word Iva which means ‘as if’. The Svarupa only seems to disappear but does not in
reality because when the Samadhi comes to an end it manifests again immediately.
The question as to how it is possible to know the innermost nature of an object
of meditation by fusing the mind with it is a very interesting one and has been dealt
with fully in considering I-41. It will suffice to point out here that the apparent disap-
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pearance of the self-awareness means really dissolution of the subject-object relation-
ship and their fusion in consciousness. With the disappearance of the mental Svarupa a
faculty higher than the intellect comes into play, and the perception of the reality hid-
den behind the object takes place through the instrumentality of this faculty which per-
ceives by becoming one with the object of perception. The perceiver, the object of per-
ception and perception become fused in one state.
When the self-awareness has disappeared, what is left in the mind? Only the ob-
ject of meditation can remain, for all kinds of distractions have to be eliminated before
the state of Dhyana can be firmly established. This is the meaning of the phrase Arthamatra-
Nirbhasam. The phrase Tad eva means ‘the same’ and is used here to emphasize
the fact that Samadhi is merely an advanced phase of Dhyana and not a new technique.
The only difference between them as we have seen is the absence of the mental self-
awareness which makes the object shine in a new light.
The difference between the three phases of the same process, which culminates
in Samadhi may be represented in the following way. If A is the object chosen for
Samyama and B, C, D, E, etc. are distractions, then the content of the mind at regular
intervals of successive moments in the three phases may be represented by the follow-
ing series of Pratyayas present in the mind. The circle round the letters represents the
mental self-awareness referred to above.
It will be seen that the frequency of distractions goes on decreasing in Dharana and
frequency and degree of mental self-awareness goes on decreasing in Dhyara. In
Samadhi there is complete freedom both from distractions and self-awareness and the
object alone remains in the field of consciousness. It is true that further changes are
possible but these changes are connected with the object itself and do not affect the
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two conditions which determine the state of Samadhi. But these further developments
have been discussed in connection with I-42-49.
It will be seen that the transformations which take place in Dharana, Dhyana
and Samadhi are purely mental phenomena and are related to consciousness. The mind
has already been disconnected from the body and whatever takes place in the realm of
the mind cannot be judged by the condition of the body. The physiological functions
go on perfectly but there is no response of the body either to the world outside or in-
side. This lack of response to outer stimuli in the physical body in the state of Samadhi
makes many people mistake ordinary trance for Samadhi. But mere trance cannot be a
proof of the attainment of Samadhi. The body becomes unresponsive in sleep or under
the influence of anaesthetics or drugs. It also becomes unresponsive when, in the case
of psychics, the subtler vehicles withdraw from the physical body and consciousness
begins to function in the subtler world next to the physical. In all such cases the body
is inert but the lower mind is functioning partially or fully in the next subtler vehicle.
It is still under the full domination of distractions as before. The mental processes
leading up to Samadhi take place in the lower mental body and require the quiescence
of the lower vehicles. Therefore, the fact of a person being in real Samadhi is deter-
mined solely by the condition of his mind and not at all by the inertness of the physical
body.
It is necessary to draw attention to these obvious facts because those who are
not well versed in the philosophy of Yoga and dabble in lower psychism generally con-
fuse the inertness of the physical body with Samadhi and a person who can manage to
remain unconscious for any length of time is regarded as a great Yogi! This condition
of mere inertness is generally referred to as Jada-Samadhi and has really no relation
with true Samadhi although outwardly they appear very much alike. A person who
comes out of true Samadhi brings with him the transcendent knowledge, wisdom,
peace and strength of the inner life while a person who comes out of Jada-Samadhi is
no wiser than a person who comes out of sleep. Sometimes, when he is psychic he may
be able to bring down into the physical brain clear or confused memory of some of his
experiences on the next subtler plane but there is nothing remarkable or reliable about
these experiences and certainly there is nothing in common with the transcendent
knowledge which is gained in true Samadhi.
The extent of ignorance prevailing with regard to these things is sometimes
amazing. Sometime ago an article was published in a well-known Hindi journal deal-
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ing with the different stages of Samadhi. In this article were given a series of photo-
graphs of a Yogi supposed to be passing into different stages of Samadhi one after an-
other. The series of photographs, as far as could be seen, merely showed an increasing
dullness of the eyes but what was astounding was that they showed more and more
physical light coming out of the physical body in the advanced stages of Samadhi! As
if the light which dawns in the consciousness of the Yogi in Samadhi can be photo-
graphed! But such is the power of ignorance to distort and vulgarize the highest truths
of life and to consider everything in terms of the physical which is the only part of life
which is tangible and visible to the common man.
4. The three taken together constitute Samyama.
It should be clear from what has been said previously in dealing with Dharana,
Dhyana and Samadhi that these are really different phases of the same mental process,
each succeeding stage differing from the preceding in the depth of concentration which
has been attained and the more complete isolation of the object of contemplation from
distractions. The complete process beginning with Dharana and ending in Samadhi is
called Samyama in Yogic terminology and the practical mastery of its technique opens
the door not only to knowledge of all kinds but also to powers and superphysical ac-
complishments known as Siddhis.
It is necessary to keep in mind two facts about Samyama. First, it is a continu-
ous process and the passage from one stage to another is not marked by any abrupt
change in consciousness. Secondly, the time taken in reaching the last stage depends
entirely upon the progress made by the Yogi. The beginner may have to spend hours
and days in reaching the final stage while the Adept can pass into it almost instantane-
ously and effortlessly. As Samadhi does not involve any movement in space but
merely sinking, as it were, towards the centre of one's own consciousness, time is not
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an essential factor in the process. The time taken by the Yogi is due entirely to the lack
of mastery of the technique.
5. By mastering it (Samyama) the light of the higher consciousness.
It has already been pointed out in dealing with Samprajnata Samadhi (I-17) that
Prajna is the higher consciousness which appears in the state of Samadhi. But as the
word Samadhi covers a wide range of states of consciousness, so Prajna stands for all
the states of consciousness in Samadhi beginning with the Vitarka stage and ending
with the Asmita stage. There are two critical stages in the subtilization of Prajna. One
of these is referred to in I-47 where the light of spirituality irradiates the mental con-
sciousness. The other is indicated in III-36 when the consciousness of the Purusa be-
gins to illuminate the Yogi’s consciousness. The role of Prajna comes to an end when
Viveka Khyati or the pure awareness of Reality takes its place as indicated in IV-29.
6. Its (of Samyama) use by stages.
This Sutra brings out another important fact about the application of Samyama.
Samyama, as has been pointed out already, is the composite process of Dharana, Dhyana
and Samadhi when applied to any object. But though the process will be essen-
tially the same in every case, it will be more or less complicated according to the na-
ture of the object to which it is applied. All objects in the Universe are not equally
mysterious if we may say so. The mystery which is hidden behind them depends upon
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the depth of the reality in which they are rooted. Take, for example, the following ob-
jects: a piece of stone, a rose and a human being. All the three objects have their
physical casing and although the physical particles constituting the physical form are
progressively more organized as we pass from the first to the third, still, there is not
much difference between them if we consider only their physical nature. But what a
tremendous difference there exists between them when we try to go behind the outer
forms in order to unravel the mystery which lies hidden within them! Any fool can see
that there is some difference between them although all three of them are physically on
the same level. A rose arouses even in the ordinary man thoughts and emotions which
a stone can never do and the mystery which is hidden behind the human form is one of
the eternal riddles of the Universe. Materialistic philosophy may use all the logic
which it can command to prove that essentially there is no difference between the ob-
jects except that of functions and structures and people may thoughtlessly repeat these
dogmas of a mechanistic universe but in actual life nobody takes these dogmas seri-
ously and even the rank materialist has to recognize and take into account these differ-
ences in his life. The voice of intuition cannot be silenced by these intellectual dog-
mas.
What causes the differences between ‘objects’ such as those mentioned above?
Why is a rose a more mysterious object than a piece of stone and a human being infi-
nitely more mysterious than a rose? To understand these differences it is necessary to
bear in mind that the outer form of any physical or mental object is merely a covering
of an inner reality and what we mentally see of the object does not constitute the total-
ity of the object. As in the case of a ship the part which is submerged below the sur-
face of water is much larger than the part that is visible, in the same way, what we
mentally see in an object is merely a small fraction of what is hidden from our view.
The researches made in the domain of Science have brought to our knowledge by
methods of experiment and reasoning a part of these hidden realities but what we have
come to know in this manner is very little and of comparatively less significance as
compared with the totality of what lies beyond the range of scientific investigations.
These submerged aspects of all objects can be exhaustively investigated only by the
methods of Yoga, and Samyama is the key which unlocks the doors of these hidden
worlds.
All objects in the manifested Universe, as has been pointed out already, are an
expression of an Ultimate Reality but the roots of different objects lie at different lev-
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els of spirit-matter combinations through which this Reality is manifested. We may
symbolize this fact diagrammatically by the following figure in which the centre of the
concentric circles stands for the Ultimate Reality and the successive circles represent
the different planes of existence in their increasing order of density.
Fig. 8
The objects A, B, C, D represented by arcs of the outermost circle will be seen
to have their roots in progressively subtler planes of existence, while the object E will
be seen to be rooted in the Ultimate Reality Itself.
Taking the three objects mentioned above for comparison we can see easily that
in the case of a piece of stone we have a mere conglomeration of physical matter with
no design at its basis and so its roots cannot lie very deep. In the case of a rose also we
have a conglomeration of different kinds of matter but this combination differs from
that of a stone in two things. Firstly, it has the capacity for organic growth and decay
inherent in it and secondly, its form corresponds to an archetype. Even to a superficial
observer it should be obvious that a rose has got deeper roots in reality than a piece of
stone. Coming to the human form we cannot help feeling that we are face to face with
a profound mystery. We have here not only a more elaborate material structure but the
form is the vehicle of complicated phenomena like thoughts and emotions and other
aspects of consciousness. Whatever may be the nature and potentiality of human con-
sciousness there cannot be the slightest doubt that the roots of a human being lie much
deeper than those of a rose. How far they penetrate into the heart of the manifested
Universe it is unnecessary to discuss here. According to the philosophy upon which
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the Science of Yoga is based they reach to the very Centre of Ultimate Reality. That is
what the doctrine of the identical nature of Jivatmas and Paramatma really means.
The fact that there are enormous differences in the inner complexity of objects
must be kept in mind if we are to understand why the technique of Samyama is a very
complicated science and has to be mastered in stages. Some objects touch as it were
the mere surface of reality while others go down very deep into it. Though Samyama is
needed to unravel the underlying mystery in all the cases it cannot be the same in ac-
tual practice. That is why there is a world of difference between the beginner who has
just mastered the technique of Samadhi and the Adept who can almost instantaneously
pass out into the highest realms of existence without much effort. The whole science
of mathematics is based upon the four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplica-
tion and division but the beginner who has mastered these operations has very far to go
before he can become an expert mathematician.
In the language of the Yoga-Sutras these different stages involved in the use of
Samyama mean the attainment of the four successive stages of Samprajnata Samadhi
mentioned in I-17 and the stage of Nirbija Samadhi mentioned in I-51. In the language
of Occultism they mean the functioning of consciousness through increasingly subtler
vehicles referred to in connection with I-17. But the fundamental basis of both is the
same, namely) penetration into different depths of consciousness which finds expres-
sion through different grades of Citta. The Yoga-Sutras deal with Samadhi from the
functional point of view while Occultism deals with it from the structural point of
view. That is why, outwardly, the two modes of treatment seem to differ. But the stu-
dent who has grasped the nature of Samadhi will see that there is no essential differ-
ence between the two, because passing in Samadhi from one vehicle to another means
coming into touch with the deeper levels and aspects of consciousness. The correspon-
dences between these have been shown already in dealing with II-19.
7. The three are internal in relation to the preceding ones.
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The three mental processes of Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi constitute Yoga
proper and the five preceding Angas may be considered as merely preparatory. The
whole process of Samyama takes place in the realm of the mind and no part of the
visible man is involved in it. That is why it is called Antarangam. This should not,
however, be considered to mean that the first five Angas which are external in relation
to the last three are in any way not quite essential. In fact, without the preparatory
work involved in the former it is impossible to undertake the more subtle and difficult
task involved in the latter. At least, the essential conditions which it is the object of
the first five Angas to bring about must be produced though not necessarily by exactly
the same means. They may be brought about by other Yogic practices or by Isvara-
Pranidhana as pointed out in I-23.
8. Even that (Sabija Samadhi) is external to the Seedless (Nirbija Samadhi).
The subject of Nirbija Samadhi has already been dealt with in connection with
I-51. Various other matters connected with Nirbija Samadhi will also be discussed in
Section IV. This Sutra has been introduced here only to emphasize the distinction be-
tween Sabija and Nirbija Samadhi and to bring home to the student that Nirbija
Samadhi is a more advanced stage on the path of Self-realization than Sabija Samadhi.
Sabija Samadhi is concerned with knowledge and powers exercised within the realm of
Prakrti on this side of the gate which leads to Kaivalya. Nirbija Samadhi, on the other
hand, aims at transcending the realm of Prakrti and living in the state of Enlighten-
ment implied in Kaivalya. The latter, therefore, is naturally internal in relation to the
former. The Purusa has first to conquer all the realms of Prakrti through Sabija
Samadhi and then, after conquering these realms, to gain complete Self-realization
which makes him not only the Lord of these realms but also independent of them.
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9. Nirodha Parinama is that transformation of the mind in which it becomes
progressively permeated by that condition of Nirodha which intervenes momentarily
between an impression which is disappearing and the impression which is taking its
place.
After dealing with the three stages of meditation leading up to Samadhi Patan-
jali takes up the question of the three fundamental types of mental transformations
which are involved in the practice of higher Yoga. These four Sutras (III-9-12) bearing
on this question are very important because they throw light on the essential nature of
the mental processes which are involved in the practice of Yoga and further elucidate
the technique of Samadhi.
The important point to note with regard to these three Parinamas is that they
are not states but modes of transformation, or to put it in other words, they do not rep-
resent static but dynamic conditions. In the progressive process of Self-realization
through Samadhi the mind can pass from one stage to another through the use of three
and only three kinds of transformations which are sequentially related to one another
and really constitute three integral parts of a larger composite process which has to be
repeated on each plane as consciousness withdraws, step by step, towards the Centre of
Reality. The ordinary transformations of the mind take place according to the laws of
association or reasoning or recording to the stimuli applied by the external world
through the sense-organs. The three kinds of transformations we are now considering
are of a special kind and are used only in the practice of higher Yoga after the Yogi has
acquired the capacity of passing into the Samadhi state at will.
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The Sutra under discussion defines Nirodha Parinama or transformation which
results in suppression of Citta-Vrttis. In view of the fact that Yoga is described in I-2
as the suppression of Citta-Vrttis it is easy to see how important it is to understand this
Sutra thoroughly. As soon as control of the mind is begun Nirodha comes into play.
The word Nirodha in Samskrta means both restraint and suppression and the earlier
efforts at control of the mind beginning with Dharana involve Nirodha not so much in
the sense of suppression as that of restraint. But a little careful thought will show that
even in the preliminary practice of Dharana, Nirodha, in the sense of suppression, is
involved to a certain extent. In trying to practise Dharana the will is trying all the time
to suppress distractions and substituting in their place the one object on which medita-
tion is to be performed. It will be obvious to anyone that in each of these efforts to
replace a distraction by the chosen object there must be a momentary state in which
neither the distraction nor the chosen object is present and the mind is really without
any Pratyaya, just as when the direction of a moving object is suddenly reversed there
must be a moment when the object is not moving but is at rest. It is because Nirodha in
this limited sense enters the problem of controlling the mind from the very beginning
that Patanjali has taken up Nirodha Parinama first in his treatment of the subject but it
should be noted that true Nirodha or complete suppression is the last in the cycle of
transformations and comes after Samadhi Parinama and Ekagrata-Parinama in actual
practice.
We have seen that Nirodha is that momentary unmodified state of the mind
which intervenes when one impression which holds the field of consciousness is re-
placed by another impression. The impression which holds the field of consciousness
is called Vyutthana Samskara and the impression which opposes or tries to replace the
Vyutthana Samskara is called Nirodha Samskara in this Sutra. Between two successive
impressions there must be a momentary state in which the mind has no impression at
all or is present in an unmodified condition. The object of Nirodha Parinama is to
produce at will this momentary state and gradually extend it, so that the mind can exist
for a considerable duration in this unmodified state. This extension of the Niruddha
state by repeated efforts has been expressed by the phrase Nirodha-Ksana-Gittanvaya
which means ‘permeation of the mind by the momentary state of Nirodha or complete
suppression of Vrttis’. Nirodha Parinama comprises the whole process beginning with
the first effort at suppression of the ‘seed’ and ending with the firm establishment of
the Niruddha state. The Yogi should be able to maintain the Niruddha state for a suffi-
262
ciently long time to enable consciousness to pass through the ‘cloud’ or void and
emerge into the next plane.
In passing from a condition in which the ‘seed’ of Samadhi holds the field of
consciousness to a condition of complete Nirodha there is a struggle between two op-
posite tendencies, the tendency of the ‘seed’ to rise again in the field of consciousness
and the tendency of the mind to remain in a condition of Nirodha. No other distraction
can rise and occupy the field of consciousness because that tendency has already been
eliminated in the previous two processes of Samadhi Parinama and Ekagrata Parinama.
Samadhi Parinama has eliminated the tendency of distractions to appear in the
field of consciousness and Ekagrata Parinama has established the tendency of the
same impression—the ‘seed’—to persist without interruption. That is why, when the
force of will is applied to suppress the ‘seed’, it is only that particular seed which can
appear again. This will also show why the Samadhi and Ekagrata states must be at-
tained before the will can be applied to produce the Niruddha state. If these techniques
have not been mastered then after every effort of suppression a new Pratyaya or dis-
traction may arise as happens in the case of the ordinary man who tries to practise Nirodha.
The student will also be able to understand now the significance of the phrase
Abhyasa Purvah in I-18, for Asamprajnata Samadhi is nothing but the state of the
mind in which the Pratyaya or ‘seed’ has been made to disappear by the practice of
Nirodha. This condition of Nirodha is not a state of ordinary mental vacuum, but a
state of Samadhi in which the Yogi is in complete control of the mind.
The first effort to suppress the ‘seed’ of Samprajnata Samadhi produces a void
only momentarily. The tendency of the ‘seed’ to emerge again into consciousness is so
strong owing to the previous practice of Ekagrata that it again takes possession of the
mind and transforms it into its own image. The repetition of the effort at suppression,
however, makes it slightly easier every time to bring about the Niruddha state and
maintain the mind in that state a little longer. Continued practice of this kind gradually
increases the tendency of the mind to remain in the Niruddha state and weakens the
tendency of the ‘seed’ to reappear in the field of consciousness as pointed out in the
next Sutra.
A simple physical experiment will serve, perhaps, to illustrate the opposition of
the two tendencies referred to above. OB is a rod attached to a stand OA and kept in
the position OB by a spring at C.
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Fig. 9
If a child is asked to press the rod OB to the position OA he may be able to bring it to
that position with difficulty and may be able to touch the stand OA only momentarily
in the first attempt. Each successive attempt will, however, make it easier for him to
bring the rod in the position OA and keep it in that position longer. And with sufficient
practice the child may learn to keep the rod in the position OA as long as he likes. The
tendency of the rod to spring upwards has been completely mastered by practice. In the
same way the tendency of the ‘seed’ to spring back into the field of consciousness can
be mastered by sufficient practice and the Niruddha state maintained for a sufficient
length of time for the consciousness to pass through the Laya centre and emerge into
the next higher plane.
10. Its flow becomes tranquil by repeated impression.
The meaning of this Sutra will be clear from what has been said in connection
with the previous Sutra. The tendency of the mind to remain in the Niruddha state also
grows with practice and ultimately becomes so strong by the force of Samskaras that it
can remain in that condition easily for any length of time. The significance of the
phrase Prasanta Vahita should be noted. The flow of this Niruddha state becomes,
after sufficient practice, easy and peaceful. There is no struggle which may be present
in some degree in the earlier stages when the tendency has not been established firmly.
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Such a struggle would produce an unstable condition of the mind which is utterly un-
suited for the purpose which has to be accomplished.
It may be pointed out here that the resistance encountered from the mind in
bringing about the different transformations is due not so much to the mind itself as to
the Samskaras of Vasanas still hidden within it. If these have been removed to a suffi-
cient degree the passage from one condition to another can take place without much
resistance. In fact, if Vairagya has been developed to a high degree the necessary
changes may be brought about with comparative ease as shown by the life of great
spiritual teachers of the world. That is why the Yogi has to rise on the two wings of
Vairagya and Abhyasa as pointed out in I-12. Even in the last stage when Dharma-
Megha-Samadhi is practised (IV-29) for the attainment of Kaivalya it is the practice of
extreme Vairagya which destroys the remaining Samskaras of the subtlest Vasanas and
liberates the consciousness of the Yogi.
11. Samadhi transformation is the (gradual) setting of the distractions and
simultaneous rising of one-pointedness.
The second kind of mental transformation which is involved in the different
stages of Samadhi is Samadhi Parinama. This transformation really begins with the
practice of Dharana and continues until the Ekagrata state is reached. As the defini-
tion of Samadhi Parinama given by the author shows, its essential nature is the grad-
ual reduction of the all-pointed condition of the mind to the one-pointed condition.
First, the series of objects which in the case of the ordinary man occupy the mind, one
after another, are replaced by one chosen object, the ‘seed’ of Samadhi. All the other
objects except the object chosen for Samyama which are technically called ‘distrac-
tions’ are eliminated completely when Dhyana is perfected. Then begins a new kind of
265
movement or transformation of the mind in which consciousness begins to move in
depth, as it were, and the object is denuded of its coverings or non-essential elements
like name or form. The ‘seed’ is split open and its different layers exposed in order to
get at the core which is its Svarupa. When this process which is dealt with in I-43, has
been completed and the object ‘shines’ in the mind in its real Svarupa there is nothing
further which can be done on that plane. The attainment of the Nirvitarka stage marks
the completion of the Samadhi Parinama as far as the Vitarka stage of Samprajnata
Samadhi is concerned. If the mind is kept concentrated on the object it can merely re-
produce the irreducible Svarupa of the object. Here the Ekagrata Parinama which is
dealt with in the next Sutra begins.
12. Then, again, the condition of the mind in which the ‘object’ (in the mind)
which subsides is always exactly similar to the ‘object’ which rises (in the next mo-
ment) is called Ekagrata Parinama.
The characteristic of the Ekagrata-Parinama, which as we have seen is the con-
summation of the Samadhi Parinama, is that exactly the same Pratyaya rises in the
field of consciousness again and again and produces the impression as if a single fixed
unchanging Pratyaya is occupying the field. The succession of exactly similar images
in an apparently stationary Pratyaya is due to the intermittent nature ot the manifested
Universe which has been briefly explained in connection with IV-33. The whole Uni-
verse appears and disappears alternately but the interval called a Ksana is so small that
it appears to be a continuous phenomenon. We see a continuous glow in an electric
bulb with an alternating current but we know that the glow is discontinuous and peri-
ods of illumination follow periods of darkness alternately at very short intervals. It is
not only in Samadhi that this discontinuity enters in the perception of the Pratyaya. It
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is present in all perceptions and thinking right from the plane of the lower mind up to
the Atmic plane. Wherever there is manifestation there must be discontinuity or suc-
cession which is called Kramah in III-15 and IV-33.
The projection of a cinematographic picture on a screen may serve to illustrate,
to some extent, the difference between the three Parinamas. The moving picture on the
screen is produced, as is explained in connection with IV-33, by a succession of dis-
similar images falling on the screen at intervals of less than 1/10th second. This pro-
duces an illusion of continuity while there is actual discontinuity in the projection. If
all the pictures on the film roll are made exactly similar there will be one stationary
and unchanging image produced on the screen. But we know that the appearance of
such a stationary and unchanging image is an illusion. What we see as an unchanging
image is composed of a number of similar (Tulya) images following each other so rap-
idly as to be indistinguishable. If we slow down the speed of projection sufficiently the
illusion will disappear and we shall be able to see similar images following each other
at regular intervals. In the same way the Pratyaya of Ekagrata Parinama remains ap-
parently the same but in reality it is composed of a series of similar (Tulya) Pratyayas
following each other at inconceivably high speed. It is because the phenomenon is dy-
namic and not static that it is called a Parinama (transformation) and not Avastha
(state).
Now, if we suppose that even this picture which produces an unchanging image
on the screen is removed and each portion of the film corresponding to a single picture
is quite transparent it is obvious that a uniform illumination will be seen on the screen.
Here the analogy breaks down. The dropping or suppression of the Pratyaya of Ekagrata
Parinama by means of Nirodha does not produce the illumination of Reality but
the consciousness of the next subtler plane and the whole cycle of the three Parinamas
has to be repeated again on this plane to enable the consciousness to pass again into
the next subtler plane. It is only when the Pratyaya of the last plane (Atmic) is dropped
or suppressed that the illumination of Reality or consciousness of the Purusa dawns.
The reason for the emergence of a Pratyaya of the next subtler plane when the
‘seed’ present in Ekagrata Parinama is suppressed is to be sought in the nature of the
complex mechanism through which consciousness functions on the different planes
and the nature of the Samskaras which bind consciousness to its vehicles. Theoreti-
cally, the Nirodha which follows the Ekagrata state should lead to direct contact with
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Reality but this does not happen. As this question has been dealt with at another place
(I-18) it is not necessary to enter into it here.
13. By this (by what has been said in the last four Sutras) the property, char-
acter, and condition-transformations in the elements and the sense-organs are also ex-
plained.
Since the mind gets its raw material for thinking from the Bhutas through the
instrumentality of the Indriyas it follows that, corresponding to the three Parinamas
dealt with previously in relation to Citta, there must be analogous Parinamas in the
field of Bhutas and Indriyas also. These Parinamas are referred to in this Sutra, firstly,
to emphasize their all-pervading character in every field of Prakrti and, secondly, to
facilitate the understanding of the modus operandi of many Siddhis which are dealt
with in the remaining portion of this Section. Transformations of every kind in Nature
are based according to Yogic philosophy on the changes in Gunas and must therefore
be governed by laws which are fundamentally the same. It is easy to understand, there-
fore, that the laws governing the three types of transformations which are utilized in
the control and manipulation of Citta in Yogic practice must also hold true in the field
of Bhutas and Indriyas. But, owing to the difference in the medium, their mode of
working, though analogous, will not be the same. Just as mastery over the technique of
the three kinds of transformations in the field of Citta enables the Yogi to control and
manipulate the working of Citta, in the same way, mastery over this technique in the
field of Bhutas and Indriyas enables him to control and manipulate natural phenomena.
He can then exercise extraordinary powers which are called Siddhis.
Patanjali has merely referred to the applicability of the three laws of transfor-
mation to the field of Bhutas and Indriyas without elucidating the idea further. The
student is expected to work out the analogous relationships himself. Let us see how
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this can be done taking into consideration what has been said in relation to the func-
tioning of Citta.
Let us take the field of Bhutas or elements first. As has been explained else-
where (II-19) it is by the action of Bhutas on the Indriyas that sensuous perception
takes place. What is the action of Bhutas due to in the last analysis? Obviously, to the
physical and chemical properties of different kinds of matter. It is these properties
which make us see colours, hear sounds and produce the innumerable sensations which
form the raw material of our mental life. It is these properties which are inherent in
matter and appear under different conditions which are the specific instruments of
Bhutas and by their action on the Indriyas proauce all kinds of sensuous perceptions.
These properties in their totality are called Dharma in the present context.
According to the Yogic conception of matter all kinds of chemical and physical
properties are not separate properties of different elements and compounds which Sci-
ence has discovered. They inhere in one parent substance. The different elements and
compounds merely serve as vehicles for making manifest the properties which are la-
tent in the parent substance. This basic medium or repository of all properties is called
Dharmi in the next Sutra.
What is the significance of the three Parinamas in relation to the Bhutas? Cor-
responding to Nirodha Parinama of Citta there will be reduction to the state of
Dharmi, the basic medium in which all the properties have become latent and the
Dharmi is present in a perfectly quiescent state. Corresponding to the Samadhi Parinama
of Citta there will be a concentration towards a particular set of properties in-
stead of the properties changing continously in a haphazard manner according to the
prevailing natural conditions. Corresponding to Ekagrata Parinama of Citta there will
be a stationary state in which one particular set of properties holds the field for the
time being or the Dharmi remains in exactly the same state for a certain period.
The continuous changes in matter which are brought about by natural forces
correspond to the condition of the ordinary mind which passes from one object to an-
other in a haphazard manner according to the laws of mental association. Changes in
matter which are brought about by deliberately regulating the conditions in a particular
way are analogous to Samadhi Parinama. This may be done either by the regulation of
the external conditions, as is done by a scientist, or by going to the source of all prop-
erties and manipulating them from there, as is done by a Yogi. In the latter kind of
technique lies the secret of many Siddhis such as Bhuta Jaya dealt with in III-45.
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Since the sense-organs merely convert the properties which are present in an ac-
tive form in the Dharmi into the corresponding sensations, the Parinamas in the field
of Indriyas are merely the counterparts of the Parinamas in the field of Bhutas and the
analogous relationships can be worked out easily. We have merely to substitute Laksana
or characteristics in place of Dharma or properties. In this field also the Yogi who
can perform Samyama can trace back the sensations to their ultimate source and ac-
quire complete control over the sense-organs as shown in III-48.
It is easy to understand what is Dharma Parinama and Laksana Parinama be-
cause these fall within the range of our common experience. What is Avastha Parinama?
Avastha means state and Avastha Parinama is therefore change of state. To un-
derstand the significance of this kind of transformation we should turn to III-45 and
III-48. The Bhutas and Indriyas exist in five states, each of the successive state men-
tioned being subtler than the preceding one. In fact, the grossest form of the Bhutas or
Indriyas is derived by the progressive condensation of the subtlest form through the
intermediate three stages and can therefore be again reduced to the subtlest form by
reversing the process. These changes from one state to another are referred to in the
present Sutra as Avastha Parinama and are analogous to the three kinds of Parinamas
which can be brought about by the Yogi in relation to properties and characteristics.
This kind of transformation is beyond the range of common experience and can be util-
ized only through the practice of Samyama.
14. The substratum is that in which the properties—latent, active or unmani-
fest—inhere.
As has been pointed out already in the last Sutra all properties of different ele-
ments whether manifest or unmanifest, are considered to inhere in, and to be derived
from one substratum which is called Dharmi. This substratum which is the root of all
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properties is none other than Prakrti. When a particular property disappears we may
say that it has become latent in Prakrti. When it becomes manifest we may say that it
has taken an active form in Prakrti. So the appearance and disappearance of all kinds
of properties in Nature through the medium of different elements and compounds is
merely a question of their being manifest or unmanifest. All of them are present eter-
nally in Prakrti and can be made active or latent by bringing about the necessary con-
ditions.
The view that all natural phenomena are due to the continual appearance and
disappearance of all kinds of properties in a substratum which is their repository may
appear fantastic to people familiar with modern scientific ideas but deeper thought will
show the fascinating nature of this idea and convince the student that it is not as ab-
surd as it appears on first sight. In fact, those who are in touch with the latest devel-
opments in Science and are familiar with the trends of modern scientific thought will
see in these developments a closer approach to the Yogic doctrine than to materialism.
The fact that all elements are composed of a few fundamental types of particles like
the protons and electrons, that mass and energy are interconvertible and other discov-
eries of this nature have really shaken the foundations of orthodox materialism and
shown that the doctrines on which the Yogic philosophy is based are not after all as
fantastic as they appear at first sight. The theory that the properties of all elements
depend upon the number and arrangement of the electrons in those elements is only
one or two steps removed from the doctrine that all properties of matter are derived
from, and exist in a potential form in a substratum.
15. The cause of the difference in transformation is the difference in the un-
derlying process.
The progress of modern Science has shown conclusively that behind various
phenomena which we observe in different spheres of life there is a hidden framework
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of laws of Nature which bring about and regulate these phenomena with mathematical
precision. Formerly, man was mystified by natural phenomena and as he did not know
that they were based on natural laws he felt helpless before them. But the advent of
Science, and the discovery of natural laws to which it has led, has given him power
and confidence. He knows that if he can find the underlying laws in any sphere of
natural phenomena he can control and manipulate them with utter certainty. He also
knows that behind the external changes which he observes there are inner processes
which bring about and account for the external changes, and much of the scientific
work which is being done these days aims at tracing these inner processes and through
their control and manipulation bringing about any desired result in the physical world.
It is this idea of a hidden process or natural sequence underlying the multifari-
ous phenomena of Nature which is embodied in the Sutra under discussion. The
Samskrta word Krama almost exactly expresses the idea behind a law of Nature. A law
of Nature is nothing but a particular invariable order and manner in which things hap-
pen under a particular set of circumstances. We do not know really why things happen
in certain ways under certain circumstances. We only know how they happen and an
exact formulation of this mode of action is a law of Nature. This is also the essential
idea behind the word Krama operating in the field of natural phenomena. The previous
Sutra points out that all phenomena whether brought about by the action of natural
forces or by the will of the Yogi are due to the appearance and disappearance of the
corresponding properties in Prakrti. This Sutra emphasizes that these changes do not
take place in a haphazard manner but according to definite and exact natural laws
which determine with mathematical precision the manner and order of the changes.
The need of bringing home to the student this important fact will be seen if we
remember that all the following Sutras of this Section deal with different kinds of Siddhis
which can be acquired by the practice of Samyama. Some of these powers or at-
tainments are of such an extraordinary nature that the student might well get away with
the idea that they are acquired by some miraculous means. This would not only give an
incorrect idea with regard to the nature of these attainments but also undermine the
confidence of the Yogi in his ability to acquire them by Yogic processes. For there is
always an element of uncertainty associated with the idea of miracles. A miracle may
or may not happen. But a scientific process must produce the desired result if the right
conditions are provided. It is the scientific nature of Yogic technique which provides
the guarantee for success through them.
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It is especially necessary to emphasize this fact because of the strange attitude
of the present-day scientists towards all phenomena which are not of a purely physical
character and cannot be dealt with in a scientific laboratory through physical instru-
ments. They not only distrust all things which cannot be investigated through physical
instruments; they also consider them outside the realm of law. To them only physical
phenomena are governed by natural laws. All other phenomena connected with the
mental, psychic and spiritual experiences of mankind belong implicitly to a world of
chaos in which there are no definite and exact laws and therefore no possibility of in-
vestigating them in a scientific manner.
The Yogic philosophy takes a more sensible and scientific view. It considers the
whole of the manifested Universe as a cosmos. It declares emphatically that all phe-
nomena within this Universe—superphysical as well as physical—are subject to natu-
ral laws which work with mathematical precision. It provides the means by which the
superphysical phenomena can be investigated and the underlying laws discovered. The
student is thus not only free to decide which is the more rational view of the Universe
but also to test by his own experiences and experiments which is the correct view.
16. By performing Samyama on the three kinds of transformations (Nirodha,
Samadhi and Ekagrata) knowledge of the past and future.
Beginning with III-16 the remaining Sutras of this Section deal with the Siddhis
or attainments which can be acquired by the practice of Samyama. Before dealing with
the individual Sutras it is necessary to point out a few facts, by way of introduction, on
this difficult but interesting subject. The word Siddhis is used generally for the ex-
traordinary powers acquired through the practice of Yoga but its real meaning is best
expressed by the words ‘attainments’ or ‘accomplishments’ connected with the super-
physical worlds. It is chiefly in this latter sense that the word Siddhis should be taken
in the present context because many of the Siddhis dealt with in the latter portion of
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this Section are concerned with the attainment of the highest states of consciousness
and not with the development of occult powers as they are usually called. In these in-
troductory remarks it is possible only to touch upon the more general and important
aspects of the subject which will enable the student to see Siddhis in their correct per-
spective in the life of the Yogi.
The first point that may be noted with regard to occult powers as distinguished
from the more important attainments in higher Yoga is the comparative unimportance
of the former. These have a peculiar fascination for the neophyte who has merely ac-
quired a superficial interest in the subject, but the more thoroughly he understands the
philosophy of Yoga the more is his interest transferred to the final objective. When an
ordinary student gets interested in Yoga he is still under the domination of ordinary
desires, the desire for power and fame being one of them. He may not be conscious of
this desire but deep down in his subconscious mind it lurks ready to come up when
favourable conditions present themselves. Now, in the practice of Yoga his lower self
sees an opening for acquiring extraordinary and spectacular powers of all kinds and in
this lies in many cases the secret of the fascination which Yoga exercises on many
people. But, if the student makes a deeper study of the subject he realizes that the
Yogic philosophy is based on the philosophy of Klesas and the occult powers which
interested him so much are also part of that illusory side of life which it is the object
of Yoga to transcend. The exercise of occult powers does not free him from the basic
illusions of life and therefore cannot bring him Enlightenment and peace. Rather it
tends to distract the mind more powerfully from his true goal and may bring about his
downfall in the most unforeseen manner. It is only when he has completely conquered
his lower nature and acquired true Vairagya that he can safely exercise these powers
for the helping of others, if necessary. Till then his interest in them should be merely
scientific, as adding to the wonder and mystery of life which surrounds him and help-
ing him to unravel that mystery. So when he finds these powers appearing spontane-
ously or as a result of the practice of Samyama he confines their use strictly to scien-
tific purposes and maintains an attitude of utter indifference towards them.
The fact that real Yogis do not take the slightest pleasure or pride in the exercise
of occult powers which they possess and refuse to yield to the common and vulgar de-
sire of people to see ‘miracles’ probably accounts for the fact that they remain un-
known to the outer world and the realities of the Yogic life have never been established
to the complete satisfaction of the modern psychologist. The ordinary man who rushes
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out into publicity to proclaim any unusual ability or power that he may acquire cannot
understand how any person can possess some of the most extraordinary Yogic powers
and yet not even let other people know that he is in any way different from other peo-
ple. He, therefore, naturally concludes that because such powers have never been ex-
hibited in public under test conditions, they either do not exist or those who can exer-
cise them are no longer living in the world. But a careful study of history and other
relevant literature will prove conclusively that such powers have been exercised by
people in practically all ages. And a persistent search among people who are in this
line may also convince the student that there are people living in the present who can
exercise these powers even though they may be difficult to find and may refuse to
show these powers to any except those who are their tried and trusted disciples. Of
course, there are present everywhere charlatans who pose as Yogis and dupe gullible
people to serve their selfish and nefarious ends. There are also people who have ac-
quired some of the lower Siddhis and who go about making an exhibition of these for
the satisfaction of their petty vanities or for earning money. Though these people pose
as great Yogis their vanity and worldly attitude betrays them and reveals their true
status in Yogic life. The practice of higher Yoga and the unfoldment of spiritual life are
the only sure means of coming into touch with true Yogis who are masters of this Sci-
ence of sciences and who can undoubtedly exercise all the Siddhis mentioned in the
Yoga-Sutras.
The second important point to be borne in mind with regard to Siddhis is that
their modus operandi can be explained only on the basis of Yogic psychology and
those who try to fit into the extremely superficial and rather materialist framework of
modern psychology the grand and all-inclusive facts of Yogic Science try to attempt an
impossible task. Modern Science in the first flush of achievement, and owing to the
capacity to produce spectacular results in the field of physical phenomena, may pre-
sume to pronounce judgments on the fundamental problems of life but as it knows
practically nothing about these facts of the inner life its verdicts and opinions about
them have no value except in the eyes of those who are, for the time being, hypno-
tized by the materialistic philosophy and are satisfied with a purely materialistic inter-
pretation of the Universe.
This is not the place to deal at any length with the psychology upon which the
whole structure of Yogic Science is based. The student will have to piece together the
elements of this psychology from the relevant Sutras scattered throughout the book
275
and fill up the gaps by a careful and comprehensive study of other Eastern philosophi-
cal systems. He will then see that the philosophy and psychology upon which Yogic
Science is based is the only one which is comprehensive enough to provide a suffi-
ciently broad base for this Science. He will also realize that modern psychology which
confines its investigations to the expressions of mind and consciousness through the
imperfect and limited physical vehicle and is afraid of losing contact with the physical
world in its investigations, is utterly inadequate for this purpose. Those who refuse to
leave the shores of the physical world must content themselves with the limited
knowledge and resources which they have got and should not sit in judgment on the
experiences of those who have ventured on the high seas and found limitless lands of
unimaginable splendour.
The best way of getting an insight into the modus operandi of Siddhis is to con-
sider knowledge and power as two aspects of the same reality so that anyone who has
the knowledge with regard to the inner working of any set of phenomena has also the
power to manipulate those phenomena. There is nothing irrational in this assumption
because the control and manipulation of physical forces by modern science follows the
discovery of the physical laws underlying those forces. But Science has knowledge of
only physical forces and can therefore control only physical phenomena. The Yogi ac-
quires knowledge of the far subtler and powerful forces of mind and consciousness and
can, therefore, exercise powers connected with those inner forces. And since mental
forces lie also at the basis of physical forces he can manipulate even physical phenom-
ena without using any physical aids.
It has been pointed out already in the previous Sutra that according to the Yogic
philosophy the whole of the manifested Universe, seen and unseen, is governed by
natural laws and therefore there is no place for ‘miracles’ in this philosophy. When
things are made to take place in a way which appears miraculous to the ordinary ob-
server this is done by using forces which are still under the domain of natural law,
though yet unknown to modern Science. There is, and can be, no violation of natural
law, but it is possible to do things which seem to violate physical laws by employing
laws of the superphysical realms. No one imagines that the law of gravitation is vio-
lated when a rocket soars into the sky. Why should it be necessary to assume that a
miracle has happened when a man rises in the air by the practice of Pranayama or dis-
appears from our sight as indicated in III-21?
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To deny the existence of these powers because modern Science cannot accept or
explain them is to attribute to the scientist omniscience which he himself does not
claim. To assert that powers attributed to Yoga are not possible is not justified even
from the scientific point of view. Things which were considered impossible before are
passing into the realms of possibility as a result of new facts and laws which we are
discovering. Scientists would do well to remember that they have not made the facts
and laws, the discovery of which has enabled them to do so many marvellous things.
They have merely discovered those facts. How can they say what other facts and laws
are hidden within the bosom of Nature? The scientist may or may not show the true
scientific spirit and humility which is a part of that spirit. But the true Yogi who dis-
covers the infinitely more fascinating facts and powers of the inner worlds always at-
tributes them to the Divine Life enshrined within him and in the world around him and
when he uses those powers he uses them as an agent of that Life. And the day he for-
gets this important fact and loses this humble attitude his downfall is at hand.
Before dealing specifically with the Sutras in which Patanjali has given some
information with regard to Siddhis it is necessary to point out certain general facts re-
garding his manner of treating the subject.
The first thing we may note in this connection is that Patanjali has not dealt
with the subject of Siddhis in an exhaustive manner. He has merely taken up a few
well-known Siddhis and hinted at the principles underlying their exercise by way of
illustration. Neither are the Siddhis named or classified though the student of Yogic
literature will be able generally to identify the Siddhi dealt with in a particular Sutra
and correlate it with those mentioned in other schools of Yoga. It will also be seen that
some of the Sutras given in the last portion of Section III can hardly be said to deal
with Siddhis in the sense of occult powers. They deal rather with stages of Self-
realization leading up to the last stage of complete Liberation or Kaivalya. So close is
the connection between the stages of Self-realization and the powers which inhere in
those stages that it becomes almost impossible to differentiate between the two, though
Samyama may have to be resorted to for the sake of learning the technique of certain
specific processes.
The second important point we should impress upon our mind is that it is not
the intention of Patanjali to give in these Sutras a clearrcut technique for the develop-
ment of the Siddhis. He merely hints in each Sutra at the principle or modus operandi
of the mental process whereby the particular result can be attained. This can be util-
277
ized only by the advanced Yogi who has already learnt the technique of Samyama to
develop the particular Siddhi. Not only is the ordinary student unable to make any
practical use of the hint given, but he is hardly in a position to understand its real sig-
nificance. It is not enough merely to understand Samyama as an intellectual concept.
The successive mental processes underlying it should be a matter of actual direct ex-
perience, as real as, for example, going from one room into another in one's own
house. Let no one, therefore, be under the illusion that by carefully studying the vari-
ous Sutras and practising what is vaguely hinted at in them it is possible to develop the
Siddhis. There is a price to pay and it is a very high price—a complete reorientation of
one's life and its dedication to the Yogic ideal, an adoption of the Yogic discipline in
its entirety and a fixed and unalterable determination to continue to strive, life after
life, until the goal is reached. And in this ideal and the life which the Yogi adopts the
Siddhis, in the sense of occult powers, have really a very subordinate position and are
generally not striven after directly. The main emphasis is on finding the Ultimate
Truth through Self-realization and the Siddhis are used merely as a means for gaining
that end.
It will be seen from what has been said above that the subject of Siddhis is not
taboo among Yogis and there is no need to adopt an attitude of morbid fear towards
them as is sometimes advocated in certain schools of spiritual culture. There is no
harm in studying the subject in an academic spirit with a view to acquire a better
knowledge and comprehension of the Science of Yoga. The danger begins when a han-
kering for developing these powers takes possession of the mind of the neophyte and
the possibility opens of his being side-tracked from the true Path of Yoga.
Even as regards this intellectual study the student should keep in mind his limi-
tations and not expect too much from a careful and thorough study of the Sutras bear-
ing on Siddhis. As has been pointed out repeatedly the mental processes which are in-
volved in the development of Siddhis are not only internal and subjective but beyond
the range of the ordinary mind with which we are familiar. Even Yogic psychology
cannot, therefore, explain everything. It can take the student only up to the border of
the region with which he is familiar but cannot make him see through the veils which
his lower mind has placed round his consciousness. All that can be hoped for, there-
fore, from the study of these Sutras is an intelligent grasp of the general principles
underlying the different mental processes involved in developing various Siddhis. And
in some cases even this may not be possible.
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The difficulty of understanding some of the Sutras is further increased by the
fact that the exact significance of the words used in them has been obscured through
the passage of time or through the efforts of all kinds of commentators to interpret
them in a rather fantastic manner. Add to this the fact that Patanjali has in some cases
used blinds or deliberately vague expressions to prevent over-ambitious or foolish as-
pirants from injuring themselves by rushing into all kinds of dangerous practices and
one can then see the difficulty in the way of acquiring a clear and satisfying grasp of
the meaning of these Sutras dealing with the Siddhis. But even with all these limita-
tions the student will find the subject a fascinating one and well worth the trouble
which he takes in studying it.
With this brief introduction regarding the treatment of Siddhis by Patanjali let
us now turn to consider the different Sutras in which he has dealt with the individual
Siddhis. The first of these Sutras which is under discussion deals wtih knowledge re-
garding the future. This Sutra is sometimes interpreted as meaning that knowledge of
the past and future (of anything) which arises by performing Samyama on the three
kinds of transformations mentioned in III-13. With this kind of interpretation it be-
comes necessary to assume that the future of everything is fixed and so predetermina-
tion rules the manifested Universe. If we substitute for ‘knowledge of the past and fu-
ture’ ‘knowledge of the nature of past and future’ the meaning becomes quite clear.
How do we recognize the passage of time in which the future is constantly becoming
the past? By the transformations of properties, characteristics and states which are tak-
ing place in things around us. If these transformations came suddenly to a stop time
would cease to flow. So by performing Samyama on the nature of these three transfor-
mations the Yogi realizes the true nature of time.
It may be asked why the present has been left out of this classification of time
into the past and future. The present as we all know has no reality. It is a mere concept
for the ever-moving dividing line between the past and the future. In the incessant flow
of time, as perceived by the change in properties, we can take a cross-section at any
moment and that is the present, theoretically. Actually, the present has become the past
before we realize its presence and, therefore, ever eludes us. But, though it has no real-
ity of its qwn it is a thing of tremendous significance because beneath this dividing
line between the past and future is hidden the Eternal Now, the Reality which is be-
yond Time.
279
Samyama on the three kinds of transformations makes the Yogi realize the na-
ture of the ever-flowing current of time in the form of the past and the future. It does
not enable him to transcend time and gain a glimpse of the Eternal which is hidden
behind time. This is brought about by a different process given in III-53.
17. The sound, the meaning (behind it) and the idea (which is present in the
mind at the time) are present together in a confused state. By performing Samyama (on
the sound) they are resolved and there arises comprehension of the meaning of sounds
uttered by any living being.
If we are to understand how the Yogi can comprehend the meaning of the
sounds uttered by any living being we have to consider the composite mental process
which produces the sounds. Take, for example, a nightingale calling to its mate. We
hear only the external sound but that sound is the final expression of a complex proc-
ess in which two other elements are involved. One is the image of its mate present in
the mind of the nightingale and the other is the desire or purpose (Artha), namely, to
see the mate. Without both these elements the sounds could not be produced. If anyone
could enter the mind of the nightingale he would become aware of both these factors
and gain immediately a comprehension of the meaning of the external sounds. Now, it
has been shown already in explaining I-42 that when several factors of this nature are
present together in a complex mental process they can be resolved and separated from
each other by performing Samyama on the factor which is outermost. The three factors
together constitute a ‘seed’ which can be split open and the meaning separated out as
explained already. This will immediately enable the Yogi to comprehend the meaning
280
of the sound uttered by the nightingale. Since the sounds uttered by all living beings
are produced by the same kind of mental process referred to above, the Yogi can al-
ways come to know their meaning through Samyama.
It is not necessary for the Yogi to sit down in meditation to know the meaning
of such sounds. Once the technique of Samyama is mastered and he has learnt to re-
solve the complex process which results in the external sounds he can go through the
process almost instantaneously and thus know the meaning on hearing the sounds.
18. By direct perceptions of the impressions a knowledge of the previous
birth.
It is a part of the doctrine of reincarnation that all the experiences which we
pass through in life produce impressions upon our vehicles and can thus be recovered
from them by the application of proper methods. Experiments in hypnotism have
shown conclusively that experiences which a person has passed through in physical
life are indelibly impressed upon his brain even though he may not be able to remem-
ber them. This is proved by the fact that they can be recovered by putting him under
hypnosis. In fact, by pushing hypnosis to deeper levels even impressions of previous
lives can be revived. For example, a person who did not know even the rudiments of a
language was found under hypnosis to talk fluently in that language and to show the
characteristics of an entirely new personality. This shows that impressions connected
with all the lives we have passed through are present somewhere within us and by div-
ing sufficiently deep into our own consciousness it should be possible to revive the
experiences which have produced those impressions, just as by playing a gramophone
record it is possible to recover the sounds which produced the impressions on the re-
cord.
These impressions of previous lives can be present only in some vehicle which
has passed through all those lives and has not been newly formed with each incarna-
tion like the physical body. This vehicle is called Karana Sarira or causal body and is
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referred to as Karmasaya in II-l2 because in it lie hidden all the ‘seeds’ of Karma
which will fructify in the present and future lives. All Yogis of a high order who can
withdraw their consciousness into their causal vehicles and can thus come in direct
contact with these impressions are thus able to obtain knowledge of previous lives of
others and their own. The technique of this can be acquired through Samyama.
19. (By direct perception through Samyama) of the image occupying the
mind, knowledge of the mind of others.
The meaning of the word Pratyaya has been explained fully elsewhere. It is the
content of the mind functioning through a particular vehicle. As the consciousness of
an ordinary individual in the waking state is functioning through his mental body the
Pratyaya in his case will be the mental image occupying his mind. Anyone who can
see this mental image can gain knowledge of that mind. This can be done by perform-
ing Samyama and establishing clairvoyant contact between the two vehicles. As this
Sutra follows immediately after III-18 the words Saksatkaranat may be considered to
be understood after Pratyayasya.
20. But not also of other mental factors which support the mental image for
that is not the object (of Samyama).
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It is obvious that by perceiving the mental image in the other mind the Yogi
cannot automatically gain knowledge of the motive or purpose which is present behind
the mental image. For this he will have to go deeper into the other mind. An example
will make this clear. Suppose the Yogi sees the image of the sun in the other mind.
This image may be produced by thinking of the sun by an astronomer who is interested
in the sun as an astronomical object. It may be produced by an artist who is admiring
the beauty of the sun. It may be produced by a sun-worshipper who is worshipping the
sun as an expression of Divine Life. The, image in all these cases will be the same but
the mental background will be entirely different. The Sutra points out that by merely
perceiving the mental image the Yogi will not be able to obtain knowledge of the other
factors which are present in the background and which are responsible for the produc-
tion of the image. This merely serves to emphasize that the world of names and forms
is different from, and is easier to reach than the world of motives, etc. which produces
movements in the lower mind.
21. By performing Samyama on Rupa (one of the five Tanmatras), on sus-
pension of the receptive power, the contact between the eye (of the observer) and light
(from the body) is broken and the body becomes invisible.
The power of making oneself invisible is one of the well-known Siddhis which
can be acquired by Yoga. How can the modus operandi of this Siddhi be explained?
According to modern Science a body becomes visible when the light reflected from it
strikes the eye of the perceiver. If this contact between the eye and the light can be
prevented the body will become invisible. This can be done by performing Samyama
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on Rupa Tanmatra. The interrelations between the Tattvas, Tanmatras and the organs
of sensation and their correspondences are well known and form an integral part of the
psychology upon which the Science of Yoga is based. All the visual phenomena are
dependent upon the interplay of the Tanmatra which is called Rupa, the Tattva which
is called Tejas, and the organ of sensation which is called Caksuh (eye). By perform-
ing Samyama on the Rupa Tanmatra, the Yogi gains knowledge of the forces which
connect the Tattva, the Tanmatra and the organ of sensation and can manipulate these
forces as he likes. He can, therefore, prevent the light from his body reaching or af-
fecting the eyes of the perceiver and thus make himself invisible.
22. From the above can be understood the disappearance of sound, etc.
The principle referred to in the previous Sutra in relation to visual phenomena
is also applicable to the other four organs of sensation. Thus by performing Samyama
on the Sabda Tanmatra and gaining knowledge of the forces acting between the Tattva
which is called Akasa, the Tanmatra which is called Sabda and the organ of sensation
which is called Srotra (the ear) the Yogi can control phenomena connected with sound.
If the vibrations which affect any sense-organ and produce the corresponding sensa-
tions can be cut off the source of those vibrations naturally becomes imperceptible as
far as that sense-organ is concerned. This Sutra is omitted in some of the texts, obvi-
ously because what is pointed out in it can be inferred from the previous Sutra.
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23. Karma is of two kinds: active and dormant; by performing Samyama on
them (is gained) knowledge of the time of death; also by (performing Samyama on)
portents.
Those who are familiar with the doctrine of Karma will recall that Karma is of
three kinds: Prarabdha, Samcita and Kriyamana. Samcita Karma is the total stock of
accumulated Karma, generated by an individual during the present and previous lives,
which has still to be worked out. Prarabdha is that portion of this total stock which
has to be worked out in the present incarnation. This portion is selected out of the total
stock at the beginning of each incarnation according to the opportunities provided by
the circumstances of the incarnation for the working out of particular types of Karma.
Kriyamana is the Karma which is generated from day to day. Some of this is exhausted
immediately while the remainder goes to swell the accumulated stock.
It will be clear from what has been said above that Prarabdha Karma is distin-
guishable from Samcita Karma by its potentiality for finding expression in the present
life and it should be possible for anyone who can obtain a bird's-eye view of the whole
landscape of Samskaras to separate this active Prarabdha Karma from the dormant
Samcita Karma. If this can be done then the determination of the time of death should
be quite easy. It will be the moment when all the Karmas included in Prarabdha are
due to be exhausted. This is what Samyama on the Samcita and Prarabdha Karma
brings about. But this Siddhi implies the power to raise the consciousness to the plane
of the Karana Sarira. It is this body which is the repository of all Karmic Samskaras
and it is only when the Yogi can function consciously in this body that he can investi-
gate successfully the Karmic potentialities of his own life or those of others.
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Another method by which the Yogi can determine the time of death is by ob-
serving a certain omen and performing Samyama on that. The coming of the scientific
age has relegated all such things as omens or portents to the realm of superstitions, and
there is no doubt that prior to the advance of Science the subject of portents had be-
come surrounded by the grossest superstitions and fancies of the ignorant masses. But,
it must be understood that there is nothing inherently absurd in obtaining an indication
of future events which are imminent by means of certain signs or symptoms that may
be available, because coming events do sometimes cast their shadows before they ac-
tually take place.
When a doctor is called in to see a patient in the last stages of a critical illness
he can by simply placing his hand on the pulse of the patient, sometimes say with cer-
tainty that the patient is about to pass away. The pulse gives an indication of his gen-
eral condition and on the basis of that he can, almost with certainty, foretell the death
of the patient. His prediction is not the result of guess work but of drawing an infer-
ence from certain observations he has made. Every man cannot foretell such an event.
It requires medical knowledge and experience. A real portent is a significant sign
which gives an indication of the coming event. In itself it may be trivial and have no
rational connection with the thing predicted but to the man who can peer into the inner
side of natural phenomena it may provide a definite indication of what is to come in
the future. But it is obvious that only those whose inner eyes have been opened and
who are able to trace effects to their causes by means of Samyama can recognize such
an omen and interpret it correctly.
24. (By performing Samyama) on friendliness, etc. (comes) strength (of the
quality).
It is a well known law of psychology that if we think of any quality persistently
that quality tends to become more and more a part of our character. This effect is
heightened by meditation in which the concentration of mind is far more intense than
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in ordinary thinking. The effect is increased tremendously in Samadhi for the follow-
ing reason. When the Yogi performs Samyama on any quality his mind becomes one
with that quality tor the time being as has been explained in I-41. The positive quali-
ties like courage, compassion etc. are not vague nebulous things as they appear to the
lower mind but real, living, dynamic principles of unlimited power which cannot mani-
fest fully in the lower worlds for lack of adequate instruments. A principle or quality
merely sheds its radiance feebly, as it were, while we merely think of the quality, the
radiance becoming more and more bright as the thinking becomes deeper and more
persistent and the mind gets more and more attuned to the quality. But when Samyama
is performed on the particular quality and it fuses with the mind it can manifest
through it to an unlimited extent. Even when this condition of being en rapport with
the quality ends on the cessation of Samyama the effect of this direct contact is to
make a permanent impression on the mind and to increase enormously its power to
manifest that quality under normal conditions. And with repeated Samyama the mind
gets so attuned to the quality that its perfect expression in normal life becomes easy
and natural.
That is how the advanced Yogi can make himself the very embodiment of the
powers of love, sympathy, courage, patience, etc. and can express them to an extent
which seems wonderful to the neophyte who is still struggling to acquire those quali-
ties. Samyama, therefore, provides the Yogi with the most efficient technique of char-
acter-building.
25. (By performing Samyama) on the strengths (of animals) the strength of
an elephant, etc.
What has been said above with regard to qualities which may be called human
traits of character applies equally to powers which are special characteristics of ani-
mals. Thus, if the Yogi performs Samyama on strength which is possessed in different
degrees by different animals he can acquire strength, even that of an elephant. Of
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course, the elephant does not indicate the limit of the strength which can be acquired,
this animal being mentioned merely because it is supposed to be the strongest animal
known to us. What that limit is it is difficult to say.
What we should note, however, is that all these qualities or powers like
strength, speed, etc. which involve generally physical forces are not mere abstractions
but living principles or Tattvas having their source in the consciousness of the Logos.
The Yogi who gains direct contact with these principles is therefore in touch with a
source whose potentialities are unlimited as far as we are concerned.
26. Knowledge of the small, the hidden or the distant by directing the light
of superphysical faculty.
That interpenetrating the physical plane there are several super-physical planes
of progressively increasing subtlety is a well-known doctrine of Occult philosophy.
Patanjali has not definitely mentioned and classified the different planes but their exis-
tence is implicit in his doctrines of different levels of consciousness (I-17) and the
stages of the Gunas (II-19). His reference to higher sensuous activity or superphysical
faculties in the Sutra also shows that he took for granted the existence of the super-
physical worlds, and the exercise of faculties pertaining to them. Another reason, per-
haps, why the different planes of existence are not mentioned by him specifically is
that such a division of the material side of the Universe is not necessary for the pur-
pose of Yoga. Yoga as a practical Science is concerned mainly with the raising of hu-
man consciousness into progressively higher levels of existence and since all the
planes really form one heterogeneous mass of particles of matter, they may, for the
sake of convenience, be taken as one.
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Subtlety, obscurity and remoteness to which reference is made in this Sutra are
all due to the limitations of the sense-organs. These limitations are sought to be over-
come by Science by enlarging the scope of the sense-organs through the use of highly
refined physical instruments. Thus enormous help is given to the eyes in seeing what is
distant by the use of a telescope, in seeing what is small by the use of a microscope
and in seeing what is hidden by the use of an X-ray apparatus. But these instrumental
aids afforded to our physical sense-organs, though wonderful in some ways, suffer
from enormous limitations of various kinds. In the first place, their sphere of observa-
tion, however enlarged it may be, is confined within the physical world. All the super-
physical worlds by their very nature will always remain hidden from the most sensitive
physical instruments that may be devised. And since the physical world is merely the
outermost shell of the manifested Universe our knowledge of this Universe is bound to
remain fragmentary and extremely partial. In the second place, it is never possible to
reach the final truth with regard to fundamental scientific questions in this way. Won-
derful though our knowledge is with regard to matter and energy we should not forget
that much of this knowledge is inferential and therefore subject to doubt and error. The
rapid supersession of different theories, one after another, which has marked the ad-
vance of Science in the fields of chemistry and physics has created so much confusion
and uncertainty with regard to the fundamental questions concerning the nature of the
manifested Universe that the scientist does not seem to be sure about anything now
except the empirical facts which he has obtained and utilized in such a marvellous
manner. This is inevitable as long as we continue to investigate, exclusively by physi-
cal instruments and mathematical analysis, a Universe whose foundations lie in the
realms of mind and consciousness.
Now, the Yogic method is entirely different. It discards completely all external
aids and relies on the unfoldment of inner organs of perception. These organs are pre-
sent in a more or less perfect state of development in all evolved human beings and
require only to be put to use by proper training through Yogic methods. The unfold-
ment of these organs, corresponding to all levels of consciousness and subtlety of mat-
ter, step by step, opens up naturally all the subtle realms of matter to the Yogi right up
to the last stage where matter disappears into consciousness. And incidentally, it pro-
vides him with the means of investigating the phenomena even of the physical world
and manipulating its forces far more simply and effectively than a scientist can do, as
the nature of many Siddhis clearly shows. It is true that the Yogic method is individual,
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incapable of public demonstration and requires prolonged and rigorous self-discipline.
But those who can see the illusions of life and are determined to know the Truth are
bound to prefer it when they realize that the scientific method can give them only the
superficial knowledge of the physical plane, and does not hold out any hope of freeing
them from the limitations of life.
The powers referred to in the Sutra are decidedly of a lower order than the more
important and real Siddhis because there are a few people scattered throughout the
world who can undoubtedly exercise such powers in a limited way. Psychic powers
like clairvoyance or clairaudience are so common now that their possibility is no
longer denied by the majority of thoughtful people even though they may not have
found recognition in strictly scientific circles. But when they are exhibited by people
in the ordinary way either from pecuniary considerations or to satisfy the curiosity of
people they will be found to be developed not by strictly Yogic methods but by other
methods to which Patanjali has made reference in IV-1.
27. Knowledge of the Solar system by performing Samyama on the Sun.
This Sutra and the next two deal with the method of acquiring knowledge re-
garding the heavenly bodies. There are three basic questions involved in this knowl-
edge. The first is the structure of a Solar system which is the fundamental unit in the
whole Cosmos. The second is the arrangement of the stars in different kinds of groups
such as galaxies, etc. The third is the law which underlies their movements. Knowl-
edge with regard to these primary questions is obtained by performing Samyama on
three different objects in the sky as indicated in these Sutras. To understand how this
is possible the student should recall what has been said in connection with I-42 con-
cerning the different principles underlying Samyama for different purposes.
The Sutra under discussion deals with the method of acquiring knowledge con-
cerning the structure of a Solar system. This knowledge includes not only the physical
aspect which has been studied so thoroughly by modern astronomers but also the su-
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perphysieal aspects which are hidden from our view but are far more interesting and
significant. A general knowledge regarding our Sun as obtained by scientific methods
will convince anyone that the Sun is in some mysterious manner the very heart and
soul of the Solar system. Occult investigations based on Yogic methods have shown
that this appearance of all life in the Solar system being centred in the Sun has a
deeper significance and is due to the fact that the Solar system is a vehicle for the ex-
pression of the life and consciousness of a Mighty Being whom we call as Isvara or a
Solar Logos. This life and consciousness expresses itself at different levels through the
different planes of the Solar system which interpenetrate one another and form one
integrated whole.
Since the different planes of the Solar system are organically related to one an-
other and the physical Sun is the centre of this complex organism, it is easy to see how
Samyama on the Sun will unfold in the mind of the Yogi the whole pattern of the Solar
system and give him a comprehensive knowledge not only with regard to the structure
of our Solar system but all Solar systems which constitute the Cosmos. For, these So-
lar systems though separated from one another by tremendous distances are not really
independent of one another. They are rooted in the One Ultimate Reality, derive their
life from one ‘Common Source’ and are modelled on one pattern.
28. (By performing Samyama) on the moon knowledge concerning the ar-
rangement of stars.
This Sutra provides an illustration of the principle that by performing Samyama
on an external phenomenon it is possible to obtain knowledge of the basic law or prin-
ciple upon which that phenomenon is based. A study of the sky by astronomical meth-
ods has not only enlarged our horizon and given us knowledge of stars, galaxies, and
universes beyond human ken but it has also enabled us to gain a glimpse into the rela-
tions which exist between these different groups of stars. With every increase in the
power of magnification of telescopes new galaxies and universes come within the
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range of observation and prove the infinite nature of the Cosmos. All these heavenly
bodies which appear to be scattered in the sky in a haphazard manner have been found
by astronomers to be grouped in different ways, these groups being related to one an-
other in a definite manner. Thus the satellites are grouped and move round a planet,
the planets are grouped and move round a central sun, the suns which we see as stars
form part of a much larger group called a galaxy and the galaxies are grouped together
in a universe. The distances and times involved in these groupings and movements of
stars are so stupendous as compared with the periods during which the observations
have been made that no clear and over-all picture of the whole Cosmos can be obtained
by purely physical methods, though anyone who has studied the subject with an open
mind cannot fail to see that there is a Grand Design at the basis of the astronomical
phenomena.
How can the Yogi obtain knowledge of this design? By performing Samyama on
an astronomical phenomenon which is typical of the different groupings and move-
ments. The movement of the moon round the earth is such a phenomenon on the small-
est scale. It embodies the essential characteristics of all the groupings and movements
and it is easy to see how Samyama on it will unfold in the mind of the Yogi the essen-
tial nature of the Cosmic Design.
29. (By performing Samyama) on the pole-star knowledge of their move-
ments.
What has been said above with regard to the general law which regulates the
spatial relationships of the heavenly bodies applies equally to the law which regulates
their relative movements. It is well known that motion is a purely relative thing and it
is not possible to define or determine absolute motion. We can measure motion only in
relation to another object which is fixed. This is the law upon which all other laws of
motion are based. Now, there is only one star in the sky whose position is relatively
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fixed and which is, therefore, considered as a symbol of fixity. This is called Dhruva
or pole-star. This star may, therefore, be taken to be a symbol of the fundamental law
of motion referred to above. By Samyama on Dhruva is, therefore, meant not Samyama
on the physical star which bears that name but on the law of motion of which it is a
symbol.
How Samyama on this fundamental law will enable the Yogi to acquire knowl-
edge of all the laws of motion governing the movements of the heavenly bodies will be
clear if we remember that the different laws of motion are inter-related and by per-
forming Samyama on the basic law it is possible to acquire knowledge of all. Those
who are familiar with the philosophy of modern Science will recall how Science is
always aiming to discover a simple and fundamental law which underlies a number of
diverse laws working in a particular sphere. Such a search is based on the intuitive
perception of the fundamental unity underlying manifestation. All laws of Nature op-
erating in different spheres and apparently quite unrelated are really derived from the
progressive differentiation of a single comprehensive Law which expresses the work-
ing of Nature in its entirety. That is why it is possible to integrate minor laws into
more comprehensive laws progressively and by performing Samyama on one aspect of
a law to acquire knowledge of all the other aspects.
30. (By performing Samyama) on the navel centre knowledge of the organi-
zation of the body.
The physical body is a wonderful living organism which serves in a remarkable
manner as an instrument of consciousness on the physical plane. It is true that a part of
the physical body and the most important part, is invisible and outside the purview of
modern scientific methods. The whole system of Pranic distribution, for example,
which works through the Pranamaya Kosa and supplies vitality to the Annamaya Kosa
is unknown to Science. But even what can be investigated by scientific methods shows
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that the various activities of the body have been organized in the most scientific man-
ner and seem to be guided by the highest intelligence.
A detailed study of this organization of the body shows also that it is organized
on a set pattern and, therefore, all human bodies are structurally and functionally alike
in essentials. The circulatory system, the nervous system, the lymphatic system, the
glandular system and other systems work in the same way in all human bodies though
they have also remarkable powers of adaptability. The reason for this similar behav-
iour of all human bodies is, of course, the presence of an archetype in the Universal
Mind to which all bodies conform. That is why, in the case of billions and billions of
human beings who are born under the most varied conditions, the same pattern in the
outer form of the body and in its inner working is repeated with remarkable fidelity.
Anyone who can mentally contact this archetype of the human bodv will obtain
full knowledge of the machinery of the physical body. This can be done by performing
Samyama on the navel Cakra because this Cakra controls the sympathetic nervous sys-
tem working in the body. But, of course, it is the archetype of the body which is the
object of knowledge in performing Samyama and the navel Cakra is merely the gate-
way leading to that archetype. The navel centre is not the solar plexus but the centre of
Cakra in the Pranamaya Kosa which is connected with the solar plexus.
31. (By performing Samyama) on the gullet the cessation of hunger and
thirst.
It is well known that sensations of hunger and thirst and similar other phenom-
ena depend upon the secretions of glands situated in various parts of the body. A
knowledge of the working of these glands and the capacity to regulate their secretions
will, naturally, give power to the Yogi to control the sensations. There are several
glands situated in and around the throat, and Samyama on the navel Cakra having re-
vealed the presence of the gland which controls hunger and thirst, will enable the Yogi
to make these sensations voluntary.
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It may, however, be mentioned that it is really Prana which controls secretions
of glands and since Prana is amenable to thought, once knowledge of the working of
glands is acquired the Yogi can control all the physiological actions in the body, even
the movements of the heart and lungs. What a doctor tries to bring about by the action
of drugs the Yogi can bring about by the control and regulation of Pranic currents in
the body. The glands involved in these physiological actions have not been specified
by Patanjali, obviously, to prevent foolish people from dabbling in these matters and
injuring themselves.
32. (By performing Samyama) on the Kurma-nadi steadiness.
Prana is of many kinds, each kind having special functions in the body and a
special Nadi as its vehicle. Kurma is one of the well-known varieties of Prana and the
particular nerve which serves as its vehicle is called Kurma-nadi. This variety of
Prana has obviously something to do with the motions of the body for by controlling it
the Yogi acquires the power to make his body motionless. This control can be ac-
quired, as usual, by performing Samyama on the Nadi which is its vehicle.
All the physiological devices working in the physical body are meant to carry
on their normal activities in an involuntary manner. But since each device is really the
vehicle of a principle or Tattva it is possible by gaining voluntary control over its
function to express that principle to any extent desired. It is this kind of voluntary con-
trol over the function of the Kurma-nadi which enables the Yogi to perform feats of
strength which appear miraculous to an ordinary person. But, of course, no real Yogi
will make a demonstration of this kind.
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33. (By performing Samyama on) the light under the crown of the head vi-
sion of perfected Beings.
Since the Yogic philosophy is based upon the immortality of the human soul and
its perfection through evolution, the existence of those who have perfected themselves
and are living in a state of the highest Enlightenment is taken for granted. Such Beings
are called Siddhas.
These perfected Beings are above the necessity of reincarnation because they
have already learnt all the lessons which embodied life has to teach and have com-
pleted the cycle of human evolution. They live on the spiritual planes of the Solar sys-
tem and even when they retain bodies on the lower planes for helping humanity in its
evolution their consciousness remains really centred in the higher planes. To come in
contact with these Beings one has to rise to the plane on which their consciousness
normally functions. Merely coming in physical contact with them in some way is not
of much use because unless a person is attuned to their higher life he cannot derive
real benefit from his contact with them.
How can one come into touch with these perfected Beings in the proper way?
By performing Samyama on the light under the crown of the head. There is a small
rudimentary organ in the brain which is called the pituitary body. Besides its other
physiological functions known to medical science it has the important function of es-
tablishing contact with the spiritual planes on which the consciousness of the Siddha
functions. When it is made active by meditation it serves as a bridge between the
higher and lower consciousness and enables the light of the higher worlds to penetrate
into the brain. It is only then that the Siddhis really become accessible to the Yogi be-
cause he can rise to their plane and hold communion with them. But it is not by merely
concentrating on this physical organ that this kind of communication can be estab-
lished. It is by performing Samyama on the light for which the organ can serve as the
physical vehicle.
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34. (Knowledge of) everything from intuition.
It is well known that all the Siddhis can be acquired by methods other than
those outlined in the Yoga-Sutras so far. For example, a Bhakta who follows the path
of love comes in possession of many Siddhis though he has done nothing to develop
them deliberately. This shows that there is a state of spiritual consciousness in which
all these powers are inherent and, therefore, anyone who attains to this state by what-
ever method acquires the Siddhis automatically. The Bhakta attains to this state by un-
ion with the Beloved through love, Jnani through discrimination. Patanjali has given in
the next two Sutras the method of developing this state of consciousness by the strictly
Yogic method.
This state of consciousness in which Siddhis of all kinds are inherent also con-
fers the power to perceive truth directly without the help of any instruments. The latter
faculty which is called Pratibha here has really no equivalent in English. The word
which comes nearest to it in meaning is intuition. But this word intuition as used in
Western psychology has a rather vague and general sense of apprehension of truth by
the mind without reasoning. The emphasis is on the absence of reasoning and not on
the transcendent nature of what is apprehended. It is true that some Western philoso-
phers have used the word intuition in a more specific sense which comes nearer to that
of Pratibha but that is not the generally accepted meaning of the term.
The word Pratibha as used in the Yoga-Sutras stands for that transcendent spiri-
tual faculty of perception which can dispense with the use of not only the sense-organs
but also the mind. It can perceive everything directly mirrored, as it were, in con-
sciousness itself and not through the instrumentality of the senses or the mind. Intui-
tion, on the other hand, is at its best a vague and weak reflection of Pratibha and may
be (called an echo or lower reverberation of Pratibha in the realm of the mind. It lacks
the directness and definiteness of perception implied in Pratibha.
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That there must be a faculty of non-instrumental perception is clear from the
fact that Isvara is conscious of everything everywhere without the use of the sense-
organs or the mind. If omniscience is a fact then non-instrumental perception must also
be a fact and Pratibha is only the expression of this kind of perception through an in-
dividual in a limited manner. This is also the faculty which perfected Beings who have
attained Kaivalya use in maintaining their contact with the lower worlds which they
have transcended. Perception through the sense-organs should, therefore, be consid-
ered merely as a stage in the unfoldment of consciousness. After the higher conscious-
ness has become unfolded the use of these organs becomes mostly unnecessary and is
resorted to only for certain specific purposes. In evolutionary progress it is found fre-
quently that a particular mechanism representing a lower stage is used only in unfold-
ing a higher stage and disappeats after it has achieved its purpose.
35. (By performing Samyama) on the heart, awareness of the nature of the
mind.
In this Sutra and the next the method of unfolding intuitional consciousness is
given. As the intuitional consciousness transcends mental consciousness the first step,
naturally, is to acquire true knowledge concerning the nature of the mind and how it
modifies pure consciousness, i.e. consciousness of the Purusa. This knowledge is
gained by performing Samyama on the heart. What is meant by the heart?
On the form side the Jivatma is constituted of a set of concentric vehicles com-
posed of matter of different degrees of subtlety just as the Solar Logos on the form
side is constituted of a set of concentric planes irradiated by His consciousness. The
former is called Pindanda, the auric egg, while the latter is called a Brahmanda, the
Brahmic egg, the two being related to each other as microcosm and macrocosm and
having a common centre. Just as the sun both in its physical and super-physical aspects
forms the heart of the Solar system froifc which radiate all the energies which are
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needed in the Solar system, in the same way, the common centre of all the vehicles of
the Jivatma which energizes them is referred to in occult and mystic literature as the
heart. It is probably so called firstly, because of itls proximity to the physical heart and
secondly, because of its analogous function. The gateway to the mystic heart is the
Cakra known as Anahata and it is Samyama on this which really enables the Yogi to
know the nature of the mind principle which functions through the different vehicles at
different levels.
As Citta is merely the product of the interaction of consciousness and matter (I-
2) it should be easy to see why the common centre of all the vehicles through which
consciousness functions should also be the seat of Citta. The senses are merely the
outposts of Citta and should be considered as part of Citta.
36. Experience is the result of inability to distinguish between the Purusa
and the Sattva though they are absolutely distinct. Knowledge of the Purusa results
from Samyama on the Self-interest (of the Purusa) apart from another's interest (of
Prakrti).
This is one of those Sutras which many students find it difficult to understand.
This is due to the fact that it involves some fundamental doctrines of Samkhya phi-
losophy about which our ideas are not quite clear. If we clarify these ideas first the
meaning of the Sutra will become much clearer. Although the Yoga-Sutras are consid-
ered generally to be based entirely on Samkhya they are best understood on the basis
of both Samkhya and Vedantic doctrines and there is really no justification for the arbi-
trary exclusion of Vedantic doctrines in discussing the problems of higher Yoga.
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The first idea which we should try to grasp is that the Purusa is a Centre in the
Ultimate Reality (Brahman) and transcends manifestation and its limitations. His de-
scent into manifestation through association with Prakrti does not alter his transcen-
dental nature although it modifies Prakrti through which his triple nature denoted by
Sat-Cit-Ananda expresses itself. This triple nature is reflected in the three Gunas, the
correspondences between the aspects of consciousness and Gunas being represented by
the following diagram:
Fig. 10
It will be seen from the above diagram that the principle of cognition or awareness
which is included in Ananda of the Vedantic terminology corresponds to the Sattva
Guna. It is because the object of Yoga is Self-realization or obtaining awareness of
one's true nature (I-3) that Sattva Guna plays such an important part in the exposition
of its doctrines.
When the consciousness of the Purusa manifests in the realm of Prakrti it ap-
pears as awareness of the Not-Self and this awareness which expresses itself through
the action of Sattva Guna is called Buddhi. Some confusion is always caused by the
use of the same word—consciousness—both for the transcendent consciousness of the
Purusa which is above the realm of Prakrti and its reflection as awareness within the
realm of Prakrti. When we use the word consciousness in its ordinary sense we always
mean the latter, but there is really no word in English corresponding to the transcen-
dent consciousness of the Purusa of which the consciousness of modern psychology is
a partial and limited manifestation. The word used in Samskrta for pure transcendent
consciousness of Purusa is Citi-Sakti (IV-34) or more generally Caitanyam while the
conditioned consciousness is called generally Samvit (III-35).
When the pure consciousness of the Purusa is associated with Prakrti it be-
comes increasingly conditioned as it descends, plane by plane, these different degrees
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of conditioning being represented by the four stages of the Gunas (II-19). It should,
however, be borne in mind that Samkhya is based upon the absolute transcendence of
the Purusa. According to it the Purusa does not descend into Prakrti but is merely
associated with Prakrti in an undefined manner. The mere propinquity of Purusa
brings about changes in Prakrti, one of these changes being the development of condi-
tioned consciousness. It is because the Purusa is always quite separate and distinct
from Prakrti that all phenomena of consciousness or awareness are considered purely
Prakrtic, based on Sattva Guna. For all practical purposes the word Sattva as used in
the present context may be taken as the principle of awareness expressing through the
faculty of Buddhi. The Purusa remains quite separate from it though his presence
stimulates the awareness through Buddhi. This awareness becomes more and more
vivid and simulates more perfectly the consciousness of the Purusa as it is expressed
through the increasingly subtler stages of the Gunas but there can be nothing common
between the two, for the former is a pure product of Prakrti while the latter transcends
Prakrti altogether. The two are quite distinct. This is what is meant by the phrase Atyantasamkirnayoh.
The second idea which has to be grasped in this Sutra concerns the nature of
experience. Since the Purusa transcends Prakrti altogether and experience is always in
the realm of Prakrti, the Purusa cannot be the experiencer. Experience results when,
through Avidya, there is non-distinction or identification between the Purusa and the
conditioned consciousness which is called Sattva in this Sutra. Even in ordinary life
we find that the more we identify ourselves with our mind and its contents and allow
ourselves to get lost in them the greater is the zest of life, while detachment takes the
zest out of experiences and converts them into mere awareness. The greater the de-
tachment or Vairagya through discrimination the more perfect is the transformation of
Bhoga or experience into mere awareness. A Jivanmukta is as much conscious when
functioning through a vehicle as the ordinary man but since the element of identifica-
tion is absent there is no Bhoga or tasteful experience. This gradual disengagement of
pure consciousness from the Pratyaya which is produced by contact with a vehicle is
brought about by Viveka and Vairagya and when completed leads to Kaivalya.
Is then Kaivalya a state completely devoid of happiness? Is it a perfectly col-
ourless existence in which there is nothing to compensate for the joys and happiness
which we sometimes feel in ordinary life? This is a misconception which frequently
troubles those who have studied these questions superficially and is frequently the
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cause of the repulsion which they sometimes feel towards the Yogic ideal of Libera-
tion. To remove this misconception we have merely to ask what is the source of the
illusory happiness which we feel in the joyful experiences of our ordinary life and the
blissful experiences of the higher life. Of course, the Self whose very nature is bliss.
The outer experience is merely an exciting cause. It is the response from within—the
source of bliss—which produces the faint reverberations which we feel as joys and
pleasures of the lower life. In giving up the joys and pleasures of the lower life we are
merely giving up the indirect, feeble and uncertain method of obtaining bliss for the
direct method. We give up our hold on the shadow so that we may grasp the substance.
Instead of trying vainly to gain blissful experience we become Bliss itself.
As the pure consciousness of the Purusa is really quite separate and yet appears
indistinguishable from awareness in the realm of Prakrti, the question arises how to
separate the two in order to gain knowledge of the Purusa. The method prescribed in
this Sutra is Samyama on the distinction between the purpose hidden behind the
Pratyaya and the purpose of the Purusa himself. The Pratyaya is for another. It is a
product of Prakrti which according to Samkhya acts only and always for the Purusa.
The consciousness of the Purusa is for the Purusa himself. It has no ulterior motive or
purpose, the Purusa being eternal, changeless and Self-sufficient. This distinction,
subtle though it is, can be made the object of Samyama and it is possible in this man-
ner to resolve the apparently homogeneous Pratyaya into its two components, the
Sattva Guna in which the consciousness of the Purusa is reflected and the conscious-
ness of the Purusa himself. The problem is not unlike that of distinguishing between a
source of light and its reflection in a mirror. Just as there can be several methods of
distinguishing between the real object and its reflection so there can be several meth-
ods of distinguishing between the reflection of the Purusa in Sattva and the Purusa
himself. The method proposed is one of them and leads to the knowledge of the Purusa
himself as distinguished from his reflection in Sattva. When this knowledge is ob-
tained the Yogi is in a position to exercise non-instrumental perception hinted at in III-
34. As the Purusa is above the limitations of Prakrti his perception must also be above
the limitations of the mind and the sense-organs.
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37. Thence are produced intuitional hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell.
Since intuitional perception transcends the mind, and the sense-organs are really
the outposts of the mind, it should not be difficult to understand in a general way how
the sense-organs are done away with in the exercise of intuitional perception. In the
normal course our sensuous cognitions take place through the instrumentality of the
sense-organs and we are therefore limited by the limitations inherent in these sense-
organs. But when knowledge of the Purusa has been obtained by performing Samyama
as indicated in the last Sutra these limitations fall away and it is possible for the Yogi
to perceive everything without the help of the sense-organs. In exercising clairvoy-
ance, etc., the Yogi merely extends the scope of the physical sense-organs but in intu-
itional Sravana, etc., he dispenses with the sense-organs altogether and uses his all-
embracing general power of perception.
It will help us to understand the nature of intuitional perception if we remember
that the Purusa is the real perceiver (Drasta). Whatever knowledge can be acquired on
the lower planes through external agencies is present in him already in its totality.
Whatever powers and faculties are developed in the course of evolution are present in
him potentially from the very beginning and are merely brought out or unfolded from a
latent state into activity by the external stimuli provided by Prakrti. It appears that in
the earlier stages of evolution it is necessary for the cognitive faculty to be differenti-
ated and to function through separate channels and the sense-organs thus come into
being. But after the mind has been evolved to a certain stage and the powers of con-
sciousness have been sufficiently unfolded by direct contact with the Purusa the cog-
nitive faculty can function as a whole without the aid of the five sense-organs. Intu-
itional perception is like white light which includes all colours and can therefore bring
out the characteristic colours of everything. Sensuous perception is like the colours
present in the spectrum which is obtained from white light by diffraction with a prism.
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When the Yogi is able to transcend the prism of the mind he is able to obtain directly
all knowledge which he obtained previously through the separate channels of the
sense-organs.
There is difference of opinion with regard to the meaning of two words in the
Sutra. The first of these is Pratibha. Some commentators seem to think that Pratibha
means superphysical cognition and Pratibha Sravana, etc., mean merely clairaudience,
etc. There does not seem to be any justification for this kind of interpretation, firstly,
because the development of these superphysical faculties has been dealt with in other
Sutras (III-26, III-42) and secondly, because it should not be necessary for the Yogi to
obtain at least partial knowledge of the Purusa to be able to exercise them. Pratibha
Sravana, etc., are obviously cognitions of a much higher order and from the nature of
the context appear to be special powers connected with the Purusa himself since they
appear after the Yogi obtains at least partial contact with the pure consciousness of the
Purusa.
The second word which has produced some confusion is Varta. Although this
word is not used now in relation to the sense of smell its use in the present context
leaves no doubt that it is this sense for which it stands. If the sense of smell had been
an exception to the well-known fivefold sense experiences this fact would have cer-
tainly been pointed out. This anomaly shows the inadvisability of interpreting the
Yoga-Sutras strictly and rigidly in terms of the current meanings of the words used.
They should be interpreted in the light of Yogic traditions, the experiences of mystics
and occultists and also commonsense, in view of the frequent changes which take
place in the meanings of words through the centuries. Philology alone is not a safe
guide in these matters.
38. They are obstacles in the way of Samadhi and powers when the mind is
outward-turned.
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The various Siddhis which have been described in Section III will naturally be
obstacles when the Yogi is diving within the deeper layers of his consciousness be-
cause they tend to draw consciousness outwards. That is why the mystic fights shy of
all such powers. He does not want to have anything to do with Siddhis because their
exercise creates all kinds of temptations and distractions in his path. But perfection
means and includes the power to control all the phenomena of all the planes on which
consciousness functions and so the Perfect Man has not only to have direct knowledge
of Reality but also knowledge and mastery of all planes on which his consciousness
functions. That is why all the Siddhis have to be acquired at one stage or another be-
fore the stage of Perfection is reached. The Adept has not only all the powers which
Section III deals with but also the supreme wisdom which makes the misuse of these
powers impossible.
39. The mind can enter another's body on relaxation of the cause of bondage
and from knowledge of passages.
The power of entering the body of another person is a well-known Siddhi which
occultists sometimes use in their work in the outer world. It should not be confused
with obsession which it resembles outwardly. In obsession the entity entering the body
is a low type of desire-bound disembodied soul who takes possession of the physical
body of his victim forcibly in order to establish some sort of temporary and partial
contact with the physical world to satisfy his desires. In the exercise of this power by a
Yogi of a high order the body of another person is taken possession of, firstly, with the
consent and knowledge of the person who is generally a disciple of the Yogi and thus
in perfect rapport with him. In the second place, there is no question of the satisfaction
of any personal desire by the Yogi, He takes possession of the body of another for the
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purpose of doing some important and necessary work for the helping of humanity. In
most cases the purpose of the Yogi can be served by temporarily materializing another
artificial body by his Kriya Sakti in the environment in which he wants to do his work.
Such an artificial body, known as Nirmana-kaya, has, however, certain limitations and
it may be more convenient for him to take the body of a disciple for the required pe-
riod. Under these conditions the disciple steps out of the body and the Yogi occupies it.
The disciple remains during this period on the higher plane in his subtler vehicle and
again occupies his body when it is vacated.
Some people, especially in the West, feel a peculiar abhorrence at this idea of
one person occupying the body of another. There is, however, no justification for this
kind of feeling if the body is a mere tenement or an instrument for the work of the soul
on the physical plane. We do not mind borrowing our friend's house or car temporar-
ily. What is then wrong in the Yogi borrowing the body of another person who is pre-
pared to oblige him? This feeling pf abhorrence is really due either to our identifying
ourselves completely with the physical body or thinking mistakenly that the occupa-
tion of another's body in this manner necessarily means dominating his will.
There are two conditions which have to be fulfilled before the Yogi is able to
exercise this power. The first is the ‘relaxation of the cause of bondage’. The bondage
here obviously means attachment to life in general and the physical body in particular.
The fundamental cause of both is the five Klesas which produce the vehicle of Karmas
as explained in II-12. This bondage is loosened though not completely destroyed when
the Yogi has attenuated the Klesas and sufficiently exhausted his Karmas through the
practice of Yoga.
The second condition is that the Yogi should have detailed knowledge of the
passages or channels along which the centre of mind travels when it enters or leaves
the body. Different Nadis in the body serve specific purposes and one of these Nadis
called the Citta-Vaha-Nadi serves as a passage for the mental centre when it enters or
leaves the body. By mental centre is meant the common centre of the superphysical
vehicles through which Citta functions. Many people do not realize that the exercise of
the Yogic powers is based upon detailed and precise knowledge of the physical and
superphysical vehicles and rigorous training is necessary in the application of this
knowledge for particular purposes. Yoga is a Science and its requirements are as exact-
ing as those of physical Science.
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40. By mastery over Udana levitation and non-contact with water, mire,
thorns etc.
There are five kinds of Prana working in the Pranamaya Kosa—Prana, Apana,
Samana, Udana and Vyana. Each of these has a specialized function to perform in the
maintenance of the body and control acquired over any one kind means that the corre-
sponding function can be regulated according to the will of the Yogi. Udana is obvi-
ously connected with the gravitational pull of the earth on the body and by controlling
this particular Prana it is possible to neutralize this pull. Levitation is a very common
phenomenon in Pranayama practice and is due to the Pranic currents flowing in a par-
ticular way. If the Yogi can neutralize the gravitational pull of the earth and keep his
body floating at any desired level he can easily avoid contact with water, mire and
thorns etc.
41. By mastery over Samana blazing of gastric fire.
The relation of Samana Vayu with the gastric fire and the digestion of food is
well known. Control over Samana will naturally enable the Yogi to increase the inten-
sity of the gastric fire to any extent and to digest any amount of food.
That the digestion of food depends upon fire may sound fantastic to people with
modern ideas of medical Science. But the word fire is not used here in its ordinary
sense. Agni is one of the important Tattvas which manifests in innumerable ways and
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the ordinary fire with which we are familiar is only one of these. The function of the
gastric fire which is another form of Agni Tattva is to stimulate the gastric secretions
and thus make the digestion of food possible. Yogic Science does not, therefore, con-
tradict the facts of medical Science. It merely takes a more comprehensive view of
these natural processes and also includes within its scope the subtler forces and causes
which are working behind them.
The interpretation of Jvalanam as effulgence does not appear to be correct. In
the first place, no one has ever heard of Yogis in a luminous condition, and even if one
were found in such a condition this could hardly be the result of the deliberate exercise
of a Siddhi. The traditional halo of light which is seen round the head of very highly
advanced spiritual beings is due to the luminosity of their superphysical auras and is
not a physical phenomenon.
42. By performing Samyama on the relation between Akasa and the ear su-
perphysical hearing.
Sound on the superphysical planes is not essentially different from sound on the
physical plane. It is merely a continuation of the same kind of vibrations but finer, the
sound vibrations of different planes being related to one another much as the different
octaves of music. Anyone who performs Samyama on the relation between Akasa and
the sense of hearing will become aware of the whole gamut of sound vibrations and be
able to hear sounds of the superphysical planes also. Divyam Srotram is nothing but
becoming sensitive to the subtler sound vibrations which are beyond the range of the
physical ear. Samyama on any principle or force brings the consciousness of the Yogi
in touch with the reality underlying that principle or force and thus makes him aware
of all the spheres and ranges in which that principle or force operates.
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43. By performing Samyama on the relation between the body and Akasa and
at the same time bringing about coalescence of the mind with light (things like) cotton
down (there comes the power of) passage through space.
Akasa-gamanam refers to the well-known Siddhi of transferring the body from
one place to another via Akasa. This does not mean, as is generally imagined, flying
through the sky bodily as a bird does. It involves resolving the particles of the body
into space at one place and then reassembling them at the destination. The physical
body is made up of innumerable particles of matter held together by forces of cohe-
sion, these forces being resident in Akasa the universal medium. In fact, the existence
of the body depends upon this relation between the particles of the body and Akasa
from which they are ultimately formed.
If the Yogi performs Samyama on this relation of the physical body with Akasa
he acquires knowledge of these forces of cohesion and the power to manipulate them
as he likes. If after gaining this power he brings about coalescence of the mind with a
fluffy substance like cotton down he causes the dispersion of the particles of the body
and their resolution into Akasa. Laghu-Tula-Samapatteh is a very expressive phrase
which means concentrating the mind on the process by which cotton down is produced
from cotton wool, namely, dispersion. This shows that if the Yogi exerts his will-power
keeping in mind a particular process he can bring about that process provided that he
has the capacity to perform Samyama. To reassemble the particles at the destination all
that is necessary is to withdraw the force of will. It was the force of will which kept
the particles in a resolved state and as soon as this force is removed the forces of cohe-
sion, reassert themselves and the body materializes instantaneously, apparently from
nowhere.
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The technique of Akasa-gamana thus depends upon the knowledge of the forces
which are responsible for the formation of physical objects from Akasa and the exer-
tion of will-power in a particular manner. It involves the resolution of the body into
Akasa and the reverse process of rematerialization from Akasa. But the knowledge is
not the ordinary intellectual knowledge such as a scientist has. It is the direct knowl-
edge obtainable only by Samyama which involves becoming one in consciousness with
the object meditated upon. That is the significance of the word Samapatteh.
Akasa-gamana must be distinguished from the appearance of a materialized
body formed by Kriya Sakti at any distant place. In the former case, it is the original
physical body of the Yogi which is transported to another place by a combined process
of dissolution and materialization. In the latter case, the original physical body re-
mains where it was and a second artificial body is temporarily materialized in another
place round a Nirmana Citta (IV-4). The techniques of the two processes are different
and one or the other is adopted according to the needs of the occasion.
44. The power of contacting the state of consciousness which is outside the
intellect and is therefore inconceivable is called Maha-videha. From it is destroyed the
covering of light.
If we examine the content of our mind at any moment we shall find in it a com-
bination of two sets of images; one, produced by actual contact with the external world
through the sense-organs, the other, the product of our own imagination. These two
sets of images are intertwined and constitute our world image at any moment. What is
the nature of the image produced by contact with the external world through the sense-
organs? What is its origin? If the manifested world around us is the expression of a
Reality through Divine Ideation then it is natural to suppose that the world image in
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our mind is the result of the impact of the Universal Mind on our individual mind. We
contact mentally the Universal Mind through our individual mind. The changes which
take place in our mind continuously are thus the result of the continuous changes in the
Universal Mind as it unfolds itself in the manifested Solar system independently of us.
This individualization of the world image by our individual mind limits and distorts
the Divine Ideation and only a faint and gloomy image is obtained. The light of the
Universal Mind becomes covered, as it were, by our individual mind, and we live our
life within the dark prison of our own mind unconscious of the fact that the dark and
flitting shadows produced in our mind are the shadows of a tremendous Reality of
which we can have no conception as long as our consciousness is confined within the
walls of our prison-house. What will happen if we somehow get out of this prison-
house? The light of the Universal Mind will burst into our consciousness and we get an
all-embracing vision of all those principles and natural laws which we can deal with,
only one by one, and in a groping fashion, through the instrumentality of our intellect.
This power of getting out of our intellect is called Maha-Videha, probably because it
releases the consciousness into the realm of the Universal Mind which works without a
Deha or body. The word Bahir is used because the Universal Mind is outside the indi-
vidual mind and the world image in the individual mind has an external source. This
all-embracing and vivid image which replaces the dark and partial image of the world
process is Akalpita i.e., is outside the range of the intellect. It has an independent real-
ity and is inconceivable. It is a Vrtti because it is a passing state, but a Vrtti of the
Universal Mind and not of the extremely limited individual mind.
It will be seen, therefore, that the ‘covering of light’ in this Sutra is different
from the ‘covering of light’ referred to in II-52. There, the ‘covering’ referred to the
brain which covers the light of the mental world. Here, it refers to the individual men-
tal body which covers the light of the Universal Mind. This latter process takes place
at a later stage and at a much higher level. The covering referred to in II-52 is de-
stroyed by Pranayama and prepares the ground for Dharana (II-53). The covering re-
ferred to in the present Sutra is destroyed by Samyama; and on the unfoldment of intu-
itional perception through knowledge of the Purusa (III-36). This Siddhi enables the
Yogi not only to transcend the sense-organs (III-37) but also the individual mind for
which the sense-organs were created. It is thus complementary to the Siddhi referred to
in III-37.
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45. Mastery over the Panca-Bhutas by performing Samyama on their gross,
constant, subtle, all-pervading and functional states.
This Sutra and III-48 are two of the most important and abstruse Sutras in this
Section. It will help the student to understand their meaning if we first consider very
briefly the fundamental ideas underlying this doctrine of Panca-Bhutas.
The Panca-Bhutas are also called Panca-Tattvas and it will help us to under-
stand the nature of the Panca-Bhutas if we have a clear idea with regard to the mean-
ing of the word Tattva. The word Tattva as used in the Hindu philosophical systems is
one of great and subtle significance. Literally, it means ‘that-ness’. The essential qual-
ity of a thing which distinguishes it from all other things constitutes its ‘that-ness’ and
so the word Tattva stands for the essential qualities which are embodied in different
measures in different things. Instead of a quality, a Tattva may also mean a principle
which is embodied in a number of things in different degrees which acquire on this
account a sameness of nature in certain matters though differing in degree and mode of
expression. Tattva may also refer to a function and ‘that-ness’ in this case may consist
in a group of things having a common function. But this must be a particular function
common to a number of things though differing in degree and manner of expression.
It will be seen therefore that Tattva is a word of very comprehensive meaning
and cannot be translated by any single word in English. Its significance is based really
upon the fundamental doctrine of Hindu philosophy according to which the manifested
Universe is an emanation of an Ultimate Reality, which pervades and energizes it all
the time, everywhere. When the manifested Universe comes into being there must be
underlying it a vast number of principles, functions, laws etc. which serve as the foun-
dation for the ever-changing phenomena which constitute the World Process. Without
such laws, principles and functions the manifested Universe could not be a Cosmos but
would be a chaos which we know it is not. These different fundamental modes of ex-
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pressions which define the relations of different parts to one another, determine their
mutual actions and reactions and ensure a harmonious, ordered and continuous World
Process are the Tattvas of Hindu philosophy. Though these Tattvas are innumerable
they are not unrelated to one another, because they are all derived by progressive dif-
ferentiation from the One Principle which constitutes the very essence of Divine na-
ture. Though they differ from each other and sometimes counteract each other they
form an integrated whole in which each Tattva is harmonized and balanced by its op-
posite. When Pralaya takes place and the manifested Universe disappears these Tattvas
are resolved into their Ultimate source to remain there in their balanced and latent
state until another Universe is born and the World Process begins again.
The Panca-Bhutas are five of these innumerable Tattvas which have a special
function in the manifested Universe, that of relating matter with consciousness. The
translation of the word Bhutas as elements, in the sense in which the word element was
used formerely (earth, water, air, etc.), has been a great mistake, reducing the whole
conception behind this word to an absurd and incomprehensible dogma. The identifica-
tion of the Panca-Bhutas with states of matter (solid, liquid, gaseous, etc.) again does
not give a correct idea about them though it is certainly an improvement on the previ-
ous interpretation. It is not possible to deal at length with the philosophy of the Panca-
Bhutas here but the essential idea behind this doctrine of Hindu philosophy may be put
in a nutshell as follows.
The external world is cognized through our five Jnanendriyas or sense-organs.
We can know the things which exist outside us only as they affect our sense-organs.
Now, the things around us have innumerable qualities which are shared by them in
different degrees and manners. How can these qualities or attributes which form a jun-
gle of sense impressions be classified scientifically and simply? The Seers who dived
through the practice of Yoga into the inner and essential nature of all things and whose
main objective was to unravel the innermost mystery of life adopted a perfectly scien-
tific and yet very simple method of classifying these qualities. This consisted in divid-
ing them into five groups according as they affected our five Jnanendriyas. All the
multitudinous qualities through which all objects of the external world are cognized
are classified under five heads and these five modes in which all things affect the mind
through the five sense-organs are called Panca-Bhutas or Panca Tattvas. Thus Tejas is
that all-inclusive quality which in one way or another affects the retina of the eye,
Akasa is that quality which affects the ear and so on.
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What more scientific and yet simple classification of qualities could be devised
in order to meet the requirements of those who have realized the illusory nature of sen-
suous perception and are bent on discovering the reality which is hidden behind the
phenomenal world? Our theories of matter may change in any way but the essential
manner of cognizing objects in the external world cannot change and therefore this
method of classification is independent of all theories and discoveries which may
come in the future development of scientific knowledge. Those who are in touch with
the scientific advancement in this field know how the discoveries of one generation
upset the theories of a previous generation and a classification based upon these pass-
ing theories and discoveries would always be subject to modification or complete
change. But the simple method based on the conception of Panca-Bhutas will stand
unshaken and unaffected amidst all the cataclysmic changes of scientific theories.
Nor can it be said that this classification suffers from the defect of over-
simplification. For, it is not a mere rough and ready method of classifying the external
world in a crude and arbitrary manner. It is related to the inner nature of things which
can be discovered only by the practice of Yoga as the few Sutras on this subject clearly
indicate. Modern scientific knowledge, though extraordinarily diverse, detailed and
precise, suffers from the great defect that it is divorced from knowledge of the inner
nature of things with which it deals. It considers matter as a thing apart from miad and
consciousness and so its jurisdiction must always remain confined to the surface of
things, their superficial appearance and behaviour. Yogic philosophy, on the other
hand, integrates into one comprehensive whole all aspects of manifestation—matter,
miid and consciousness because it has discovered by its special methods that these are
intimately related to one another. In fact, the whole theory and practice of Yoga is
based upon this idea of the interdependence of these three realities of existence and the
extraordinary powers which it is possible to acquire through Yogic practices shows that
the fundamental basis of the Yogic doctrine is correct.
This is not the place to go into a detailed discussion with regard to the nature of
the Panca-Bhutas, their relation with the Indriyas and the mind but the diagram given
in explaining II-54 shows the various factors which are involved, according to Yogic
psychology, in the process by which the external world is cognized by the mind. It will
be seen that the Panca-Bhutas by their peculiar action affect the Indriyas which then
transmute the purely physical vibrations into sensations. The sensations are the raw
material from which the mind elaborates the world of ideas by a process of integration,
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reproduction and rearrangement of the component images. But the mind also, accord-
ing to Yogic psychology, is Jada (inert) and it is the illumination of the Buddhi which
imparts to the mechanical work of the mind the element of intelligent understanding.
But, as this question has been dealt with thoroughly elsewhere, let us now pass on to
the problem with which the present Sutra deals, namely, the mastery of the Bhutas.
The key to the mastery of anything is a correct knowledge of its essential na-
ture. All forces of Nature have been brought under the control of man by the discovery
of laws which determine the action of these forces. The mastery of the Bhutas should
therefore depend upon the discovery of their essential nature and this is what the Yogi
aims at in performing Samyama on the different stages through which they pass in as-
suming their final form.
If we are to understand what these different stages through which the Bhutas
pass in their involution are, we will again have to recall the basic doctrine of the Yogic
philosophy according to which the whole of the manifested Universe is an emanation
of the Self. It is the Self which has become the Not-Self through a progressive involu-
tion of a part of Itself. This progressive involution of consciousness accounts for the
five stages or aspects of the Panca-Bhutas referred to in the present Sutra and also
shows how it is possible, by reversing the process, to trace them back to their source.
As it is rather difficult to comprehend the five aspects which the Bhutas assume
in the five stages of their involution let us consider a simple example to illustrate how
a simple outer expression of a thing can have subtler aspects which are hidden from
our view. Let us see what stages may be involved in the manifestation of a chemical
element like oxygen from the Divine Mind. Since oxygen has to play a definite role in
the physical world the first step in its formation should be a conception in the Divine
Mind of its function or purpose. This particular function called Arthavattva will first
require for its fulfilment a particular combination of the three Gunas which lie at the
very basis of all manifested objects. This is called the Anvaya state because the three
Gunas are all-pervading and form the common substratum of all manifested objects.
The particular combination of the Gunas from which the element oxygen is derived
will require for its next stage in manifestation a particular form such as a modern elec-
tronic configuration. This obviously is the Suksma or subtle state of the element. A
particular combination of electrons and protons with a specific arrangement and mo-
tions of the constituent particles constitutes a definite element with a definite set of
qualities which characterize the element. These in their totality constitute the Svarupa
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or real form of the element. These essential qualities are expressed in different ways
and varying degrees through different forms of oxygen such as the solid, liquid or
gaseous oxygen or through compounds in which oxygen enters in combination with
different elements. This is the Sthula or gross state of the element.
We see thus how, on the basis of our ordinary knowledge, we can conceive of
certain hidden aspects or states of such a common substance like oxygen. A similar
though not so easily comprehensible series of five states or aspects is present in the
case of the five Bhutas through which we cognize the external world. It is true that the
Bhutas are not elements but principles but since these principles find expression
through the medium of matter and energies of various kinds their different states or
aspects may be considered to be somewhat analogous to those of the elements.
It should not be imagined, however, that a mere intellectual comprehension of
these five states of the Panca-Bhutas, however clear and precise it may be, will enable
anybody to acquire mastery over them. An intellectual comprehension obtained
through intellectual processes, as pointed out before, is utterly different from the direct
knowledge gained in Samadhi by performing Samyama. The latter kind of knowledge
is obtained by becoming one in consciousness with the thing or principle and, there-
fore, carries with it powers which are inherent in that thing or principle. In Samadhi
we come into touch with the reality of the object meditated upon, while in intellectual
comprehension we merely contact the blurred and distorted image produced by the
object in our mind. The difference between the two is the difference between a sub-
stance and its shadow.
46. Thence, the attainment of Animan etc., perfection of the body and the
non-obstruction of its functions (of the body) by the powers (of the elements).
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This Sutra gives the three results of the mastery of the Panca-Bhutas. The first
is the appearance of the well-known group of eight high occult powers known as
Maha-Siddhis. These are Animan, Mahiman, Laghiman, Gariman, Prapti, Prakamya,
Isatva and Vasitva. The second result of Bhuta-Jaya is the perfection of the physical
body which is described in the next Sutra. The third result is the immunity from the
natural action of the Panca-Bhutas. Thus the Yogi can pass through fire without being
burnt. His physical body can enter the solid earth just as an ordinary person can enter
water.
These powers attained by mastery over the Bhutas appear most extraordinary
and almost unbelievable. But they are known to be real as the Yogic tradition of thou-
sands of years and then experiences of those who are in touch with high class Yogis
show. The previous discussion on the nature of the Panca-Bhutas and the way they are
mastered will give some indication as to how such extraordinary results can follow
from such a mastery. The whole of the phenomenal world is a play of the Panca-
Bhutas and anyone who has acquired complete control over them naturally becomes
master of all natural phenomena. The student will recall that the Anvaya state of the
Panca-Bhutas is related to the three Gunas which lie at the very basis of the mani-
fested Universe. Mastery of the Panca-Bhutas thus means becoming one with the Di-
vine Consciousness upon which manifestation is based and therefore gaining the ca-
pacity to exercise Divine powers which are inherent in that Consciousness. This does
not mean that such a Yogi can do whatever he likes. He has still to work within the
framework of natural laws, but his knowledge is so vast and his powers, therefore, so
extraordinary that he appears capable of doing .anything.
More important than the extraordinary nature of these powers is the question of
the nature of this manifested Universe which the existence of such powers raises. What
is the essential nature of the Universe in which such powers can be exercised? The
mystery of life, matter and consciousness appears to deepen and acquire a new signifi-
cance and we seem almost forced to the conclusion that all phenomena, even those
which seem to have a solid material basis, are a play of consciousness. The Vedantic
doctrine ‘Verily, all is Brahman’ seems to be the only plausible explanation.
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47. Beauty, fine complexion, strength and ada-rmantine hardness constitute
the perfection of the body.
This Sutra defines the perfection of the body referred to in the previous Sutra.
The mastery of the Bhutas will naturally lead to the body acquiring all these qualities
because they depend upon the action of the Bhutas. Anyone who is master of the Bhutas
can regulate the processes taking place in the body. Besides, when the distortions
caused by accumulated Karma are removed the body tends to conform naturally to the
archetype of the human form which is exquisitely beautiful and has the above-
mentioned attributes.
Let us not forget that the ugliness and imperfections in the physical body which
we see around us are the result of the disharmonies and obstructions and Karmas
which are inherent in the earlier stages of evolution. When these are removed on at-
taining perfection, the imprisoned splendour breaks forth even through the physical
body which is the grossest of our vehicles.
48. Mastery over the sense-organs by performing Samyama on their power of
cognition, real nature, egoism, all-pervasiveness and functions.
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This Sutra is complementary to III-45 and what has been said with regard to
Bhutas in connection with the former also applies, to some extent, to Indriyas in the
latter. The successive five stages on which Samyama, in relation to the sense-organs,
has to be performed in order to gain complete mastery over them correspond to the
five stages in the case of the Bhutas. But the student will notice that the stages called
Sthula and Suksma in the case of Bhutas are replaced by Grahana and Asmita respec-
tively in the case of the Indriyas.
The first stage in the case of the Indriyas is the power of cognition. The exer-
cise of every sense-organ begins with the response of the organ to an external stimulus
which is provided by the Panca-Bhutas. The mechanism through which such response
takes place and the result of the response are, of course, different in the case of the
five sense-organs as shown in dealing with III-45. So Samyama for the mastery of the
Indriyas begins with the specific power of cognition which resides in the particular
sense-organ. Then comes the real nature of the sense which, of course, is the particular
type of sensation which results and which is called Tanmatra. Now, mere sensation by
itself does not complete the process of sensing. The sensations must be individualized,
as it were, before they can be used by the mind for constructing its mental images.
Without the joining of this ' I '-ness with the sensation it remains merely a sensuous
phenomenon and does not become an act of sensing. The mind cannot under these cir-
cumstances integrate the five sensations obtained through the separate channels into
composite mental images. And what is at the basis of this individualized sensation? Is
it not a mode of motion, a peculiar combination of the Gunas? That is the all-
pervading aspect of the Indriyas which corresponds with the all-pervading aspect of
the Bhutas. At this level both the Bhutas and Indriyas are merely particular combina-
tions of the three Gunas. But behind every particular combination of the Gunas there
is a function which that combination is meant to fulfil. This is the last, Arthavattva
stage corresponding with the Arthavattva stage of the Bhutas.
It will be seen, therefore, that both the Bhutas and Indriyas are initially merely
functions in the Divine Mind. The exercise of these functions is made possible by the
selection of particular combinations of Gunas both for the Bhutas and the Indriyas.
One set of combination becomes the stimulator in the form of the Bhutas and another
set of combination becomes the mechanism of stimulation in the form of the Indriyas
and the sensations which are the raw materials for the mind are the result of the inter-
action of the two. The one consciousness which is whole and integral thus divides into
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two streams in order to provide this subjective-objective play of manifestation—this
Lila of Bhagavan.
49. Thence, instantaneous cognition without the use of any vehicle and com-
plete mastery over Pradhana.
Just as the mastery of the Bhutas brings about three results, in the same way,
the mastery of the Indriyas enables the Yogi to acquire two Siddhis of the most com-
prehensive character. The first of these is the capacity to perceive anything in the
realm of Prakrti without the help of any organized vehicle of consciousness. Percep-
tion, in the usual course, always takes place through the instrumentality of the sense-
organs whether these belong to the physical body or to the superphysical vehicles of
consciousness. When the Yogi has obtained mastery over the sense-organs through
Samyama he can dispense with the aid of instruments in perceiving anything in the
manifested Universe. The non-instrumental perception is direct and instantaneous.
This means that the Yogi has to direct his consciousness to any place or thing and he
becomes instantaneously aware of everything which he wants to know.
The student will notice how the enormous limitations which characterize ordi-
nary perception through the sense-organs of the physical body fall away progressively
as the Yogi makes progress on the path of Self-realization. The consciousness of the
ordinary man is confined rigidly within the physical body and the range of his percep-
tive power is limited by the capacity of its sense-organs, though this capacity can be
enlarged greatly through the use of the Physical instruments like the microscope, tele-
scope, etc. When the Yogi develops the senses of the superphysical vehicles through
the practice of Yoga the range of his perceptive powers is increased enormously as
indicated in III-26. A further increase in the range and depth of his perceptive powers
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takes place when the capacity for Pratibha perception is born as indicated in III-37. In
this type of perception it is not the sense-organs of the subtler vehicles but the spiritual
faculty of intuition which is used. This faculty works within the realm of Prakrti
though without the aid of sense-organs of any kind. In the stage to which the present
Sutra refers even this spiritual faculty is transcended and the Purusa perceives by his
own, over-all and all-inclusive power of perception. He has conquered the illusion
which Prakrti imposes on his consciousness and the whole of her vast realm lies be-
fore him like an open book.
The second result or rather aspect of Indriya-Jaya is the mastery of Pradhana.
In transcending the limitations of instrumental perception the Purusa has really tran-
scended Prakrti and is, therefore, now master of Prakrti. The secret of mastering any-
thing completely lies in transcending it. Karma is mastered when we pass beyond its
operation. The physical body is mastered completely when we can pass out of it at will
and use it as a mere vehicle of consciousness.
From the results which follow the mastery of Bhutas and Indriyas it should be
clear that these words do not refer only to the Bhutas and Indriyas as they function on
the physical plane but as they function on all the planes. For there is cognition through
the sense-organs also on the superphysical planes, though the mechanism of cognition
differs from plane to plane. The Bhutas and Indriyas are, therefore, to be taken as
principles which are applicable to the phenomena of cognition on all the planes. As
consciousness penetrates from one plane into another the essential process of cognition
remains the same, only the mechanism changes from plane to plane. The Bhutas
change, the Indriyas change and the Drasta changes (the Drasta on each plane being
the Purusa encased in all the vehicles not yet transcended) but the mutual relationship
of the three remains the same. That is why the words used in Yogic philosophy for the
trio are of a most general nature: Grahya, Grahana and Grahitr. It will be seen, there-
fore, that the cognition of the Not-Self by the Self on the physical plane is the lowest
manifestation of this process of cognition involving the subject-object relationship and
the process becomes more and more subtle until the Bhutas and Indriyas are com-
pletely mastered and the Purusa becomes independent of Prakrti.
Another important point which should be borne in mind is that the phrase Vikarana
Bhava means not only cognition without the use of any instrument but also ac-
tion without the use of any instrument. In attaining the power of cognition without any
instrument the Yogi transcends the Jnanendriyas. In attaining the power of action
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without any instrument he transcends the Karmendriyas. The former power without the
latter would reduce the Purusa to the status of an impotent spectator and this would be
inconsistent with the whole trend of thought upon which the philosophy of Yoga is
based. In the progress of the Yogi knowledge and power go together and the attainment
of knowledge with regard to any force or principle confers upon him the corresponding
power to use or manipulate that force or principle according to his will. Most of the
third Section of the Yoga-Sutras is devoted to the development of powers of various
kinds and it is absurd to suppose that the Yogi who has been developing knowledge
and power, side by side, is denuded of power at the last stage, all of a sudden, and be-
comes a mere spectator in the drama which is being played around him. Apart from the
irrationality of this idea it is at complete variance with the role which Adepts in Yoga
play in the manifested Universe and with other facts known to practical Occultism. In
thus attributing to the Purusa the dual role of Drasta and Karta (Spectator and Actor)
the Yogic philosophy differs fundamentally from the orthodox Samkhya doctrine.
50. Only from the awareness of the distinction between Sattva and Purusa
arise supremacy over all states and forms of existence (omnipotence) and knowledge
of every thing (omniscience).
Vikarana Bhava which is gained by Indriya-Jaya (III-49) gives the power to
exercise perception and to manipulate all the forces working within the realm of Prakrti
without the aid of any instruments. But it does not confer on the Yogi Omniscience
and Omnipotence. This can be attained only on becoming fully aware, through
Samyama, of the distinction between Sattva and Purusa. Vikarana Bhava is, however,
a prerequisite for the development of Omnipotence and Omniscience because these are
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unlimited and cannot function through an instrument which is by its very nature lim-
ited. It is only on the foundations of Vikarana Bhava that the infinite superstructure of
Omniscience and Omnipotence can rest.
It should also be noted that the mastery of Pradhana referred to in III-49 can be
attained merely by the separation of the Drsyam (II-18) from the Drasta (II-20). But in
this seeing the Drsyam apart from Himself the Drasta is still seeing and is thus identi-
fied with Sattva Guna which is the very basis of perception. As long as this identifica-
tion remains he is limited because the Sattva Guna is also within the realm of Prakrti.
He cannot, therefore, exercise Omnipotence and Omniscience. It is only when he is
able to realize himself as separate from the power of seeing or Sattva that he goes
completely out of the realm of Prakrti and can exercise Omnipotence and Omnis-
cience. The Grahitr must realize himself separate not only from Grahya but also from
Grahana to become auite free from limitation.
This Sutra also confirms the view expressed in dealing with the previous Sutra
that the Purusa has the dual role of Spectator and Actor. He not only gains more and
more knowledge but also exercises the powers which that knowledge confers. He not
only becomes Omniscient but also Omnipotent. The fact that the two functions are re-
ferred to separately in this Sutra seems to leave no doubt on this point. Why then does
there appear to be a constant emphasis on the cognitive aspect in the Yoga-Sutras and
the volitional aspect is rarely mentioned? Obviously, because power is a correlate of
knowledge and is for all practical purposes included in the knowledge of the type
which the Yogi acquires.
The student would do well to compare this Sutra with III-36. The method pre-
scribed in the former leads to Omniscience and Omnipotence while that in III-36 leads
only to the development of Pratibha hearing, seeing, etc. (III-37). The difference in
the results which follow is due to the fact that knowledge of the Purusa referred to in
III-36 is partial while that referred to in III-50 is complete. In the total eclipse of the
Sun, only a part of the Sun comes out of the shadow in the beginning but this portion
becomes larger and larger until the Sun is quite out of the shadow qast by the moon.
These two stages will serve to throw some light on the partial and complete separation
of the Purusa from Prakrti referred to in the two Sutras.
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51. By non-attachment even to that, on the very seed of bondage being de-
stroyed, follows Kaivalya.
When Omniscience and Omnipotence have developed as a result of awareness
of the subtle distinction between the Purusa and Sattva the Yogi has gone out of the
sphere of Prakrti, but if there is attachment to these transcendent powers which can be
exercised only in the realm of Prakrti he is still dependent upon Prakrti in a way and
therefore subservient to her. Mastery over a thing does not necessarily mean independ-
ence from that thing and as long as there is dependence there is bondage. A man who
loves a woman can have her completely in his power and yet be a slave to her. In this
case it is the attachment to her which is the cause of his bondage and unless this at-
tachment is destroyed he is not free and, therefore, his power over her is limited. In the
same way, Omnipotence and Omniscience mean mastery over Prakrti but unless the
Yogi’s attachment to these is destroyed he is dependent upon her and therefore not
quite free. And since Kaivalya is a state of complete freedom it can be attained only
after this kind of attachment has been destroyed by Vairagya. The Yogi must not have
the slightest attachment or attraction for these powers even though he may have to ex-
ercise them.
It is obvious, therefore, that the journey towards Kaivalya is a process of attain-
ing higher and higher states of knowledge and power and then discarding them in turn
for the ultimate goal. Attachment to any state, however high it may be, means not only
stoppage of further progress but also the possibility of falling headlong from the dizzy
height which has been reached. The traveller must press forward relentlessly until the
final goal is reached and he is free from this danger.
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52. (There should be) avoidance of pleasure or pride on being invited by the
super-physical entities in charge of various planes because there is the possibility of
the revival of evil.
It was pointed out in the previous Sutra that attachment to Omniscience and
Omnipotence contains the seeds of bondage which must be destroyed by Vairagya be-
fore Kaivalya can be attained. This Sutra points out that attachment to these is not only
a source of bondage but also a source of danger. The Yogi occupying such an exalted
position is always tested by the Powers in charge of the various departments or planes
of Nature and if he yields to their seductions owing to lack of complete non-atlach-
ment he is sure to bring about his downfall. Being subjected to such temptations is the
lot of all highly advanced Yogis and references of this nature are found in the life of all
great spiritual teachers such as the Christ or the Buddha. The actual mode of tempting
may not be as depicted in the colourful stories of their lives but that they had to pass
through trials of this nature appears to be certain.
It should not, however, be imagined that such temptations come only to those
who are very highly advanced spiritually. The moment a Yogi attains to any measure of
real power he becomes an object of attack and has to be on his guard all the time. The
nature of the temptations will naturally depend upon his particular weaknesses and the
stage of his development. While the beginner trying to break into the next super-
physical plane may be tempted merely by elementals, those who have attained to high
states of knowledge and power become the object of attack by great Devas in charge of
the various departments of Nature. The higher the stage the subtler is the temptation
and the greater is the degree of Vairagya needed to counteract the temptation.
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Nor must it be supposed that this constant tempting by these Powers is the re-
sult of malice on their part. Their work should be taken as a beneficent force working
in Nature which tests us at every step so that we may be able to remove our weak-
nesses and may be able to advance steadily towards our goal. The student should try to
imagine what would happen if there were no such agencies at work. Those who are
treading the path of Self-realization would remain unconscious of their weaknesses,
tied down to the lower stages and unable to advance further. The sword of temptation
which searches out and strikes our weaknesses certainly causes us temporary suffering
and anguish but it also gives us an opportunity for removing those weaknesses and
thus frees us for advancing further on the Path.
53. Knowledge born of awareness of Reality by performing Samyama on
moment and (the process of) its succession.
This Sutra should be studied along with IV-33 in discussing which the Yogic
theory of Ksana and nature of time has been explained. Ksana-Tat-Kramayoh is the
process by which the eternal Reality which transcends time is projected in manifesta-
tion in terms of time. This obviously is the last veil of illusion which must be pierced
before the Yogi can attain Kaivalya. The technique of piercing this final veil is the
same as in the case of others—Samyama. The knowledge which is gained as a result of
performing Samyama on the process of time is the highest kind of knowledge which
can be attained—even higher than Omniscience referred to in III-50. It is called
Vivekajam-Jnanam ‘knowledge born of the awareness of Reality’. The word Viveka is
generally translated into English by the word ‘discrimination’ but the use of this word
in the present context is not appropriate. The word ‘discrimination’ is used ordinarily
for that process of spiritual discernment which enables us to detect the illusions of life
and to discover the relative reality hidejen behind them. But the word Viveka in the
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present context stands for the full awareness of the Ultimate Reality. Essentially the
process is the same in both the cases and involves passing from a less real to a more
real state of consciousness but the difference in degree is so tremendous that the use of
the rather vague word ‘discrimination’ for this final ‘discovery’ may not give an ade-
quate conception of the change which is involved. It is, therefore, better to translate
the phrase Vivekajam-Jnanam by ‘awareness of the Ultimate Reality’ because the use
of the word knowledge in connection with this exalted state of consciousness does not
seem to be proper. A state of consciousness which transcends Omniscience itself can-
not be called knowledge. It is better to use for it the phrase given above.
54. From it (Vivekajam-jnanam) knowledge of distinction between similars
which cannot be distinguished by class, characteristic or position.
The fact that Vivekajam-jnanam transcends Time leads to the attainment of a
peculiar, and from the intellectual point of view, an interesting power. The significant
word in this Sutra is Pratipattih. What does it mean? Samapattih is the fusion of two
things apparently separate. Pratipattih is the resolution of two things originally fused
or inseparable. Now, what is the Yogi to do if he has to distinguish between two things
which are indistinguishable by the ordinary methods, namely, by differences of class,
characteristic or position?
To have some idea of the method which can be adopted in solving such a prob-
lem it is necessary to remember that if two things are exactly similar and occupy the
same position it means that they appear and disappear alternately in that position. And
under these circumstances the time factor alone can distinguish between them. You
will have to subject them to a time analysis of greater resolving power than the fre-
quency with which they replace each other in the same position. But the frequency
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with which two things can replace each other in this manner has a limiting value and
that is the frequency with which Ksanas or moments succeed each other. Therefore,
anyone who can go beyond the process of time referred to in the last Sutra should be
in a position to distinguish between two such things.
The other powers of the Yogi will enable him to distinguish between two things
apparently similar. This Sutra is concerned not with such ordinary similarities but with
similarities of a very subtle nature which baffle even Omniscience. For this Siddhi, as
the context shows, comes last of all when even time is transcended and the Yogi is es-
tablished in the Eternal Reality which transcends all limitations and illusions.
55. The highest knowledge born of the awareness of Reality is transcendent,
includes the cognition of all objects simultaneously, pertains to all objects and proc-
esses whatsoever in the past, present and future and also transcends the World Process.
III-53 dealt with the method of obtaining the highest knowledge which is the
ultimate objective of Yoga. This Sutra defines the nature of this knowledge. In the first
place, it is transcendent, i.e., it transcends all forms of knowledge within the sphere of
phenomenal existence. It is the knowledge or rather full awareness of Reality while all
other forms of knowledge, even those pertaining to the highest levels of consciousness
are in the realm of Relativity. The word Tarakam also means that which enables the
Yogi to cross over Bhava Sagara or the ocean of conditioned existence. The soul which
is involved in the limitations and illusions of conditioned existence is liberated com-
pletely from these on the attainment of Taraka-Jnana.
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In the second place, this knowledge is Sarva-Visayam. This means not only em-
bracing all objects but having all objects in consciousness simultaneously. Sarvatha-
Visayam means knowledge pertaining to the past, present and future. Just as Sarva-
Visayam has reference to space so Sarvatha-Visayam has reference to time. So Vivekajam-
Jnanam includes everything within the realm of time and space, i.e., all things
which are within the World Process.
In the third place, Vivekajam-jnanam is Akramam, i.e., transcends the World
Process which produces time. In the world of the Relative which is subject to the
World Process things take place one after another and it is this which produces the
impression of past, present and future. In the world of Reality which is beyond the
World Process time cannot exist and this timeless condition is called the Eternal. This
is not a mere, interesting hypothesis. Time according to the highest occultists and mys-
tics has no real existence. It is merely an impression produced in consciousness by the
succession of phenomena which are produced by the World Process. When, therefore,
the Yogi transcends the World Process he also conquers the illusion of time. This is the
most fundamental illusion in which his consciousness is involved and is therefore,
naturally, the last to disappear as pointed out in IV-33.
The fact that Vivekajam-jnanam is Sarva-Visayam, Sarvatha-Visayam and Akramam
at the same time, means that the world of the Real is not something apart from
the world of the Relative. Passing into the world of the Real does not therefore mean
leaving the world of the Relative behind. It means seeing the world of the Relative in
its true nature and correct perspective and living in that world in the light of the Real.
Established in his true Self the Self-realized Yogi can live and work in the world of the
Relative, using all the powers which Prakrti has placed at his disposal but without be-
ing in the least affected by the illusions which she creates for those who have not yet
mastered her.
The student will see that III-55 gives with marvellous lucidity and in a few
words the essential characteristics of the Eternal Reality which is the goal of Yogic
training and discipline. Of course, he will not be able to have from this intellectual
istatement the slightest idea with regard to the actual nature of the experience of this
Reality but he will be able to see that it is something tremendous and worth striving
after. The word Iti merely indicates the close of the subject (Siddhis) which was being
dealt with.
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56. Kaivalya is attained when there is equality of purity between the Purusa
and Sattva.
This Sutra completes the idea already dealt with partly in III-36 and III-50. In
III-36 it was pointed out that Sattva and Purusa though ordinarily indistinguishable are
quite distinct and it is possible to know the Purusa apart from Sattva. In III-50 it was
made clear that it is only on knowing the Purusa completely apart from Sattva that the
limitations which Prakrti places on the knowledge and power of the Purusa can be
destroyed. But this realization of the utterly distinct nature of the Purusa and Sattva
cannot take place suddenly. It proceeds by states and with each clearer realization of
the distinct nature of the Purusa and Sattva the Yogi approaches nearer to his goal of
complete freedom from limitations and illusions.
It should be noted that the purification of Sattva means in effect this progressive
realization on the part of the Yogi and not some substantial change in his nature, and
the increasing awareness of Reality which accompanies this realization is also not
connected with any substantial change. It is a matter of realization only. That is why it
is called Vivekajam-Jnanam. The purification of Sattva and Purusa becomes equal
when the Yogi has realized fully the distinction between the Purusa and Sattva. The
Sattva or perception of the Yogi is free from the illusion of apparent identity of the
Purusa and Sattva and the Self-realization of the Purusa is free from any self-
identification with the Sattva.
When the conditions mentioned above are present the presence of Sattva does
not interfere with the Self-realization of the Yogi. He may remain within the realm of
Prakrti and yet be in full realization of his Eternal nature. From this Sutra it is clear
that Kaivalya does not necessarily mean the separation of Purusa and Prakrti. If the
Sattva has been purified to the necessary extent the Purusa can function through Prakrti
in full realization of his Real nature, and always free. Thus, it is the realization of
his Svarupa in the fullest degree which is the characteristic and indispensable condi-
tion of Kaivalya and not the separation from Prakrti. The ‘isolation’ of Kaivalya is
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thus subjective and not necessarily objective. The vehicles that have been built up and
perfected by him in the realm of Prakrti can then be used by him for any kind of work
without egoism and without any illusions. Such are the perfected men of humanity, the
Adepts of Yoga who are the masters of this Sacred Science and who guide humanity in
its progress towards perfection.
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SECTION III
KAIVALYA PADA
KAIVALYA PADA
1. The Siddhis are the result of birth, drugs, Mantras, austerities or
Samadhi.
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Section IV of the Yoga-Sutras provides the theoretical background for the tech-
nique of Yoga which has been dealt with in the previous three Sections. It deals with
the various general problems which form an integral part of the Yogic philosophy and
which must be clearly understood if the practice of Yoga is to be placed on a rational
basis. The practice of Yoga is not a sort of floundering in the Unknown for attaining a
vague spiritual ideal. Yoga is a Science based upon a perfect adaptation of well-
defined means to an unknown but definite End. It takes into account all the factors
which are involved in the attainment of its objective and provides a perfectly coherent
philosophical background for the practices which are its more essential part. It is true
that the doctrines which constitute this theoretical background will hardly appear ra-
tional or intelligible to people who are not familiar with this subject but that is true of
any kind of knowledge which deals with problems of an unfamiliar nature. It is only
those who have given considerable thought to this subject and are familiar at least with
the elementary doctrines of the Yogic philosophy who can be expected to appreciate
the grand and almost flawless line of reasoning which underlies the apparently discon-
nected topics dealt with in Section IV.
As this Section deals with many difficult topics which are apparently uncon-
nected, it will perhaps help the student to grasp the underlying thread of reasoning
running throughout the Section if a synopsis of the whole Section is given at the be-
ginning. This will inevitably involve some repetition of ideas but such a bird's-eye
view will be definitely helpful in understanding this rather abstruse aspect of Yogic
philosophy.
SYNOPSIS
Sutra 1: This enumerates the different methods of acquiring Siddhis. Of the five
methods given only the last based upon Samadhi is used by advanced Yogis in their
work because it is based upon direct knowledge of the higher laws of Nature and is,
therefore, under complete control of the will. The student must have noticed that all
the Siddhis described in the previous Section are the result of performing Samyama.
They are the product of evolutionary growth and thus give mastery over the whole
range of natural phenomena.
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Sutras 2-3: These two Sutras hint at the two fundamental laws of Nature which
govern the flux of phenomena constituting the world of the Relative. An understanding
of these two laws is necessary if we are to form a correct estimate of the functions and
limitations of Siddhis. The student should not run away with the impression that it is
possible for the Yogi to do anything he likes because he can bring about many results
which appear miraculous to our limited vision. The Yogi is also bound by the laws of
Nature and as long as his consciousness functions in the realms of Nature, it is subject
to the laws which govern these realms. He has to work out his liberation from the
realm of Prakrti but he can do so only by obeying and utilizing the laws which operate
in her realm.
Sutras 4-6: The Yogi brings from his past lives, like everyone else, an enormous
number of tendencies and potentialities in the form of Karmas and Vasanas. These
exist in his subtler vehicles in a very definite form and have to be worked out or de-
stroyed before Kaivalya can be attained. These Sutras refer to these individual vehicles
which are of two types—those which are the product of evolutionary growth during
successive lives and those which the Yogi can create by the power of his will. Before
one can understand the methods adopted for the destruction of Karmas and Vasanas he
should have some; knowledge of the mental mechanisms through which these tenden-
cies function.
Sutras 7-11: These deal with the modus operandi by which the impressions of
our thoughts, desires and actions are produced and then worked out during the course
of successive lives in our evolutionary growth. The problem for the Yogi is to stop
adding to these accumulated impressions by learning the technique of Niskama Karma
and desirelessness and to work out those potentialities which have already been ac-
quired in the quickest and most efficient manner. The destruction of the subtler or
dormant Vasanas depends ultimately upon the destruction of Avidya which is the cause
of attachment to life.
Sutras 12-22: After dealing with the vehicles of the mind (Citta) and the forces
(Vasanas) which bring about incessant transformations (Vrttis) in these vehicles Patan-
jali discusses the theory of mental perception, using the word ‘mental’ in its most
comprehensive sense. According to him two entirely different kinds of elements are
involved in mental perception. On the one hand, there must be the impact of the object
upon the mind through their characteristic properties and, on the other, the eternal Purusa
must illuminate the mind with the light of his consciousness. Unless both these
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conditions are simultaneously present there can be no mental perception because the
mind itself is inert and incapable of perceiving. It is the Purusa who is the real per-
ceiver though he always remains in the background and the illumination of the mind
with the light of his consciousness makes it appear as if it is the mind which perceives.
This fact can be realized only when the mind is entirely transcended and the con-
sciousness of the Purusa is centred in his own Svarupa in full awareness of Reality.
Sutra 23: This throws a flood of light on the nature of Citta and shows defi-
nitely that the word Citta is used by Patanjali in the most comprehensive sense for the
medium of perception at all levels of consciousness and not merely as a medium of
intellectual perception as commonly supposed. Wherever there is perception in the
Relative realm of Prakrti there must be a medium through which that perception takes
place and that medium is Citta. So that even when consciousness is functioning on the
highest planes of manifestation, far beyond the realm of the intellect, there is a me-
dium through which it works, however subtle this medium may be, and this medium is
also called Citta.
Sutras 24-25: These two Sutras point out the nature of the limitations from
which life suffers even on the highest planes of manifestation. The Purusa is not only
the ultimate source of all perception as pointed out in IV-18 but he is also the motive
power or reason of this play of Vasanas which keep the mind in incessant activity. It is
for him that all this long evolutionary process is taking place although he is always
hidden in the background. It follows from this that even in the exalted conditions of
consciousness which the Yogi might reach in the higher stages of Yoga he is dependent
upon something distinct and separate, though within him. He cannot be truly Self-
sufficient and Self-illuminated until he is fully Self-realized and has become one with
the Reality within himself. It is the realization of this fact, of his falling short of his
ultimate objective, which weans the Yogi from the exalted illumination and bliss of the
highest plane and makes him dive still deeper within himself for the Reality which is
the consciousness of the Purusa.
Sutras 26-29: These Sutras give some indication of the struggle in the last
stages before full Self-realization is attained. This struggle culminates ultimately in
Dharma-Megha-Samadhi which opens the door to the Reality within him.
Sutras 30-34: These Sutras merely indicate some of the consequences of attain-
ing Kaivalya and give a hint about the nature of the exalted condition of consciousness
and freedom from limitations in which a fully Self-realized Purusa lives. No one, of
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course, who has not attained Kaivalya can really understand what this condition is ac-
tually like.
After taking a bird's-eye view of the Section let us now deal with the different
topics one by one. In the first Sutra Patanjali gives an exhaustive list of methods
whereby occult powers may be acquired. Some people are born with certain occult
powers such as clairvoyance etc. The appearance of such occult powers is not quite
accidental but is generally the result of having practised Yoga, in some form or an-
other, in a previous life. All special faculties which we bring over in any life are the
result of efforts which we have made in these particular directions in previous lives
and Siddhis are no exception to this rule. But the fact that a person has practised Yoga
and developed these powers in previous lives does not mean necessarily that he shall
be born with those powers in this life. These powers have generally to be developed
afresh in eacl successive incarnation unless the individual is very highly advanced in
this line and brings over from previous lives very powerful Samskaras. It is also nec-
essary to remember in this connection that some people whose moral and intellectual
development is not very highly advanced are sometimes born with certain spurious
occult powers. This is due to their dabbling in Yogic practices in their previous lives as
explained in I-19.
Psychic powers of a low grade can often be developed by the use of certain
drugs. Many Fakirs in India use certain herbs like Ganja for developing clairvoyance
of a low order. Others can bring about very remarkable chemical changes by the use of
certain drugs or herbs, but those who know these secrets do not generally impart them
to others. Needless to say that the powers obtained in this manner are not of much con-
sequence and should be classed with the innumerable powers which modern Science
has placed at our disposal.
The use of Mantras is an important and potent means of developing Siddhis and
the Siddhis developed in this manner may be of the highest order. For, some of the
Mantras like Pranava or Gayatri bring about the unfoldment of consciousness and
there is no limit to such unfoldment. When the higher levels of consciousness are
reached as a result of such practices the powers which are inherent in those states of
consciousness begin to appear naturally, though they may not be used by the devotee.
Besides the natural development of Siddhis in this manner, there are specific Mantras
for the attainment of particular kinds of objectives and when used with knowledge in
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the right manner bring about the desired results with the certainty of a scientific ex-
periment. The Tantras are full of such Mantras for obtaining very ordinary and some-
times highly objectionable results. The reason why the ordinary man cannot get the
desired results by simply following the directions in the books lies in the fact that the
exact conditions are deliberately not given and can be obtained only from those who
have been regularly initiated and have developed the powers. Of course, the true Yogi
regards all such practices with contempt and never goes near them.
Tapas is another well-recognized means of obtaining Siddhis. The Puranas are
full of stories of people who obtained all kinds of Siddhis by performing austerities of
various kinds and thus propitiating different deities. Those stories may or may not be
true but that Tapas leads to the development of certain kinds of occult powers is a fact
well known to all students of Yoga. The important point to be noted in this connection
is that the Siddhis acquired by this method, unless they are the result of the general
unfoldment of consciousness by the practice of Yoga, are of a restricted nature and do
not last for more than one life. And it frequently happens that the person who acquires
such a Siddhi, being morally and spiritually undeveloped, misuses it, thus not only los-
ing the power but bringing upon himself a lot of suffering and evil Karma.
The last and the most important means of developing Siddhis is the practice of
Samyama. The major portion of Section III deals with some of the Siddhis that may he
developed in this manner. The list of Siddhis referred to in that Section is not exhaus-
tive but the more important ones are given. They should be taken merely as representa-
tive of an almost innumerable class to which references are found in Yogic literature.
One fact has, however, to be noted in this connection. The Siddhis which are
developed as a result of the practice of Samyama belong to a different category and are
far superior to those developed in other ways. They are the product of the natural un-
foldment of consciousness in its evolution towards perfection and thus become perma-
nent possessions of the soul, although a little effort may be needed in each new incar-
nation to revive them in the early stages of Yogic training. Being based upon knowl-
edge of the higher laws of Nature operating in her subtler realms they can be exercised
with complete confidence and effectiveness, much in the same way as a trained scien-
tist can bring about extraordinary results in the field of physical Science.
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2. The transformation from one species or kind into another is by the over-
flow of natural tendencies or potentialities.
The word Jati is generally used in Samskrta for class, species etc., but in tbe
context in which it is used here it is obvious that it has to be interpreted in a much
wider sense. It is only then that the profound significance of the Sutra reveals itself
and can be understood in terms of modern scientific thought.
It is difficult to grasp the underlying idea of this Sutra from its mere translation
and it will, therefore, be necessary to explain its real significance in some detail. Jaty-
Antara-Parinama means a transformation involving a fundamental change of nature or
substance such as genus or chemical composition and not merely a change of state or
form. Thus when water is changed into ice it is merely a change of state and does not
involve an essential change of substance. When a bangle made of gold is changed into
a necklace, again, there is no fundamental change but merely a change of form. But
when hydrogen is changed into helium, or uranium is changed into lead, it is a funda-
mental change of substance and comes under Jaty-Antara-Parinama. Now, the Sutra
lays down that all such changes involving fundamental differences can take place only
when there is present in the substance the potentiality for the change under the speci-
fied conditions. Prakrty-apurat is a beautiful and pregnant phrase for expressing a
very comprehensive scientific law. Literally, it means ‘by the flow of Prakrti’; but let
us try to understand in terms of modern Science what the real significance of this
phrase is. It will be best to take a few facts from our common experience to illustrate
the working of this law. If we take a dry mass of wood and apply a burning match to it,
the wood immediately takes fire and a whole timber yard may be reduced to ashes in a
short time. But if we apply a burning match to a heap of bricks and mortar nothing
happens. Why? Because, wood has in it the potentiality of combining with the oxygen
of the air with the liberation of a great amount of heat and a number of volatile prod-
ucts and as the reaction is self-propagating involving a sort of ‘chain reaction’ a mere
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spark is enough to reduce the whole mass of wood to ashes. But in the case of bricks
and mortar there is no potentiality to react in this manner and, therefore, when the
match is applied nothing happens. Change, in such a case, therefore, takes place ac-
cording to the potentialities existing in the material and follows the tendency of natural
forces under the given conditions. If the conditions change, the tendencies may also
change and an entirely new kind of change may be brought about. For example, the
wood may be subjected to the action of certain chemical substances and converted into
charcoal. Let us take another example. A breeder can evolve a new species of dog by
the appropriate crossing of different kinds of dogs but he cannot produce a new species
of cat in this manner. The potentiality for the production of a new species of cat does
not exist in the latter case. Here again, therefore, we are bound by limitations set by
natural tendencies and potentialities and cannot go against them. It is true that if we
have the necessary knowledge we can, by the introduction of new factors, bring about
changes which appeared impossible before, but that does not mean that we have vio-
lated the fundamental law of Nature referred to above.
3. The incidental cause does not move or stir up the natural tendencies into
activity; it merely removes the obstacles, like a farmer (irrigating a field).
The idea embodied in IV-2 is further elaborated in IV-3. Transformation from
one kind into another takes place, as we have seen, according to the resultant effect of
all forces involved. Everything has the potentiality of changing in a number of direc-
tions and by bringing to bear upon it different kinds of forces, we can make it change
in one or another of the directions as illustrated in the following diagram.
339
Fig. 11
If we have a beaker full of sugar solution we can change the sugar into alcohol by in-
oculating the solution with a certain kind of ferment, we can change it inio a mixture
of glucose and fructose by adding hydrochloric acid, we can change it into carbon by
adding strong sulphuric acid and so on. All these different kinds of changes can be
brought about by producing different conditions, by applying different kinds of stimuli
for the manifestation of different potentialities. But the potentialities for all these
changes already exist in the sugar solution. We cannot, for instance, change the sugar
into mercury because there is no potentiality, in the chemical sense, for sugar to
change into mercury.
The incidental or existing cause which seems outwardly to bring about the
change is not the real cause of the change. The change is really brought about by the
predisposing causes determined by the nature of potentialities existing in the things
undergoing change. What the incidental cause does is merely to determine in which
direction change will take place and thus to direct the flow of natural forces in that
particular direction.
The respective role of the exciting and predisposing causes in bringing about all
kinds of changes in Nature is then further made clear by the use of a very apt simile
“like a farmer”. Anyone who has observed a farmer directing the current of water into
different parts of a field will see at once how closely such a process resembles the ac-
tion of natural forces being directed by one or the other of the outward causes which
seem to bring about different kinds of changes. He removes a little earth here and the
water begins to flow in one furrow. Then he closes up the gap and makes a breach at
another place and the water begins to flow in another direction. The removal of a little
earth from one particular spot does not produce the current of water. It merely removes
an obstacle in the path of the water and determines the direction of the current.
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The great natural law embodied in the above two Sutras is applicable not only
to physical phenomena but to all kinds of phenomena in the realm of Prakrti. For ex-
ample, the nature of our actions, good or bad, does not make our life. It merely deter-
mines the direction of our future lives. The current of our life must flow on inces-
santly, its direction being continually determined by our actions, thoughts and feelings.
The student may well ask: “What has this law to do with Yoga?” Everything. As has
been pointed out before, the Yogi has to work out his liberation with the help of the
laws which operate in the realm of Prakrti and he, therefore, ought to have a clear idea
of this fundamental law which determines the flux of phenomena taking place around
him and within him. As he has to destroy completely, and for ever, certain deep-seated
tendencies in his nature he ought to know their root causes which give rise to different
forms of those tendencies. He ought to know that mere suppression of a tendency does
not mean its removal. It will lie low in a potential form for an indefinite period and
then again raise its head when suitable conditions present themselves. It is no use
merely removing the exciting causes. The predisposing causes must be removed. The
modern tendency is to deal only with the superficial causes and to get over the present
difficulties somehow. This leads us nowhere and continually brings before us the old
troubles in new and different forms.
4. Artificially created minds (proceed) from ‘egoism’ alone.
The two previous Sutras should prepare the ground for understanding the modus
operandi of the method by which any number of additional ‘minds’ can be artificially
produced by the highly advanced Yogi. Citta, as pointed out in I-2, is the universal
principle which serves as a medium for all kinds of mental perceptions. But this uni-
versal principle can function only through a set of vehicles working on the different
planes of the Solar system. These vehicles of consciousness, or Kosas as they are
called, are formed by the appropriation and integration of matter belonging to different
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planes round an individual centre of consciousness and provide the necessary stimuli
for mental perceptions which take place in consciousness. Patanjali has used the same
word, Citta, for the universal principle which serves as a medium for mental percep-
tion as well as the individual mechanism through which such perception takes place. It
is necessary to keep this distinction in mind because one or the other of the two mean-
ings is implied by the same word—Citta—at different places.
Since the object of Section IV is partly to elucidate the nature of Citta, the
question of the creation of ‘artificial minds’ has been dealt with by Patanjali in this
Section. There is, of course, a ‘natural mind’, if we may use such a phrase, through
which the individual works and evolves in the realms of Prakrti during the long course
of his evolutionary cycle. That mind, working through a set of vehicles, is the product
of evolution, carries the impressions of all experiences through which it has passed in
successive lives and lasts till Kaivalya is attained. But, during the course of the Yogic
training when the Yogi has acquired the power of performing Samyama and manipulat-
ing the forces of the higher planes, especially Mahat-Tattva, it is possible for him to
create any number of mental vehicles by duplication, vehicles which are an exact rep-
lica of the vehicle through which he normally functions. Such vehicles of conscious-
ness are called Nirmana-Cittani and the question arises: ‘How are these “artificial
minds” created by the Yogi?’ The answer to this question is given in the Sutra under
discussion.
Such artificial minds with their appropriate mechanism are created from ‘Asmita
alone’. Asmita is, of course, the principle of individuality in man which forms, as it
were, the core of the individual soul and maintains in an integrated condition all the
vehicles of consciousness functioning at different levels. It is this principle which on
identification with the different vehicles, produces egoism and other related phenom-
ena which have been dealt with thoroughly in II-6. This principle is called Mahat-
Tattva in Hindu philosophy and it is through its agency that artificial minds can be
created. The advanced Yogi who can control the Mahat-Tattva has the power of estab-
lishing any number of independent centres of consciousness for himself and as soon as
such a centre is established an ‘artificial mind’ automatically materializes round about
it. This is an exact replica of the ‘natural mind’ in which he functions normally and
remains in existence as long as he wills it to be maintained. The moment the Yogi
withdraws his will from the ‘artificial mind’ it disappears instantaneously.
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It is worthwhile noting the significance of the word ‘alone’ in the Sutra. The
significance, of course, is that the creation of an ‘artificial mind’ does not require any
other operation except that of establishing a new centre of individuality. The precipita-
tion of an ‘artificial mind’ round about this centre is brought about automatically by
the forces of Prakrti because the capacity of gathering a ‘mind’ round itself is inherent
in the Mahat-Tattva. There is nothing extraordinary or incredible in such materializa-
tions and similar phenomena take place even on the physical plane. What happens
when we place a tiny seed in the ground? The seed, by the potential power which is
inherent in it, immediately begins to work upon its surroundings and gradually elabo-
rates a tree from the matter appropriated from its environment. The flow of natural
forces brings about all the necessary changes needed for this development. Do we
know the secret of this power? No! But still it exists and we see its action all around us
in every sphere of life. What is, therefore, incredible or miraculous in a centre estab-
lished in the Mahat-Tattva gathering a Citta or ‘mind’ round itself by the automatic
action of natural forces (Prakrti-Apurat)? The only difference is that of time. While
the tree takes considerable time to grow, the production of the ‘artificial mind’ seems
to take place instantaneously. But time is a relative thing and its measure varies ac-
cording to the plane upon which it functions.
The automatism which is involved in the creation of ‘artificial minds’ cannot be
adequately understood unless we have a clear grasp of the natural law enunciated in
IV-2-3. This, no doubt, partly accounts for the insertion of these two Sutras before the
problem of ‘artificial minds’ is dealt with by the author.
5. The one (natural) mind is the director or mover of the many (artificial)
minds in their different activities.
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If the Yogi can duplicate his ‘mind’ at different places the question arises: ‘How
are the activities of these “artifical minds” thus created, co-ordinated and controlled?’
According to this Sutra the activities and functions of the ‘artificial minds’—whatever
their number—are directed and controlled by the one ‘natural mind’ of the Yogi. The
‘artificial minds’ are merely the instruments of the one ‘natural mind’ and obey it
automatically. Just as the activities of the hands and other organs working in the
physical body are co-ordinated by the brain and are directly under its control, in the
same way the activities of the ‘artificial minds’ are co-ordinated and controlled by the
Intelligence working in and through the ‘natural mind’. Of course, this Intelligence
working through the ‘natural mind’ is none else but the Purusa whose consciousness
illuminates and energizes all the vehicles. It should also be noted that the ‘artificial
minds’ act not only as instruments of the ‘natural’ mind but also, as it were, the out-
posts of its consciousness. Pravriti includes both kinds of activities, those correspond-
ing to Jnanendriyas and Karmendriyas, the receptive and operative functions of con-
sciousness.
6. Of these the mind born of meditation is free from impressions.
To all outer appearances the ‘artificial minds’ are exact replicas of the ‘natural
mind’ but they differ from it in one fundamental respect. They do not carry with them
any impressions, Samskaras or Karmas which are an integral part of the ‘natural
mind’. The ‘natural mind’ is the product of evolutionary growth and is the repository
of the Samskaras of all the experiences which it has passed through during the course
of successive lives. These Samskaras in their totality are referred to as Karmasaya ‘the
vehicle of Karmas’ and have been dealt with in II-12. The ‘artificial minds’ created
by the will-power of the Yogi are free from these impressions and one can easily see
why this should be so. They are merely temporary creations which disappear as soon
as the work for which they are created is finished. A business firm may be obliged to
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open a temporary branch in some locality for a particular purpose. Although business
is transacted at the office of the new branch all accounts etc. are kept at the head of-
fice. The temporary office is merely an outpost of the head office and has really no
independent status. The assets and liabilities belong to the head office. A somewhat
similar relationship exists between the ‘artificial minds’ and the one ‘natural mind’.
7. Karmas are neither white nor black (neither good nor bad) in the case of
Yogis, they are of three kinds in the case of others.
The next topic which Patanjali takes up is the question of gaining freedom from
the bondage of Karma which is a sine qua non for the attainment of Kaivalya. The sub-
ject of Karma has already been dealt with in II-12-14 and is taken up again here. In
Section II the problem was discussed from a different angle—in relation to Klesas—
and it was shown how the Klesas are the underlying cause of Karmas which in their
turn produce pleasant or unpleasant conditions in this or future lives according as they
are good or bad. But here, in Section IV, the subject has been taken up again and is
dealt with from an entirely different point of view—with the object of showing how
the Yogi may get rid of the Karmasaya—the vehicle of Karma—which contains the
accumulated Samsakaras of all the previous lives and which binds the soul to the
wheel of birth and death. Unless and until all these Samskaras are destroyed or ren-
dered inoperative no freedom from the bondage of Prakrti is possible even though the
Yogi may have reached an advanced state of illumination. The force of his Samskaras
will pull him back again and again and prevent him from reaching the ultimate goal.
IV-7 gives a classification of Karma as well as indicates the means of avoiding
the formation of new Karma. Karmas are neither black nor white in the case of those
who are Yogis; they are of three kinds in the case of ordinary people. Black and white
obviously describe the two kinds of Karmas which produce painful and pleasurable
fruits referred to in II-14. The third kind of Karmas are those which are of mixed char-
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acter. For example, many actions which we do have different effects upon different
people. They benefit some and harm others and consequently produce Karmas of
mixed character.
The word Yogi in this Sutra means not only one who is practising Yoga but also
one who has learnt the technique of Niskama Karma. He does all his actions in a state
of at-one-ment with Isvara and does not, therefore, produce any personal Karma. The
theory of Niskama Karma is an integral part of Hindu philosophical thought and is
well known to all students of Yoga. It is not, therefore, necessary to discuss it here in
detail, but the broad central idea underlying it may be given. According to this doc-
trine personal Karma results from the performance of an ordinary action because the
guiding force or motive of the action is personal desire—Kama. We do our actions
identifying ourselves with our ego who seeks the fulfilment of his own desires and
naturally reaps the fruits in the form of pleasurable and painful experiences. When an
individual can dissociate himself completely from his ego and performs action in com-
plete identification with the Supreme Spirit which is working through his ego, such an
action is called Niskama (without desire). It does not naturally produce any personal
Karma and consequently does not bring any fruit to the individual.
It is necessary to note, however, that it is conscious and effective dissociation
from the ego which neutralizes the operation of the law of Karma and not a mere
thought or intention or wish, on the part of the individual. So real Niskama Karma is
possible only to highly advanced Yogis who have risen above the plane of desires.
Many well-meaning people trying to lead the religious life imagine that merely by
wishing to be desireless or thinking of dissociating themselves from their ego, superfi-
cially dedicating their actions to God, will free them from the binding action of
Karma. This is a mistake though it is true that persistent efforts of this kind will natu-
rally pave the way for acquiring the right technique. As well may a person hope to free
himself from the law of gravitation by thinking of rising in the air. What is needed, as
has been pointed out above, is a real, conscious identification with the Divine within
us and freedom from any taint of personal motive. To the extent that the action is so
tainted will it produce Karmic effect with its binding power over the individual.
When the technique of Niskama Karma has been learnt and applied to all ac-
tions, no personal Karma is incurred by the Yogi even though he may be busily en-
gaged in the affairs of the world as an agent of the Divine Life within him. All his
Karmas are ‘consumed in the fire of Wisdom’ in the words of the Bhagavad-Gita. But
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what about the Karmas that he has already accumulated in his present and past lives?
He ceases to add any new Samskaras to the accumulated stock, but an enormous num-
ber of Samskaras are already there in his Karmasaya which must be exhausted before
Liberation is attained. He cannot, simply by willing, make these Samskaras disappear.
He must wait patiently till they have been completely exhausted and he has paid up the
last pie of his debt. It is, therefore, natural that the exhaustion of his Karmas which
bind him to other souls should be a long drawn-out process extending probably over
many lives. It is true that he has been paying heavy instalments of his Karmic debts
since he has taken to the path of Yoga. It is also true that as he advances on the path of
Yoga and is able to function on the higher planes new powers come to him which en-
able him to expedite this process. For example, he can make ‘artificial minds’ and ‘ar-
tificial bodies’ (Nirmanakayas) and through them pay off simultaneously his debts to
people who are scattered far and wide in time and space. Still, with these new powers
and facilities for hastening the Karmic process at his disposal he is bound by the laws
of Prakrti and has to work within the framework of these laws. And this naturally re-
quires time and wise and careful adaptation of means to ends.
8. From these only those tendencies are manifested for which the conditions
are favourable.
What has been said above about the nature of Niskama Karma must have
brought home to the student that it is desire or personal attachment which is the motive
power of action in the case of ordinary people and which produces the Samskaras both
in the form of tendencies and potentialities as well as Karmas which bring pleasant or
painful experiences.
The forces set in motion by our thoughts, desires and actions are of a complex
nature and produce all kinds of effects which it is difficult to classify completely. But
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all these leave some kind of Samskara or impression which binds us in one way or an-
other for the future. Thus our desires produce potential energy which draws us irresist-
ably to the environment or conditions in which they can be satisfied. Actions produce
tendencies which make it easier for us to repeat similar actions in future and if they are
repeated a sufficient number of times may form fixed habits. In addition, if our actions
affect other people in some way they bind us to those people by Karmic ties and bring
pleasant or unpleasant experiences to ourselves. Our thoughts also produce Samskaras
and result in desires and actions in accordance with their nature.
If, however, we analyse these different kinds of mental and physical activities
we shall find that at their base there are always desires of one kind or another which
drive the mind and result in these thoughts and actions. Desire in its most comprehen-
sive sense is thus a more fundamental factor in our life than our thoughts and actions
because it is the hidden power which drives the mind and body in all kinds of ways for
the satisfaction of its own purposes. The mind is thus mostly an instrument of desires
and its incessant activity results from the continuous pressure of these desires upon it.
Of course, ‘desire’ is not an apt word for the subtle power which drives the mind at its
higher levels and which binds consciousness to the glorious realities of the spiritual
planes. The word used in Samskrta for this power which works at all levels of the mind
is Vasana. Just as Citta is the universal medium for the expression of the mind princi-
ple, so Vasana is the universal power which drives the mind and produces the continu-
ous series of its transformations which imprison consciousness. In fact, the word Vasana
used in the present context is of a still more comprehensive significance, for it
not only indicates the principle of desire in its widest sense but also the tendencies and
Karmas which this principle generates on the different planes. For desire and the
Karmas or tendencies which it produces form a vicious circle in which causes and ef-
fects are intertwined and it is difficult to separate them. So the use of the word Vasana
for both is quite justifiable.
Since different types of Vasanas require different kinds of conditions and envi-
ronment for their manifestation it is quite obvious that they cannot find expression in
any haphazard manner but must follow a certain sequence determined by the different
types of environments and conditions through which the individual passes in the suc-
cessive incarnations. And this is what IV-8 points out. If a person has a strong desire
for being a champion athlete when he has inherited a weak and diseased body his de-
sire cannot naturally be fulfilled in that life. If an individual A has strong Karmic ties
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with another individual B who is not in incarnation at the time and those ties require
physical expression they will naturally remain in abeyance for the time being and can
be worked out only when both are present in physical incarnation at the same time. It
will be seen, therefore, that only a limited number of Vasanas, whether in the form of
desire or Karmas, can find expression in a particular incarnation, firstly, because the
span of human life is more or less limited, and secondly, because the conditions for the
expression of different kinds of Vasanas are frequently incompatible. That portion of
the accumulated stock of Vasanas (Sancita Karma) which can find expression and is
ready to be precipitated in one particular incarnation is known as Prarabdha Karma,
of the individual. The life of an ordinary individual is confined within the framework
thus made for him and his freedom to alter its main trends is extremely limited. But a
man of exceptionally strong will, and especially a Yogi whose knowledge and powers
are extraordinary, can make considerable changes in the plan of life thus marked out
for him. In fact, the more the Yogi advances on the path of Yoga which he is treading
the greater is his hand in determining the pattern of his lives, and when he is on the
threshold of Kaivalya he is practically the master of his destiny.
In spite of the comprehensive sense in which the word Vasana is used it should
be noted that emphasis in this Sutra is on that aspect of Vasana which is expressed in
the form of tendencies of which Karmas are merely secondary effects.
9. There is the relation of cause and effect even though separated by class,
locality and time because memory and impressions are the same in form.
The seemingly irrational and disjointed manner in which Vasanas have to work
out in the successive incarnations may give rise to a philosophical difficulty in the
mind of the student and Patanjali proceeds to remove this difficulty in this Sutra. It
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happens very frequently that one personality of an individual does some particular ac-
tion but because the Karma of that action cannot be worked out by that personality
owing to the absence of the necessary conditions, it has to be worked out by another
personality of the same individual in a later life. And this second personality has no
memory of the particular action for which it is undergoing that experience. Of course,
if this experience is pleasurable no question arises in the mind of the second personal-
ity as to the justice of the undeserved good luck. But if the experience is painful there
is felt a grievance against Fate for the undeserved pain or suffering. A tremendous
amount of this kind of resentment against ‘undeserved’ suffering poisons the minds of
people who are ignorant of the Law of Karma and its mode of working and a wider
understanding of this Law will do much to make people see things in their true light
and to take the experiences of life as they come with patience and without bitterness.
Coming back to the philosophical difficulty we may ask: ‘Why should the sec-
ond personality in the later life suffer for the wrongs done by the first personality in
the previous life and if it has to, how can the law of Karma be called just?’ The answer
to the question is given in the Sutra we are dealing with. Of course, in expounding a
philosophical system or scientific technique in the Sutra form much is left to the intel-
ligence of the student who is supposed to be familiar with the general doctrines upon
which the philosophy or science is based. Only the essential ideas which form, as it
were, the steel frame of the mental structure are given and even these are stated as
concisely as possible. The doctrine of reincarnation which is an integral part of Yogic
philosophy and which is taken for granted by Patanjall implies that the chain of per-
sonalities in the successive incarnations are temporary expressions of a higher and
more permanent entity who is called by different names in different schools of thought
such as the Jivatma or the Immortal Ego or the individuality. It is this Jivatma who
really incarnates in the different personalities and the latter may be considered to be
more or less outposts of his consciousness in the lower worlds during the period of the
incarnations.
Now, the important point to note here is that the over-all memory embracing all
the successive lives resides in the ‘mind’ of the Jivatma and the different personalities
which succeed one another do not share the over-all continuous memory. Their mem-
ory is confined only to the particular experiences gone through by them in each sepa-
rate incarnation. This continuous memory embracing the chain of lives is due to the
fact that the Samskaras of all the experiences gone through in these lives are present in
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the permanent higher vehicles of the Jivatma. Just as the contact of the needle with the
impressions on the gramophone record reproduces sound, just as the contact of the
mind with the physical brain reproduces memory of experiences gone through in this
life, in the same way, the contact of the higher consciousness with the Samskaras or
impressions in the higher vehicles of the Jivatma reproduces memories corresponding
to the Samskaras contacted. The vehicle which is the repository of all these Samskaras
is called ‘Karana Sarira’ in Vedantic terminology because it is the repository of all the
germs of future experiences.
It will be seen from what has been said above how the experiences and the cor-
responding memories of the different personalities scattered in different conditions of
class, time and space are integrated in the consciousness of the Jivatma who has
passed through all the experiences and is the real sower and reaper of the Karmas ac-
cruing from them. Seen in this light, reaping the bitter fruits by a personality for the
wrongs done by another personality which has gone before does not involve any injus-
tice because the different personalities are expressions, under different conditions, of
the same entity though they may not be aware of the fact in their physical conscious-
ness. A particular personality (Jiva) is not aware of the whole series of experiences
and Samskaras but the Jivatma is, and in the long uninterrupted series of actions and
reactions sees the natural working out of the law of Karma and no favouritism or in-
justice whatsoever. We do not grumble when we find that the unpleasant experiences
which we have to go through are the direct result of our own folly or wrong-doing.
And neither does the Jtvdtmd before whose vision all the past lives lie like an open
book.
The manner in which the over-all memory of the Jivatma enables him to see the
perfect working out of causes and effects even though they are scattered over different
lives in an irregular manner can be illustrated by a simple diagram given below:
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Fig. 12
a, b, c, d etc. represent the different causes set going by a particular Jivatma in four
lives represented by compartments A, B, G and D and a' b' c' d' etc. the corresponding
Karmic effects which ensue in the same or a subsequent life. If these letters are dis-
tributed in the four separate compartments in an irregular manner only keeping in mind
that each effect follows its corresponding cause then it will not be possible for anyone
whose vision is confined to only one compartment to correlate all the causes and the
effects which are precipitated when the appropriate conditions present themselves ei-
ther in the same life or in subsequent lives. But if anyone looks at the letters from a
distance so that all the letters in the different compartments are visible simultaneously
then every effect can be traced to its corresponding cause, and in spite of the irregular
mixing up of the causes and effects in the different compartments, the law of cause and
effect is seen to be strictly obeyed.
10. And there is no beginning of them, the desire to live being eternal.
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We have seen in the previous Sutra that human life is a continuous series of
experiences brought about by setting in motion certain causes which are followed
sooner or later by their corresponding effects, the whole process thus being an uninter-
rupted play of actions and reactions. The question naturally arises: ‘When and how
does this process of accumulating Samskaras begin and how can it be ended?’ We are
bound to the wheel of births and deaths on account of Vasanas which result in experi-
ences of various kinds and these in their turn generate more Vasanas. We seem to be
facing one of those philosophical riddles which seem to defy solution. The answer
given by Patanjali to the first part of the question posed above is that this process of
accumulating Samskaras cannot be traced to its source because the ‘will to live’ or the
‘desire to be’ does not come into play with the birth of the human soul but is charac-
teristic of all forms of life through which consciousness has evolved in reaching the
human stage. In fact, the moment consciousness comes into contact with matter with
the birth of Avidya and the Klesas begin to work, Samskaras begin to form. Attractions
and repulsions of various degrees and kinds are present even in the earliest stages of
evolution—mineral, vegetable and animal—and an individual who attains the human
stage after passing through all the previous stages brings with him all the Samskaras of
the stages through which he has passed, though most of these Samskaras lie dormant in
a latent condition. Animal traits are recognized even by Western psychology as present
in our subconscious mind, and the occasional emergence of these traits belonging to
the lower stages is due to the presence within us of all the Samskaras which we have
gathered in our evolutionary development. That is why, as soon as the control of the
Higher Self temporarily disappears or slackens owing to heigehtned emotional distur-
bances or other causes, human beings begin to behave like beasts or even worse than
beasts. That, incidentally, shows the necessity of keeping a rigid control over our mind
and emotions because once this is completely lost there is no knowing what undesir-
able Samskaras which have been lying dormant through the ages may become active
and make us do things for which we may have to repent afterwards. History provides
many instances of the recrudescence of such traits in human beings and the temporary
reversion to the animal stage. It is true that the human, animal, vegetable and mineral
kingdoms are clearly defined and are separate stages of evolution and there can be no
retrogression, from one kingdom to another, but as far as Samskaras are concerned
they may be considered to be continuous and the human stage may be considered as
the summation and culmination of the previous stages.
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As evolution progresses, Vasanas become more and more complicated and in
the human stage assume a bewildering variety and complexity owing to the introduc-
tion of the mental element. The intellect, though it is the servant and instrument of
desire to a certain extent, plays in its turn an important part in the growth of the desire
nature and the highly complicated and various desires of the modern civilized man
bear an interesting contrast to the comparatively simple and natural desires of the
primitive man. As evolution progresses still further and with the practice of Yoga sub-
tler levels of consciousness are contacted, desires become more and more refined and
subtle and thus more difficult to detect and transcend. But even the subtlest and most
refined desire which binds consciousness to the bliss and knowledge of the highest
spiritual planes differs only in degree and is really a refined form of the primary de-
sire—‘will to live’ which is called Asisah. It will be seen that it is not possible to de-
stroy Vasanas and thus put an end to the life process by tackling them on their own
plane. Even Niskama Karma when practised perfectly can only stop generating new
personal Karma for the future. It cannot destroy the root of Vasana which is inherent
in manifested life. As Viveka and Vairagya develop, the active Vasanas become more
and more quiescent but their Samskaras remain atnd like seeds can burst forth into
active form whenever favourable conditions present themselves and appropriate stim-
uli are applied to the mind.
11. Being bound together as cause-effect, substratum-object, they (effects,
i.e. Vasanas) disappear on their (cause, i.e. Avidya) disappearance.
If the Vasanas form a continuous stream and no release from bondage is possi-
ble without their destruction how can Liberation be attained? The answer to this ques-
tion was given in the theory of Klesas which has been dealt with already in Section II.
354
We saw that the cyclic progress of manifested life for the Purusa begins with the asso-
ciation of his consciousness with Prakrti through the direct agency of Avidya. Avidya
leads successively to Asmita, Raga-Dvesa and Abhinivesa and all the miseries of life in
bondage.
If Avidya is the ultimate cause of bondage and the whole process of the con-
tinuous generation of Vasanas rests on this basis it follows logically that the only ef-
fective means of attaining freedom from bondage is to destroy Avidya. All other means
of ending the miseries and illusions of life which do not completely destroy Avidya
can, at best, be palliatives and cannot lead to the goal of Yogic endeavour—Kaivalya.
How this Avidya can be destroyed has been discussed very thoroughly and systemati-
cally in Section II and it is not necessary to deal with this question here.
12. The past and the future exist in their own (real) form. The difference of
Dharmas or properties is on account of the difference of paths.
This is one of the most important and interesting Sutras in Section IV because it
throws light on a fundamental problem of philosophy. That there is a Reality underly-
ing the phenomenal world in which we live our life is taken for granted in all schools
of Yoga, the aim of Yoga, in fact, being the search for and discovery of this Reality.
The question arises: ‘Is this world of Reality absolutely independent of the phenome-
nal world in time and space which we contact with our mind or are the two worlds re-
lated to each other in some way?’ According to the Great Teachers who have found the
Truth the two worlds are related though it is difficult for the intellect to comprehend
this relationship. If there is a relation existing between the two worlds we may further
enquire whether the manifested worlds in time and space rigidly express a predeter-
mined pattern of Divine Thought, just as a picture on a cinema screen is the result of a
mechanical projection of the photographs in the film roll. Or does the procession of
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events in the phenomenal world merely conform to a Plan which exists in the Divine
Mind in the same way as the construction of a building follows the plan of the archi-
tect? The first view will imply Determinism in its most rigid form while the second
will leave some room for Free Will.
The Sutra under discussion throws some light on this philosophical problem. It
is composed of two separate parts, the second part amplifying the first. The statement
‘the past and future exist in their own form’ means obviously that the succession of
phenomena which constitute the world process or any part of it are the expression, in
terms of time, of some reality which exists in the subtler realms of consciousness be-
yond the range of the human intellect. This reality transcends time and yet expresses
itself as time in the world process.
As this question of time will be dealt with thoroughly in connection with IV-33
let us pass on and proceed to consider the second part of the Sutra with which we are
immediately concerned at this stage. ‘The difference of Dharmas is on account of the
difference of paths.’ This is apparently an abstruse statement which does not seem to
make sense and the existing commentaries do not throw any light on it. Let us see
whether it is not possible to get at the meaning of the author in the light of what has
been said with regard to the nature of the past and future in the first part of the Sutra.
If the succession of phenomena which we cognize with our mind is the expres-
sion of some reality and if this expression is not a mere mechanical projection imply-
ing Determinism in its rigid form then it follows logically that the fulfilment of this
reality in terms of time and space must be possible along a number of paths any one of
which may be actually followed as a result of all the forces working in the realm of
Nature. The series of events which have taken place already and become the ‘past’ rep-
resent the path trodden by the Chariot of Time so far and have become fixed—part of
the memory of Nature in the Akasic records. What about the events which are still in
the womb of the ‘future’? What shape are these events going to take in becoming the
‘past’ in their turn? As these events will not be the result of the working out of a rigid
inexorable Destiny but elastic adaptations to a Divine Pattern the path which they take
must be at least to some extent indeterminate. There must be a certain amount of lati-
tude for movement if there is freedom of choice and free will has any place in the
scheme of things. Of course, there are forces working in the field which, to a certain
extent, will determine the direction in which events will move. There is, for example,
the pressure of evolutionary forces. There is the directing force of the Divine Plan and
356
archetypes in every sphere of development. There is the tremendous pressure of the
potential power of the Samskaras both in the realm of matter and mind. But within the
limitations set by these different forces tending to mould the future there is, still, a
certain freedom of movement which makes it possible for the future to develop along
one of the many possible lines which open out from moment to moment. It is in this
way, therefore, that in the world of the Relative, influenced by the Divine Pattern on
the one hand and the momentum of the past on tfye other events move forward towards
their final consummation.
Having understood the significance of the phrase ‘difference of paths’ let us
now see how these different paths merely represent the emergence of different proper-
ties in the substratum, i.e. Prakrti. The path taken by the course of events, if we ana-
lyse it carefully, is nothing else than a particular series of phenomena in a particular
order, each element of this series, in its turn, being nothing more than a particular
combination of properties or Dharmas which are all inherent in Prakrti. If we repre-
sent, for the sake of illustration, these different properties by A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I,
J, K , L,etc.
Fig. 13
then different courses of events may be represented by different series of phenomena
in the following manner:
357
Fig. 14
It will be noted that each element of this phenomenon is nothing but a particular com-
bination of Dharmas which have become manifest at a particular moment of time. It
does not matter whether we consider the phenomena within a limited sphere like our
Solar system or within the unlimited sphere of the Universe for they all take place
within the realm of Prakrti. It is thus possible, beginning with a particular situation, to
arrive at another situation by two or more alternative paths.
These paths followed by the course of events in the phenomenal world are not
of purely mechanical origin, as the materialists would have us believe. They, in some
mysterious way, bring about the fulfilment of the Eternal as has been pointed out
above. The lower phenomenal world does not exist for its own sake (being merely a
law of mechanical necessity) but for the sake of fulfilling the Eternal. Its object is to
bring about certain ‘changes’ in the higher spiritual worlds, these ‘changes’ being the
very object of its existence. The use of the word ‘changes’ in connection with the
Eternal is no doubt extremely incongruous but the student should understand that it is
employed, for lack of a better term, to indicate that subtle and mysterious reaction
which our life in the phenomenal world has on our eternal being. A specific instance
will perhaps make the point clear. The unfoldment of the perfection which is latent in
every human soul is the object of the reincarnations in the lower worlds through which
it is made to pass. The different kinds of experiences through which the soul passes,
life after life, stimulate gradually its spiritual nature and unfold the perfection which
fincts its consummation in Kaivalya. Now, the type and number of these experiences
do not really matter as long as the objective is reached. A particular individual may go
through a hundred lives of the most intense and painful experiences or he may take one
thousand lives containing experiences of an entirely different nature to attain perfec-
tion. The path does not matter, it is the attainment of the goal which is important. The
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path lies in the world of phenomena which is unreal and illusory while the objective
lies in the world of the Eternal which is Real.
It is this possibility of taking different paths that enables the Yogi to cut short
the process of unfoldment in the phenomenal worlds and to attain perfection in the
shortest possible time. He is not bound to go along the long and easy road of evolution
which humanity as a whole is treading. He can step out of this broad road and take the
short and difficult climb to the mountain top by following the path of Yoga. But if he
is bent on breaking through the world of phenomena into the world of Reality he must
first understand the nature of these phenomena and the manner in which they are per-
ceived by the mind. That is why Patanjali has dealt with this question in IV-12.
13. They, whether manifest or unmanifest, are of the nature of Gunas.
In the last Sutra it was pointed out that all kinds of phenomena which are the
object of perception by the mind are nothing but different combinations of Dharmas or
properties which are inherent in Prakrti. In this Sutra the idea is carried one step fur-
ther and it is pointed out that the Dharmas themselves are nothing but different combi-
nations of the three primary Gunas. This is a sweeping statement which is likely to
startle anyone who is not familiar with the theory of Gunas but to one who understands
this theory it will appear as a perfectly logical conclusion which flows naturally from
that theory. If the three Gunas are the three fundamental principles of motion (inertia,
mobility, vibration) and if motion of some kind or another lies at the basis of manifes-
tation of all kinds of properties then these properties must be of the nature of Gunas.
Physical, chemical and other kinds of properties which modern Science has studied so
far can be traced ultimately to motions and positions of different kinds and so the the-
ory that properties are of the nature of Gunas is in accord with the latest scientific de-
velopments as far as they go. But the statement in the Sutra under discussion is of an
all-embracing character and comprises not only physical properties which we can cog-
359
nize with our physical senses but also subtle properties pertaining to the subtler
worlds. Thoughts, emotions and in fact all kinds of phenomena involving Dharmas
come within its scope. The word Suksma means not only properties related to the sub-
tler planes but also those which are unmanifest or dormant. The only difference be-
tween manifest and dormant properties is that while the manifest properties are the
result of particular combinations of Gunas in action the dormant properties are those
which exist potentially in Prakrti in the form of theoretical combinations of Gunas not
yet materialized. Thousands of new compounds are being produced in the field of
chemistry every year. Each of these represents a new combination of Gunas which was
latent so far and has only now become manifest. Prakrti is like an organ having the
potentiality for producing an innumerable number of notes. The manifest qualities are
the notes which are struck and give their specific sound, the unmanifest qualities are
the notes which are silent, lying in repose. But they are all there to emerge at any mo-
ment and play their part in the phenomena which are taking place everywhere, all the
time.
The importance of the generalization contained in this Sutra thus lies not only
in the fact that it goes to the very bedrock in revealing the true nature of all kinds of
phenomena but also in its extraordinary comprehensiveness. No generalization of
modern Science can perhaps compare in its all-embracing nature with this doctrine of
Yogic philosophy and as it is based upon a vision of the worlds of phenomena from the
vantage-ground of Reality there is no doubt that the more Science advances into the
realms of the unknown the more it will corroborate the Yogic doctrine.
14. The essence of the object consists in the uniqueness of transformation (of
the Gunas).
What is the essential nature of any object or thing which is an object of mental
perception? We can know of the existence and nature of anything only from the prop-
360
erties which it has at a particular moment. There is no other way. This ‘bundle of
properties’ which in their totality constitute the thing must therefore be a unique com-
bination of the three Gunas since each property taken by itself is nothing more than a
peculiar combination of the Gunas. Anyone with some knowledge of modern Science
can take up any physical object and break it up into its physical and chemical compo-
nents—into molecules, atoms, electrons, etc. and these ultimately resolve into different
kinds of forces and motions. Nothing material in the usual sense is left over if we take
into consideration the fact that matter and energy are interconvertible. As far as we can
see, it is all a play of different kinds of forces and motions of extraordinary variety and
complexity. It is true we do not yet know exactly the nature of the nucleus of the at-
oms but from the trend of researches in this field it is very probable that this also will
be found to be nothing more than a combination of different kinds of motions. So that,
as far as it goes, modern Science corroborates the truth of the Yogic doctrine that every
object which we perceive with our mind is merely a unique transformation of the three
Gunas. It should be noted that the clue to the meaning of the Sutra lies in the word
Ekatvat which does not mean here ‘oneness’ but ‘uniqueness’. Interpreted in this way
the Sutra fits in perfectly in the chain of reasoning adopted by Patanjali to explain the
theory of mental perception.
15. The object being the same the difference in the two (the object and its
cognition) are due to their (of the minds) separate path.
If each object is a unique transformation of the three Gunas and has thus a defi-
nite identity of its own why then does it appear different to different minds? It is a
matter of common experience that no two minds see the same thing alike. There is al-
ways a difference in cognition thougu the thing is the same. The reason for this differ-
ence, as pointed out in this Sutra, lies in the fact that the minds which cognize the
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thing are in different conditions and thus naturally get different impressions from the
same object. When one vibrating body strikes another vibrating body the result of the
impact depends upon the condition of both the bodies at the time of the impact. The
mental body which comes in contact with the object of perception is not a passive or
static thing. It is vibrating in all sorts of ways and, therefore, must modify every im-
pression received by its own rate of vibration. It is, therefore, not possible to obtain a
true impression of the object as long as the mind itself is not free from its Vrttis. The
impression created will depend upon the condition of the receiving mind and as all
minds are in different conditions, because they have followed different paths in their
evolution, they must get different impressions from the same object. The student
should keep in mind the distinction between the mental body which vibrates and the
mind in which the Vrttis are produced by these vibrations.
Is it possible to get a true impression of an object underxany circumstances?
Yes, when the mind has been freed from its Vrttis and does not, in consequence, mod-
ify the impression made upon it by the object. When the Vrttis have been eliminated
the mind becomes one with the object (I-41), which is another way of saying that it
receives an exact impression of the object without its own modifying influence. So it is
only in Samadhi, when all the Vrttis have been suppressed, that it is possible to know
the object as it really is.
Even in our everyday life we find that the more a mind is influenced by differ-
ent biases, prejudices and other disturbances the greater is the distortion produced in
the impressions which are made upon it by men and things. A calm and dispassionate
mind can alone see things correctly as far as this is possible under the limitations of
ordinary life.
16. Nor is an object dependent on one mind. What would become of it when
not cognized by that mind?
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If each object pf mental perception is a mere bundle of properties which pro-
duce different impressions upon different minds, then, mental perception may be con-
sidered as a purely subjective phenomenon and it may be argued that the object need
not have an independent existence apart from the cognizing agent, i.e., the mind. This
purely idealistic theory of philosophy is disposed of by the objection raised in this Sutra.
If the object of mental perception is only a product of the mind which perceives it
and has no independent existence of its own, then, what becomes of the object when
the mind ceases to perceive it? If we accept the purely idealistic theory that objects in
the external world have no real existence of their own but are mere creations of the
mind then we are led to the absurd conclusion that the external world appears and dis-
appears with the appearance and disappearance of objects in the mind of each individ-
ual, and it becomes difficult to account for the uniformity of experiences of different
people with regard to different things and the harmonious co-ordination of observa-
tions made by different individuals.
No useful purpose will be served by going further into the implications of this
theory. It is enough to note that Patanjali does not accept it. The Yogic philosophy rec-
ognizes the existence of ‘objects’ outside the mind. It is these objects which stimulate
the mind in particular ways and produce impressions which are then perceived by the
Purusa. It is true that the objects which produce the impressions are considered to be
mere combinations of Gunas. It is also true that the mind perceives not the objects
themselves but the impressions made by them upon it. But still, there is something ex-
ternal to the mind which stimulates the mind to form images whatever its nature may
be. It will be seen, therefore, that the theory of mental perception upon which the
Yogic philosophy is based steers a middle course between pure idealism and pure real-
ism and reconciles in a harmonious conception the essential features of both. The main
postulates of the theory are given in the next few Sutras.
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17. In consequence of the mind being coloured or not coloured by it, an ob-
ject is known or unknown.
The first essential for the mind of an individual ‘knowing’ an object is that the
object should affect or modify the mind in some way. The phrase actually used is ‘col-
ouring the mind’. The use of the word ‘colouring’ for ‘modifying’ is not merely a po-
etic way of stating a scientific fact. It is used with a definite purpose in view. The
word ‘modification’ would merely imply a partial change in the mind while the idea
which has to be conveyed is a change which may vary in intensity from a mere trace to
a depth of any intensity. The knowledge of the object may be extremely superficial or
very deep and all these progressively increasing degrees of understanding can best be
conveyed by using the word ‘colouring’, the depth of the colour indicating the degree
of assimilation of the object by the mind. Besides, it is only by the use of the word
‘colouring’ that the complete fusion of the object and the mind referred to in Sutra I-
41 can be properly understood.
Those who have ever tried to study a subject which is entirely new to them and
much beyond their mental capacity will be able to form some idea regarding the neces-
sity of an object ‘colouring’ the mind before it can be understood. The subject is not
assimilated by the mind at all, simply refuses to sink into the mind as a dye sometimes
refuses to stain a tissue. The mind must ‘take in’ the object to a certain extent at least
if it is to ‘know’ it and the extent to which it assimilates the object determines the de-
gree of knowledge. This ‘colouring’ of the mind by an external object is found on
deeper analysis to be nothing more than the capacity of the mental vehicle to vibrate in
response to the stimulus provided by the object. The more fully the vehicle can vibrate
in this manner the greater is the knowledge of the object which the mind acquires.
Herein comes the necessity of evolution of the vehicles in the earlier stages.
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18. The modifications of the mind are always known to its lord on account of
the changelessness of the Purusa.
As soon as an object colours the mind the modification is at once witnessed by
the Purusa and it is this witnessing by the Purusa which brings about the ‘knowing’ of
the object. The use of the word ‘witness’ for the reaction of the Purusa to the modifi-
cations taking place in the mind is not appropriate but is resorted to in order to distin-
guish it from the simultaneous mental process which is generally called perception.
All our words such as ‘knowing’, ‘perceiving’ are so closely identified with the activi-
ties of the mind that a new word is really needed to indicate this peculiar ultimate re-
action of the Purusa to all mental processes. But, in the absence of such a word in the
English language ‘witnessing’ will perhaps do for the present, provided we keep in
mind its special significance. This ‘witnessing’ by the Purusa of the modification pro-
duced in the mind is the second indispensable condition of ‘knowing’ any object by
the mind, the first being its ‘colouring’ by the object. Researches in psychology have
shown that the mind is frequently modified by external objects even though it is not
aware of them at the time, the proof of such modifications having taken place lying in
the fact that such impressions can be recovered later from the mind by hypnotizing the
person. So that, the ‘witnessing’ by the Purusa of the modifications produced in the
mind is independent of the conscious activity of the mind. This is the significance of
the word Sada which means literally ‘always’ or ‘ever’. What is meant to be conveyed
in the Sutra is that the Purusa is aware, in an unbroken manner, of all the changes
which are taking place in the mind and it is not possible for any change to escape his
notice. This is so because he is eternal. It is only a changeless, eternal consciousness
which can provide such a constant and perfect background for the continuous and
complex changes which are taking place in the mind. If the background itself is
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changeable there is bound to be confusion. You cannot project a cinema picture on a
screen which itself is changing constantly.
Another point to note is that the Purusa should not only provide a constant
background for the modifications of the mind but that his consciousness should be the
ultimate background in order that he may be able to notice modifications in the mind
at all its levels. When the Yogi passes into Samadhi and dives into the deeper levels of
the mind he is not conscious of any break in his experiences. The new consciousness
which emerges at each level seems to take in, understand and co-ordinate experiences
of all the previous stages and, therefore, there must really be the same consciousness
illuminating the Citta at all these different levels. It is not only our ordinary experi-
ences at the level of the concrete mind of which this ultimate consciousness is con-
stantly aware but also all the supramental experiences through which the Yogi passes
in Samadhi.
The extraordinary comprehensiveness which characterizes consciousness of the
Purusa in the ultimate background, is, of course, due to the fact that it is eternal, be-
yond time and space, and contains simultaneously within itself everything that can
ever manifest in the realms of time and space. It is only white light which is a harmo-
nious synthesis of all possible colours which can be used in the projection of a col-
oured film on a cinematographic screen. Coloured light which is incomplete cannot be
used for such a purpose.
19. Nor is it self-illuminative, for it is perceptible.
After stating in IV-18 that the Purusa is the sole eternal witness of all modifica-
tions in the mind at whatever level they may take place, Patanjali proceeds to substan-
tiate this statement by a chain of reasoning developed in the next four Sutras.
The first link in this chain is that the mind is not self-illuminative, i.e. capable
of perceiving by its own power, because it is itself perceptible. It is not like the Sun
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which shines by its own light but like the moon which shines by the light of another
heavenly body. The fact that the mind is perceptible follows from our ordinary experi-
ence of being able to watch its activities and modifications whenever we want to do so.
It is true that when our attention is directed outwards we are not conscious of the
changes which are taking place in our mind, but we can at any moment direct our at-
tention inwards and observe these changes.
This fact of the mind being perceptible and performing its function of percep-
tion through the agency of some other power is brought home to the Yogi more vividly
in Samadhi when he transcends different levels of the mind one after another. At each
critical stage of this process of diving inwards towards the centre of his being, as he
leaves one level of the mind for another, the perceiver seems to become the perceived.
This continuous shifting of the boundary between the subjective and the objective
proves to the Yogi that not only the lower concrete mind but even its subtlest grades
are mere mechanisms of perception. The source of illuminating power of conscious-
ness is somewhere else—in the Purusa.
20. Moreover, it is impossible for it to be of both ways (as perceiver and
perceived) at the same time.
The fact that the mind is perceptible is a matter of experience. Now, if the mind
is perceptible it cannot at the same time be the perceiver. The same thing cannot be the
perceiver and the perceived. If the mind is perceptible it follows that there must be a
power, of the nature of consciousness, which enables the mind to perform its functions
of perception. Since the mind seems to perform its function of perception through the
power of consciousness it cannot perceive consciousness itself, or to put it in other
words, consciousness cannot be the object of perception by the mind. That is why it is
impossible for us to know what consciousness is in itself as long as we are within the
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realms of the mind. As long as the cognitive aspect of consciousness acts through the
medium of the mind it is turned outwards, as it were, and cognizes other things in the
realm of the mind. It is only when it is released from the bondage of the mind and
turns inwards upon itself that it can cognize itself, as explained in IV-22.
21. If cognition of one mind by another (be postulated) we would have to
assume cognition of cognitions and confusion of memories ako.
Here a philosophical objection may be raised. Instead of postulating the exis-
tence of the one Purusa whose consciousness illuminates the mind at all its levels, we
may suppose that each individual possesses a number of minds each subtler than the
one which has been transcended. These different minds instead of being illuminated by
one source of consciousness may be supposed to be independent of each other and the
Yogi in Samadhi may be supposed to be merely passing into the realms of these differ-
ent independent minds one after another. Such a supposition would dispense with the
necessity of postulating the existence of the Purusa whose consciousness according to
Yogic philosophy is the source of illumination for all the different grades of mind. But
this hypothesis while doing away with the Purusa will lead us into all kinds of intel-
lectual difficulties. For example, if we suppose that there are a number of independent
minds, each mind perceiving those which are denser than itself and being perceived by
those which are subtler, then there should be a corresponding number of Buddhis. Ac-
cording to the Yogic philosophy the mind is a mere instrument and the function of
cognition which is a reflection of the cognitive aspect of Reality, Citi, is quite differ-
ent from it though necessarily associated with it in all acts of mental perception. It fol-
lows, therefore, that if there are a number of independent minds then there must be a
corresponding number of Buddhis also, for each mind must have its own separate Bud368
dhi without which it cannot function. So, on the basis of this hypothesis, we would
have not only a number of minds but also a corresponding number of Buddhis func-
tioning simultaneously within the same individual which will mean cognition of cogni-
tion. The phrase Atiprasangah means not only ‘too many’ but also ‘reductio ad absurdum’.
So both the meanings are applicable to the logical conclusion to which we are
led from the original supposition. The absurdity lies in having to postulate the exis-
tence of a number of Buddhic functions where only one can exist. Just as the mind in-
tegrates the reports of the various sense-organs into one harmonized mental concep-
tion, so our Buddhi is supposed to integrate into one co-ordinated understanding the
knowledge received through the different levels of the mind and it is impossible, there-
fore, to conceive that a number of Buddhis can function simultaneously within the
same individual. It is possible to assume multiplicity of instruments for obtaining
knowledge or experience but no multiplicity can be assumed with respect to the agency
which co-ordinates and harmonizes all the knowledge gathered through different
sources or instruments. This, by its very nature, must be one, otherwise there is bound
to be chaos.
Besides this difficulty, another will be the confusion of memories. If there are a
number of minds, each with its own set of memories, and there are also many inde-
pendent Buddhis, the co-ordinating agency which integrates all these memories into
one harmonious whole will be absent and the result must be chaos within our mind.
The most remarkable fact with regard to our mind is the existence of perfect co-
ordination and harmonization in the midst of the most complicated and multifarious
mental phenomena and experiences. This is especially noticeable in the practice of
Yoga when we dive into the deeper levels of the mind and traverse the subtler worlds
with all their exquisitely fine and extraordinary experiences. It is the Buddhic principle
within us which enables this co-ordination to be efected and the hypothesis of many
independent minds which requires the elimination of this co-ordinating factor has
therefore to be rejected.
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22. Knowledge of its own nature through self-cognition (is obtained) when
consciousness assumes that form in which it does not pass from place to place.
If cognition takes place through the agency of the mind and in the subtlest cog-
nitions pertaining to the deepest levels of the mind we can know only the mind thus
illuminated by consciousness, the question naturally arises ‘How are we to know con-
sciousness itself or that light which illuminates the mind at all its levels?’ The answer
to this important question is given in the Sutra under discussion, but before we can
understand its meanings it is necessary to consider carefully the various expressions
used in it.
Citeh means ‘of consciousness’ and is derived from Citi and not Citta which
means the mind. Apratisamkramayah means ‘not passing from one to another’, i.e. not
passing from one level of Citta to another or from one vehicle to another. In Samadhi
consciousness passes from one level of Citta to another and the phrase refers to the
stage when this process stops or is brought to its limit. Tad-akarapattau means ‘on the
accomplishment or assumption of its own form’. Consciousness normally functions
through the mind. This phrase refers to the condition in which it is freed from the limi-
tations of the mind and is functioning in its own form. Sva-buddhi means Buddhi as it
really is and not as it functions through the medium of the mind. We know only this
function of perception as it appears in association with Citta. Sva-buddhi is the func-
tion of perception as it is when exercised upon itself. Samvedanam means ‘knowing
of’. Knowing is really a function of consciousness but when exercised through the
mind becomes knowing something outside or external to pure consciousness. The
phrase Sva-buddhi-samvedanam therefore means the knowledge which results when
the faculty of Buddhi is turned upon itself. Normally, Buddhi functions through Citta
and helps the mind to perceive and understand objects in its realm. But when it is freed
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from the association of Citta it automatically turns upon itself and illuminates its own
nature, i.e. consciousness. It is because the power of illumination is inherent in it that
it illuminates Citta when it functions through Citta. If a light is enclosed within a
translucent globe it reveals the globe. If the globe is removed the light reveals itself.
From the meanings and explanations of the different phrases given above the inner
significance of the Sutra should now be quite clear. Buddhi, as has been pointed out
before, is that faculty which enables the mind to perceive and understand objects in the
phenomenal worlds, the mind being inert and incapable of performing this function. As
long as Buddhi is functioning through the medium of the mind it is not possible to
know pure consciousness. It is only when it assumes that form in which all movement
from one level of Citta to another has been eliminated that it reveals its real nature. As
has been pointed out before, Citta or the mind has many levels corresponding to the
different vehicles of consciousness and in Samadhi consciousness moves up and down
from one level to another between the centre and periphery. In this kind of movement
of consciousness there is no movement in space but only movement in different di-
mensions, the centre from which consciousness functions always remaining the same.
When consciousness, in the state of Samadhi, has penetrated into the deepest level of
Citta and then finally transcended even this level it is quite free from the limiting and
obscuring action of Citta and it is only then that its true nature is realized. In this state
the perceiver, perceived and perception all merge into one Self-illuminated Reality. So
the answer to the question ‘How are we to know consciousness itself?’ is ‘By diving in
Samadhi into our consciousness until the mind in its subtlest form is transcended and
the Reality hidden beneath it is revealed’.
From what has been said above it is apparent that we cannot understand the real
nature of consciousness by applying the ordinary methods of modern psychology.
What is known as consciousness in terms of modern psychology is only consciousness
veiled by many layers of the mind, each of which increasingly obscures and modifies
its nature as it infiltrates into the outermost physical mechanism, namely, the human
brain. We thus observe consciousness in its ordinary manifestations through the physi-
cal brain under the greatest possible limitations and it is not possible to form any idea
with regard to its true nature from these extremely partial and distorted manifestations.
As well might a person who had always lived in a dungeon situated in a land where it
was perpetually cloudy, tiy to form an idea regarding the light of the Sun from the
gloom in which he lived. It will be seen, therefore, that not only is it impossible to
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know the true nature of consciousness by adopting the ordinary means available to the
modern psychologist but also that the only effective means of doing so is to adopt the
Yogic method. This is a subjective method, no doubt, and beyond the capacity of the
ordinary man but it is the only method available. No amount of dissection of the brain
and the nervous systems and study of human behaviour can unravel for us the mystery
of consciousness itself. A great deal of research in this field of psychology is being
carried on in very imposing laboratories in the West, a vast amount of so-called scien-
tific data is being accumulated but all this effort is bound to prove futile from the very
nature of the problem being tackled. The modern craze of submitting everything to
physical examination may succeed with physical things but no physical instruments
can ever be devised which will reveal the nature of consciousness which is of the na-
ture of Spirit. All this waste of effort can be avoided and the whole field of modern
psychology illuminated in the most effective manner if the facts of Yogic philosophy
are properly understood and used in the study of psychological problems.
The student will have noticed that in the ideas set forth in the above pages no
effort has been made to link up the facts of Yogic philosophy with doctrines which are
considered to be religious. But this does not mean that there is no relation between
them. In fact, a religious man can see, if he studies the subject of Yoga with an open
mind, that all the ideas of Yogic philosophy can be interpreted in religious terras, and
the consciousness which the Yogi seeks to uncover within the folds of his mind is
nothing but that Supreme Reality which is commonly referred to as God. God is rec-
ognized by every religion with any philosophical background to be a Mighty Being
whose consciousness transcends the manifested Universe. He is considered to be hid-
den within every human heart. He is supposed to transcend the mind. Basically, these
ideas are the same as those of Yogic philosophy. The main difference lies in the asser-
tion by Yogic philosophy that this Supreme Reality or Consciousness is not merely a
matter for speculation or even adoration but can be discovered by following a tech-
nique which is as definite and unfailing as the technique of any modern Science. Yoga
thus imparts a tremendous significance to religion and places the whole problem of
religious life and endeavour on an entirely new basis and it is difficult to understand
how any religious man can reject its claims without giving them due consideration.
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23. The mind coloured by the Knower (i.e., the Purusa) and the Known is
all-apprehending.
This Sutra apparently sums up what has been said about the modus operandi of
mental perception in the previous Sutras. Its real importance will, however, be seen
only if we understand the significance of the phrase Sarvartham. The mind, in order to
know any object, has to be affected in two ways. Firstly, it must be modified or col-
oured, at least to some extent, by the object which is to be known, and secondly, it
must be simultaneously illuminated by the consciousness of the Purusa which is eter-
nally present in the ultimate background. Modified in this double manner the mind is
capable of knowing everything in the phenomenal world, using the word ‘knowing’ in
its most comprehensive sense. The significance of the word Sarvartham which means
literally ‘all-including’ or ‘all-apprehending’ lies in the fact that the word Citta does
not stand merely for the medium through which the human intellect finds expression.
It stands definitely for the all-inclusive medium through which phenomena of every
kind, right from the physical to the Atmic plane, are perceived. Even the thinnest veil
of ‘matter’ which on the Atmic plane obscures the consciousness of the Purusa and
involves him in manifestation is associated with the finest grade of mind. Citta is thus
co-extensive with Prakrti and both are transcended simultaneously when Purusa at-
tains Self-realization in Kaivalya.
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24. Though variegated by innumerable Vasanas it (the mind) acts for another
(Purusa) for it acts in association.
This Sutra goes with the preceding one and should be studied along with it. Just
as Citta is universal and embraces all vehicles through which the consciousness of the
Purusa functions in the manifested worlds, in the same way Vasana is universal in its
import and is associated with all the vehicles of consciousness and grades of Citta. The
word Vasana is generally translated by the word desire but this is restricting its scope
in the same manner as when we confine the meaning of the word Citta to that of the
medium of the intellect. The clinging to the enjoyments of the lower worlds binds the
soul to these worlds and produces all kinds of attachments and consequent suffering.
Such clinging is generally known as desire or Kama. But this clinging is not confined
to the lower worlds. In its subtler forms it exists even in the higher worlds. In fact,
wherever there is Asmita or identification with a vehicle of consciousness there is
clinging to the vehicle, however subtle this clinging may be and however spiritual may
be the object of this clinging. If there were no clinging or attachment but perfect
Vairagya there would be no bondage but Liberation or Kaivalya. It is this clinging to
the higher modes of existence which constitutes many of the ‘fetters’ which have to be
broken on the path of Liberation.
It is only when Vasana is understood in this wider sense and not only in the
sense of desires pertaining to the lower worlds that we can grasp the significance of
the Sutra under discussion. Vasana permeates life at all its levels including the high-
est. It has for its objectives things of the most varied nature, from the crudest physical
indulgences to the most refined knowledge and bliss of the spiritual planes. But when
we pursue these multifarious objectives—and the nature of the objects we seek con-
tinually changes as we evolve—what are we really seeking? Are we pursuing these
objectives for their own sake? No! We are merely seeking the Purusa who is our real
Self hidden beneath all these attractive objects of pursuit. It is for his sake that we are
going through this long and tedious process of evolution. It is really not for the sake of
these objects which promise to give us happiness that we pursue them but for the sake
of someone else (Parartham) and that is the Purusa.
How do we know that it is the Purusa whom we are seeking in all these multi-
farious objectives? Because while the objectives keep changing all the time and never
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satisfy us he always remains in the background. He is the common factor in all our
efforts to find happiness through ever-changing forms and, therefore, he must be the
real object of our search. Simple reasoning, is it not? He is thus not only the constant
background of consciousness (IV-18) which illuminates the mind in all its activities
but also the hidden drawing force of desire in all its forms and phases.
One important consequence of the Purusa being the ultimate goal amidst all the
changing objectives which we pursue is that no condition of existence attained by the
Yogi, however exalted it may be, can give him abiding peace. The Divine urge within
him will, sooner or later, assert itself and make him dissatisfied with the condition he
has attained, until he has found the Purusa in Self-realization. For the consciousness
of the Purusa alone is Self-sufficient, Self-contained and Self-illuminated and until
this is attained there can be no real security, no real freedom and no abiding peace.
25. The cessation (of desire) for dwelling in the consciousness of Atma for
one who has seen the distinction.
When this fact is realized even the subtle Vasana which binds the Yogi to the
transcendent bliss and spiritual illumination of the Atmic plane ceases and he bends all
his energies to tear down the last and the finest veil which hides the face of the Be-
loved. The distinction indicated by Visesa has already been discussed in the previous
Sutra. It is the distinction between our true objective which is Self-realization and the
innumerable and ever-changing objectives which we pursue in our search for happi-
ness. The phrase Atma-Bhava is used for the exalted consciousness functioning on the
Atmic level—the last stage before Kaivalya is attained. The word Bhava is a technical
term used in Yoga for denoting the functioning of consciousness on the spiritual planes
where perception is synthetic and all-inclusive and not of particular objects as on the
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lower planes. Bhavana is another technical term which means ‘dwelling in mind upon’
but used in conjunction with Atma-Bhava it will naturally mean living in and experi-
encing the transcendent knowledge and bliss of the Atmic plane.
It may appear to the student that the renunciation of the attractions which bind
the Yogi to the exalted condition of the Atmic plane should be a comparatively easy
matter considering the wisdom he has acquired and the Vairagya he has developed.
But, in judging of the effort required he should remember, that the consciousness of
this plane represents the acme of power, bliss and knowledge which is utterly beyond
human comprehension and cannot be compared with anything with which we are fa-
miliar on the lower planes. Besides, the transcending of the Atmic plane which he has
now to attempt really means the destruction of his very individuality since the Atma is
the very core of his separate existence in the realm of manifestation. It is true that a
still higher and subtler kind of individuality emerges when the separate individual life
of Atma is given up, but tremendous faith is needed for taking that final plunge into
the void which now opens before him. And the basis of this faith is the realization that
attachment to the transcendent consciousness of the Atmic plane is still attachment to
something which is not the Supreme Reality, which is still in the domain of Citta and
Vasana and, therefore, subject to illusion, however subtle that illusion might be.
The desire for this transcendent bliss and knowledge which is inherent in the
consciousness of the Atmic plane destroys and eliminates the lower desires and brings
the Yogi to the highest level of enlightenment which is possible within the realm of
Prakrti, but even this knowledge and bliss when they are acquired become, in their
turn, the means of bondage and must be given up before the final objective is
achieved. This is a fundamental law of life—the lower must be given up before the
next higher can be gained.
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26. Then, verily, the mind is inclined towards discrimination and gravitating
towards Kaivalya.
When the realization of the inadequacy of Atma-Bhava dawns upon the Yogi he
determines to break this last fetter by renouncing the bliss and knowledge of the Atmic
plane. Thenceforward all his efforts are directed towards the attainment of Kaivalya by
the constant exercise of that intense and penetrating discrimination which alone can
pierce through the last veil of Illusion. This and the next three Sutras throw some light
on this last struggle of the soul to free itself completely from the bondage of matter
before attaining Kaivalya.
It should be noted that the word used in this Sutra for the agent which carries on
this struggle is Citta. ‘The Citta is gravitating towards Kaivalya’. But how can Citta
which is sought to be transcended in the process, struggle to attain liberation from it-
self? It would be like a person trying to lift himself up by his bootstraps. The resolu-
tion of this paradox lies in the fact that it is not the mind really which is struggling to
free the consciousness from the limitations in which it has got involved. Hidden be-
hind the mind is the Purusa, who all along in the entire cycle of evolution is the real
driving force behind the struggle to attain Self-realization. When the iron filings are
attracted by a magnet it is the filings which appear to move but in reality it is the mag-
net which has induced magnetism in the filings and is the cause of the movement.
The weapons used in this last stage of the struggle for Liberation are Viveka and
Vairagya. The Yogi has obtained a glimpse of the Reality within him. He has to try and
gain the awareness of Reality, again and again, through Viveka so that this awareness
can be maintained without interruption (II-26). And, at the same time, he has to inten-
sify his Vairagya to such an extent that he passes into Dharma-Megha-Samadhi (IV-
29). It is interesting to note that the weapons used in the last stage are the same as
those used in the first stage. The Yogi enters the path of Yoga through Viveka and
Vairagya and he also leaves this path through Viveka and Vairagya.
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27. In the intervals arise other Pratyayas from the force of Samskaras.
This Sutra describes the swaying, to and from of consciousness, in the border-
land which separates the Real from the unreal. The Yogi is trying to maintain his foot-
hold in the world of Reality but he is thrown back again and again into the realm of
Illusion, though this Illusion is of the subtlest kind. He cannot maintain steadily that
condition of consciousness which is indicated by Viveka Khyati and each relaxation in
effort is followed instantly by the appearance of a Pratyaya which characterizes the
functioning of consciousness through the medium of Citta. Pratyaya, as we have seen
already, is a word used generally for the content of consciousness when it is function-
ing normally through a vehicle of any degree of subtlety. Emergence of a Pratyaya,
therefore, means that the consciousness has temporarily receded from the Reality real-
ized in Nirbija Samadhi and is functioning at one or another level of Citta. It may be
worthwhile pointing out here again that the word Pratyaya like Citta or Vasana is of
universal import and is co-extensive with them. Wherever consciousness is functioning
normally through any level of Citta in a vehicle there must be a content of conscious-
ness which is called Pratyaya in Yogic terminology. It is only in Asamprajnata
Samadhi that there is no Pratyaya but this is so because consciousness is passing
through a critical phase and is really hovering between two vehicles. Even on the
highest level of Citta corresponding to the Atmic plane there is a Pratyaya although it
is impossible for us to visualize what it is like. When consciousness is thrown back
into the Atmic or any other lower vehicle owing to the relaxation of Viveka, Pratyaya
of the corresponding plane emerges at once into the field of consciousness.
Why is the Yogi’s consciousness thrown back into the vehicles which he has
transcended and why do these Pratyayas appear, again and again, in this stage of his
progress towards Self-realization? Because the Samskaras which he has brought over
from his past are still present in his vehicles in a dormant condition and emerge into
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his consciousness as soon as there is relaxation of effort or a temporary interruption of
Viveka Khyati. As long as these ‘seeds’ are present merely in a dormant condition and
have not been ‘burnt’ or rendered quite harmless by Dharma-Megha-Samadhi they
must sprout into his consciousness as soon as a suitable opportunity presents itself.
28. Their removal like that of Klesas, as has been described.
The problem before the Yogi therefore is: How to prevent the emergence of
these Pratyayas which have their source in the Samskaras brought over from the past?
The activation of the Samskaras is to be prevented by the method which has been pre-
scribed for the removal of Klesas in Section II (10, 11 and 26). The reason for this
should be obvious to the student if he has understood the nature of Klesas, their rela-
tion to Karmas and the method of their removal as outlined in Section II. The Karmas
or Samskaras which are repoted in Klesas cannot become active if the Klesas are qui-
escent. The Klesas must remain quiescent in the absence of Avidya from which they
are all derived (II-4). Avidya cannot manifest as long as the Yogi is able to keep un-
dimmed his discriminative faculty and to maintain that awareness of Reality which is
known as Viveka Khyati (II-26). It follows logically, therefore, that the only way to
prevent the dormant Samskaras from becoming active is to maintain undimmed Viveka
Khyati as indicated in II-26. The moment this is interrupted the door opens for the
emergence of Pratyayas which are sought to be excluded completely at this stage. The
chief effort of the Yogi in this last stage of his struggle to attain Kaivalya is thus to
acquire the capacity to maintain undimmed and unbroken this high and penetrating
state of discrimination which keeps the force of Avidya in abeyance. Upon his capacity
to maintain this condition indefinitely depends the possibility of his entering Dharma-
Megha-Samadhi which burns the seeds of Samskaras and makes their re-activation
impossible.
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29. In the case of one, who is able to maintain a constant state of Vairagya
even towards the most exalted state of enlightenment and to exercise the highest kind
of discrimination, follows Dharma-Megha-Samadhi.
By the uninterrupted practice of Viveka Khyati the Yogi keeps Avidya at bay and
prevents the emergence of Pratyayas in his exalted consciousness. To this is added the
practice of that highest kind of mental renunciation which is known as Para-Vairagya.
In spite of the overpowering attraction of the high state of illumination and bliss which
he has attained he renounces completely his attachment to it and maintains uninter-
ruptedly this attitude of supreme non-attachment towards it. In fact, Para-Vairagya
which he is now practising is nothing new but is merely the culmination of the renun-
ciation which he has been practising since his entry into the path of Yoga. Just as
Viveka Khyati has its beginnings in very simple forms of Viveka and is developed by
prolonged and intensive practice during his progress, in the same way Para-Vairagya
develops from simple acts of renunciation and reaches its culmination in the renuncia-
tion of the bliss and illumination of the Atmic plane. It should also be borne in mind
that Viveka and Vairagya are very closely related to each other and are really like two
sides of the same coin. Viveka, by opening the eyes of the soul, brings about non-
attachment to the objects which keep it in bondage and the non-attachment thus devel-
oped, in its turn, further clarifies the vision of the soul and enables it to see more
deeply into the illusion of life. Viveka and Vairagya thus strengthen and reinforce each
other and form a kind of ‘virtuous circle’ which accelerates in an ever-increasing de-
gree the progress of the Yogi towards Self-realization.
The combined practice of Viveka Khyati and Para-Vairagya when continued for
a long time reaches, by a process of mutual reinforcement, a tremendous degree of in-
tensity and culminates ultimately in Dharma-Megha-Samadhi, the highest kind of
380
Samadhi which burns up the ‘seeds’ of Samskaras and unlocks the gates of the World
of Reality in which the Purusa lives eternally. Why this Samadhi is called Dharma-
Megha-Samadhi is not generally understood and the statements usually made are
forced explanations which do not make sense. In most of these explanations the word
Dharma is interpreted as virtue or merit and Dharma-Megha is taken to mean ‘a cloud
which showers virtues or merit’ which, of course, explains nothing. The significance
of the phrase Dharma-Megha will become clear if we assign to the word Dharma the
meaning which it has in IV-12, namely that of property, characteristic or function.
Megha, of course, is a technical term used in Yogic literature for the cloudy or misty
condition through which consciousness passes in the critical state of Asamprajnata
Samadhi when there is nothing in the field of consciousness.
Now, Nirbija Samadhi which is practised in this last stage which we are consid-
ering is a kind of Asamprajnata Samadhi in which the consciousness of the Yogi is
trying to free itself from the last veil of illusion to emerge into the Light of Reality
itself. When this effort succeeds the consciousness of the Yogi leaves the world of
manifestation in which Gunas and their peculiar combinations, namely, Dharmas, op-
erate and emerges into the world of Reality in which they no longer exist. His condi-
tion may be compared to the condition of a pilot in an aeroplane who comes out of a
cloud bank into bright sunlight and begins to see everything clearly. Dharma-Megha-
Samadhi, therefore, means the final Samadhi in which the Yogi shakes himself free
from the world of Dharmas which obscure Reality like a cloud.
The passage through Dharma-Megha-Samadhi completes the evolutionary cycle
of the Individual and by destroying Avidya, completely and for ever, brings about the
end of Samyoga of Purusa and Prakrti referred to in II-23. No more can Avidya again
obscure the vision of the Purusa who has attained full Self-realization. This process is
irreversible and after reaching this stage it is not possible for the Purusa to fall again
into the realm of Maya from which he has obtained Liberation. Before this final goal
was reached it was possible for the Yogi to fall even from a very high stage of enlight-
enment, but not after he has passed through Dharma-Megha-Samadhi and attained the
Enlightenment of Kaivalya.
The next five Sutras merely describe the results of passing through Dharma-
Megha-Samadhi and attaining Kaivalya. It should be noted here that no effort is made
to describe the experience of Reality. TJiat would be futile for no one can imagine the
transcendent glory of that consciousness into which the Yogi passes on attaining
381
Kaivalya. Mystics have sometimes tried to convey in rapturous language the glorious
visions of the higher planes which they have reached in Samadhi. These descriptions,
though very inspiring, yet fail utterly to give to those who are still blind any idea of
the beauty and grandeur of those planes. How can, then, anyone convey through the
crude medium of language even a hint regarding that Supreme experience which the
Yogi gains on attaining Kaivalya and Patanjali, knowing the futility of such a task, has
not even attempted it. But he has given in a few Sutras some of the results which ac-
crue from the attainment of Kaivalya.
30. Then follows freedom from Klesas and Karmas.
The first result of attaining Kaivalya is that the Yogi cannot thenceforward be
bound by Klesas and Karmas. The attainment of Kaivalya follows the destruction of
Klesas and Karmas. What the Sutra, therefore, means is that the very potentiality for
the re-emergence of these two instruments of bondage is destroyed. The Jivanmukta
cannot, after passing through Dharma-Megha-Samadhi and attaining Kaivalya, again
fall into Avidya and start generating Karmas which bind.
The relation of Klesas and Karmas should always be borne in mind by the stu-
dent, for on this is based the technique of attaining freedom from the binding action of
Karma. Klesas and Karmas are related to each other as cause and effect, as has been
thoroughly explained under II-12 and no Karma can bind where there is no Avidya but
awareness of Reality. All action in this state is necessarily done in complete identifica-
tion with the Divine Consciousness without the slightest identification with the indi-
vidual ego. That is why no result accrues to the individual. The illusion of a separate
life has been destroyed and no separate individual, in the ordinary sense, really exists
under these conditions. It is true that according to the Yogic philosophy each Purusa is
a separate individual but the separate individuality of each Purusa means merely that
He is a separate centre of consciousness in the Supreme Reality and not that his con-
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sciousness is separated from that of other Purusas and pursues its separate individual
ends as in the case of ordinary individuals blinded by illusion of a separate life. Sepa-
rate individuality is perfectly compatible with the closest unification of consciousness,
as every mystic or occultist who has experience of the higher spiritual consciousness
definitely knows. In Kaivalya this paradoxical simultaneity of Individuality and One-
ness reaches its utmost perfection.
31. Then, in consequence of the removal of all obscuration and impurities,
that which can be known (through the mind) is but little in comparison with the infin-
ity of knowledge (obtained in Enlightenment).
The second consequence of attaining Kaivalya is the sudden expansion of con-
sciousness into the realm of infinite knowledge. When the last veil of illusion is re-
moved in Dharma-Megha-Samadhi the Enlightenment which comes is of an entirely
new kind. In the different stages of Sabija Samadhi the knowledge which comes at
each successive expansion of consciousness into a higher realm of Citta appears tre-
mendously greater than in the preceding stage. But even the transcendent knowledge of
the Atmic plane which represents the highest reach of the mind in the realm of mani-
festation sinks into insignificance when compared with Vivekajam-Jnanam (III-55)
which comes in the state of Enlightenment of Kaivalya. A million and a billion are
increasingly tremendous magnitudes as compared with one, but they all sink into in-
significance when compared with infinity as the following mathematical equations will
show
383
When we are in the realm of Infinity we are not in the realm of magnitudes at all. So
the Jivanmukta is not really in the realm of knowledge but has transcended knowledge
and passed into the realm of pure consciousness. Knowledge is produced by the impo-
sition of mental limitations on pure consciousness, and so even the highest kind of
knowledge cannot be compared with the Enlightenment which comes when all these
limitations are removed and the Yogi passes into the realm of pure consciousness. The
relation of knowledge and Enlightenment is analogous to the relation of Time and
Eternity Eternity is not time of infinite extent but a state which transcends Time alto-
gether The two states do not belong to the same category.
It may be pointed out here that all the real mysteries of Life which we try to un-
ravel by the help of the intellect are really rooted in the Eternal and are expressions in
terms of Time and Space of realities which exist in their true form (Svarupa) in the
Eternal. That is why it is not possible to solve any real problem of Life as long as our
consciousness is confined within the realm of the unreal, and much less so, while it is
still confined within the narrow and cramping limitations of the intellect. The so-called
intellectual solutions of our problems which academic philosophy seeks to provide are
no solutions at all but merely statements of the same problems in different terms which
really push back the problems to a deeper level. The only effective way to solve all
these problems is to dive into our own consciousness by the help of the technique out-
lined in the Yogic philosophy and to free our consciousness from all limitations which
obscure its Self-illumination. In the Light of the Eternal alone can all problems of Life
be solved, because as said above, they are all rooted in the Eternal. To be more exact,
the problems are not solved in the Light of the Eternal consciousness, solution being a
process characteristic of the illusion-bound intellect. They are resolved. They are no
longer there, for they were shadows cast by the intellect in the realm of the unreal and
naturally cannot exist in the domain of the Real.
It also follows from what has been said above that the Mystery of Life cannot
be unravelled piecemeal. We cannot break up this Great Mystery into a number of
component problems and then proceed to solve these problems, one by one, although
this is what modern philosophy attempts to do. The resolution of the Mystery depends
upon obtaining the synthetic vision of the Eternal and not upon putting together the
separate and partial solutions obtained by the analytical processes of the intellect. It is
a question of ‘All or none’.
384
That is why the Yogi does not make any serious effort to solve the so-called
problems of Life by the intellectual processes, knowing as he does that the best solu-
tion which he can get in this manner is not a real solution. Not that he despises the in-
tellect, but he knows its inherent limitations and uses it only to transcend those limita-
tions. He holds his soul in patience and bends all his energies in attaining the goal
pointed out by the Yogic philosophy. This philosophy does not hold out any promise of
solving the problems of Life but provides the key which unlocks the World of Reality
in which all these problems are resolved and seen in their true nature and perspective.
32. The three Gunas having fulfilled their object, the process of change (in
the Gunas) comes to an end.
In order to understand this Sutra it is necessary to recall the theory of Klesas
discussed in Section II, especially II-23-24 which indicate the purpose and the means
of bringing together Purusa and Prakrti. That purpose having been fulfilled through
the destruction of Avidya and the attainment of Kaivalya, the compulsory association
of Purusa and Prakrti dissolves naturally and. automatically and with this dissolution
comes to an end the transformations of the Gunas.
According to the Yogic philosophy the quiescent condition of Prakrti which is
known as Samyavastha is disturbed and the incessant transformations of the three
Gunas begin when Purusa and Prakrti are brought together. These transformations
continue as long as the association lasts and must come to an end when the association
is dissolved, much in the same manner as the electric current stops when the magnetic
field is removed in a dynamo. The subsidence of the disturbance in Prakrti and the
reversion of the Gunas to the harmonized condition follows as a natural result of the
dissociation of Purusa and Prakrti.
385
What does this reversion of Prakrti to the Samyavastha mean? Does it mean
that Purusa and Prakrti have reverted to their original state and the valuable fruits of
the long evolutionary process are lost? No! The Purusa retains his Self-realization and
Prakrti retains the capacity to respond instantaneously to his consciousness and to
serve as an instrument of his will through the efficient and sensitive vehicles which
have been built up during the process of evolutionary development. But henceforth,
the Purusa is not bound by the vehicles as he was before the attainment of Kaivalya.
The vehicles on the different planes of manifestation may be retained or allowed to
dissolve but they always remain in their potential form, to spring forth into activity
whenever the Purusa wants to use them. He uses them as mere vehicles for his con-
sciousness without any self-identification and, therefore, without gathering any new
Karmas or Samskaras, and he is free to dissociate himself from them and retire into his
Real form whenever he so wills. The association between Purusa and Prakrti is now a
completely free and perfect association involving no bondage or compulsion for the
Purusa. He has destroyed Avidya and there are no Samskaras to keep him bound to the
world of manifestation as in the case of the ordinary Jivatma. The equilibrium of the
Gunas now evolved is so stable that they revert to it instantaneously and automatically
the moment Purusa withdraws his consciousness into himself. Not only is it perfectly
stable but it contains within it the potentiality of assuming instantaneously any combi-
nation that may be required for the expression of consciousness. The student should
also read in this connection what has been said in dealing with II-18.
33. The process, corresponding to moments which become apprehensible at
the final end of transformation (of the Gunas), is Kramah.
This is one of the most important and interesting Sutras in this Section because
it throws some light on the nature of the manifested world and Time. In this Sutra we
386
have a remarkable illustration of the condensation in a few words cf a whole theory of
a scientific nature which would be dealt with in a volume by a modern writer.
Before we discuss the profound implications of this Sutra it is necessary to ex-
plain the significance of some of the words which compose it. For these words stand
for definite philosophical concepts and without a knowledge of their connotations it is
not possible to appreciate the significance of the Sutra. It is only with the help of such
words which stand for a whole set of ideas and are pregnant with profound meanings
that a Sutra can be constructed.
Let us take the word Ksana. Literally it means a moment, but behind this simple
meaning there is hidden a whole philosophy of Time which throws much light on our
modern conception of Time. According to this philosophy, Time, contrary to our im-
pression and belief, is not a continuous thing but discontinuous. Before the advent of
modern Science matter was generally considered to be continuous, but investigations
in the field of Chemistry showed that it was not continuous but discontinuous, being
composed of discrete particles separated from one another by enormous empty spaces.
In the same way investigations by Yogic methods showed that the apparently continu-
ous series of changes which are taking place in the phenomenal world and by which
we measure time, are not really continuous. The changes consist of a number of suc-
cessive states which are quite distinct and separate from one another.
The mechanism for projecting a cinematographic picture on a screen provides
an almost perfect illustration of this actual discontinuity hidden beneath apparent con-
tinuity. The following diagram will give some idea of the apparatus which is employed
in projecting such a picture.
Fig. 15
387
AB is the screen. D is the source of light. O is an aperture which allows light from D
to fall on the screen. This aperture opens and closes alternately and its movement is
synchronized with the movement of the film. As the aperture opens, one of the series
of pictures in the film comes opposite to it and a beam of light shooting through the
picture projects it on the screen. The aperture then closes, the film moves, the next
picture comes into place and is projected on the screen as before.
It will be seen, therefore, that the apparently continuous picture produced on the
screen is really a series of separate images thrown on the screen in quick succession.
The time interval between the successive images is less than one-tenth of a second and
that is why we get the impression of a continuous picture.
According to Yogic philosophy the seemingly continuous phenomena which we
cognize through the instrumentality of the mind are not really continuous and like the
cinematographic picture on the screen consist of a series, of discontinuous states. Each
successive change in the phenomenal world which is separate and distinct produces a
corresponding impression upon the mind but these impressions succeed one another
with such rapidity that we get the impression of continuity. The interval of time corre-
sponding to each of these successive states is called a Ksana. So Ksana may be called
the smallest unit of time which cannot be broken up further.
The next word to be considered is Kramah. We have seen just now that the im-
pression of continuous phenomena in our mind is produced by a succession of discon-
tinuous changes in Prakrti around us. Kramah stands for this process consisting of a
relentless succession of discpntinuous changes underlying all kinds of phenomena.
This process is ultimately based upon the unit of time, Ksana, as the projection of the
cinematographic picture is based upon each opening and closing of aperture. As Ksana
succeeds Ksana the whole manifested world passes from one distinct state to another
distinct state, but the succession is so rapid that we are not conscious of the disconti-
nuity.
It will be seen, therefore, that according to the Yogic philosophy not only is the
whole basis of manifestation material—using the word material in its widest sense—
but also that the changes which take place in Prakrti and which produce all kinds of
phenomena are essentially mechanical, that is, based on a hidden, essentially mechani-
cal process. The whole manifested Universe and everything in it changes from moment
to moment by a relentless law which is inherent, in the very nature of manifestation.
388
If we have grasped the nature of the process indicated by the two words Ksana
and Kramah it should not be difficult to understand the meaning of the Sutra under
discussion. It means simply that the Yogi can become aware of the Ultimate Reality
only when his consciousness is liberated from the limitations of this process which
prdduces Time, by performing Samyama on this process as indicated in III-53. As long
as his consciousness is involved in the process he cannot know his Real nature. It is
only when he steps out of the world of the unreal into the Light of Reality that he real-
izes not only the true nature of Reality but also of the Relative world of Time and
Space which he has left behind.
The thoughtful student may find in the profound idea adumbrated in this Sutra
the clue to the nature of Time and Energy and the Quantum Theory which has proved
so helpful in the development of modern Science. It is not possible to go into these
profound and fundamental problems here but the following two ideas should prove
suggestive to the student who is interested in these subjects.
If the fundamental process underlying the phenomenal world is discontinuous
then all apparently continuous processes which we can observe and measure must also
be discontinuous. Take for example, the radiant energy which comes to us from the
Sun. Does this energy flow to us continuously or does it come in discrete portions or
quanta? If all the changes in the Solar system are discontinuous and the Solar system,
as it were, comes into being and then disappears alternately from moment to moment,
then the flow of energy from the Sun must be a discontinuous process. This conclusion
which follows from the doctrines of the Yogic philosophy is in general accord with the
basic idea underlying the Quantum Theory.
The two Sutras III-53 and IV-33 also throw some light on the nature of Time.
As the perception of phenomena is the result of the impressions produced in con-
sciousness by a succession of mental images it is the number of mental images which
will really determine the duration of the phenomenon which we call Time. There can-
not thus be an absolute measure of Time. Time must be related to the number of im-
ages which pass through the mind. This idea will throw some light on the different
measures of Time which are known to exist on the different planes of the Universe.
389
34. Kaivalya is the state (of Enlightenment) following remergence of the
Gunas because of their becoming devoid of the object of the Purusa. In this state the
Purusa is established in his Real nature which is pure Consciousness. Finis.
We now come to the last Sutra which defines and sums up the ultimate state of
Enlightenment which is called Kaivalya. The meaning of the Sutra may be expressed
simply in the following words: 'Kaivalya is that state of Self-realization in which the
Purusa gets established finally when the purpose of his long evolutionary unfoldment
has been attained. In this state the Gunas, haying fulfilled their purpose, recede to a
condition of equilibrium and therefore the power of pure Consciousness can function
without any obscuration or limitation.'
It should be noted that this is not a description of the content of Consciousness
in the state of Kaivalya. As has been pointed out before, no one living in the world of
the unreal can understand or describe the Reality of which the Yogi becomes aware on
attaining Kaivalya. This Sutra merely points out in a general way certain conditions
which are present in Kaivalya and which serve to distinguish it from the exalted condi-
tions of consciousness
which precede it.
It is natural that vagueness should exist and a large number of misconceptions
be prevalent about a state of consciousness and a goal of human achievement which is
so utterly beyond human comprehension. But some of these misconceptions are so ob-
vious that it would be worthwhile pointing them out before bringing this chapter to a
close.
390
Does Kaivalya mean complete annihilation of the individuality and the merging
of the Yogi's consciousness in the Divine Consciousness as implied by the well-known
sentence ‘the dewdrop slips into the Shining Sea'? In considering this important ques-
tion which has been partly dealt with in II-18 we have to bear in mind that Kaivalya is
the culmination of a tremendously long evolutionary process extending over innumer-
able lives and involving enormous periods of time. In the last phase of this evolution-
ary development which is brought about by the practice of Yoga, power, knowledge
and bliss unfold from within the Yogi's consciousness by leaps and bounds and become
so great towards the end that the human mind simply reels from its mere contempla-
tion. At each stage of his progress the Yogi finds that the new consciousness which
dawns within him is infinitely more vital and glorious than the preceding one and he
seems to be progressively uncovering a tremendous Reality which is hidden within the
deepest recesses of his own being. Kaivalya is attained by transcending the most tran-
scendent state of consciousness which it is possible to attain within the realm of Prakrti.
Does it stand to reason that in the new consciousness which is attained his indi-
viduality is completely lost and the valuable fruits of evolution gathered at the cost of
so much suffering and travail are washed away in one stroke?
It is reasonable to suppose that the experience of unity with the Divine Con-
sciousness is so perfect and overwhelming that the Yogi seems to lose his own indi-
viduality for the time being but this does not necessarily mean that the individuality is
dissolved and lost for ever in that glorious Reality. If the individuality is completely
dissolved how do we then account for its reappearance in the lower worlds? For, it is
an undoubted fact that these great Beings do return to the lower worlds after gaining
Enlightenment. It is easy for the dewdrop to slip and be lost in the Shining Sea but it
cannot be recovered from that Sea again. In the same way, if the individuality is
merged and. lost completely it cannot separate and manifest again. If it can do so, it
simply means that a germ of individuality, however subtle it may be, still remains even
in the perfect union of the Jivatma with Paramatma. So let us not make the mistake of
supposing that the long and tedious evolutionary development of a human being ends
merely in his disappearance into a Reality from which there is no return and the hard
earned fruits of evolution are lost both for him and others. Let us trust that the Al-
mighty who has created this wonderful Universe and devised the Evolutionary Scheme
has more intelligence than ourselves!
391
Then again, from the literal meaning of Kaivalya many people are led to imag-
ine that it is a state of consciousness in which the Purusa is completely isolated from
all others and lives alone in solitary grandeur like a man sitting on the peak of a moun-
tain. Such a state, if it did exist, would be a horror and not the consummation of bliss.
The idea of isolation implied in Kaivalya is to be interpreted in relation to Prakrti
from which the Purusa is isolated. This isolation frees him from all the limitations
which are inherent in being involved in matter in a state of Avidya but leads him, on
the other hand, to the closest possible unification with Consciousness in all its mani-
festations. Complete isolation from Prakrti means complete unification with Con-
sciousness or Reality, because it is matter which divides the different units of con-
sciousness, and in the world of Reality we are all one. The more we transcend matter
and isolate our consciousness from it the greater becomes the degree of our union with
Paramesvara and all the Jivatmas who are centres in His Consciousness. And as Ananda
is inseparable from Love or the awareness of oneness we can see easily why this
consciousness of Kaivalya which includes everyone in its vast embrace leads to the
acme of Bliss.
The last question that might be dealt with in connection with V-34 is whether
Kaivalya represents the end of the journey. Although a study of the Yoga-Sutras might
give the impression that Kaivalya is the final goal, those who have trodden the Path
and passed further along it, as well as Occult tradition, declare with one voice that
Kaivalya is only a stage in the unending unfoldment of consciousness. When the Purusa
attains this stage of Self-realization he sees opening before him new vistas of
achievement which are utterly beyond human imagination. As Lord Buddha said ‘Veil
upon veil shall lift, but still veil upon veil will be found behind.’ The Yoga-Sutras give
the technique for achieving the final goal as far as human beings are concerned. What
lies beyond is not only not our concern for the time being, but is totally beyond our
comprehension and therefore cannot be the subject of study. The further mysteries
which we have to unravel and the stages of the Path we have to tread are hidden within
the still deeper recesses of our consciousness and will reveal themselves in due course
when we are ready for them. Enough for us, for the time being, is the goal of achieve-
ment which is implied in Kaivalya.
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